Transcript Political Forces & Theories

Kim
Jung-il
International
Cooperation
and
Conflict
Hu
Jintao
Mahmud
Ahmadinejad
Hugo
Chavez
Medvedev & Putin
Foreign Policy
in the US
• The President, the nation’s chief
diplomat and commander in
chief of its armed forces, has
traditionally carried the major
responsibility for both the making
and conduct of foreign policy.
• The President depends on a
number of officials and agencies
to meet the immense
responsibilities that come with
this dual role.
The Defense Department
• The Defense Department is headed
by the Secretary of Defense.
• The secretary has two major responsibilities
• 1 – He is the President’s chief aid and
advisor in making and carrying out
defense policy
• 2 – He is the operating head of the
Defense Department
• The Secretary’s Domain is the Pentagon
• Current Secretary of Defense: Chuck Hagel
The CIA
• The Central Intelligence
Agency (CIA) is a key part of
the foreign policy establishment.
• The CIA is responsible for collecting,
analyzing, and reporting information for the
President and the National Security
Council.
• A full range of espionage, or spying,
activities are undertaken by the CIA.
The State Department
• The State Department is headed by the
Secretary of State, who ranks first among the
members of the President’s Cabinet.
• 1st Secretary of State – Thomas Jefferson
• First women – Madeleine Albright 1997 Clinton
• First African American – Colin Powell 2001 Bush
• Current Sec. of State – John Kerry
• In the United States, the Department of
State runs offices, called embassies, in
most countries around the world.
• The embassies’ job is to represent US
interests to the leadership of other countries.
• Embassies are usually located
in the capital of a country.
• The lead officials representing the
United States are called ambassadors.
• The Department of State also runs
consulates, secondary offices that
usually deal with economic issues
as well as the granting of visas to
enter their home countries.
• Consulates are usually located in
regional cities – secondary cities.
• Only the US federal government
has the right to establish embassies
or consulates in other countries.
Intergovernmental Organizations
and
Supranational Alliances
Intergovernmental organizations differ in
function, membership and membership criteria.
They have various goals and scopes, often
outlined in the treaty or charter.
• Some are more general
in scope while others may
have subject-specific
missions.
Intergovernmental Organizations
and Supranational Alliances
Worldwide or global organizations - generally open to
nations worldwide as long as certain criteria are met.
Examples are:
– United Nations (UN)
• New York City, USA - 191 countries
– Interpol
• Lyon, France - 186 countries
– World Trade Organization (WTO)
• Geneva, Switzerland – 153 countries
– International Monetary Fund (IMF)
• Washington DC, USA – 186 countries – 21 important
The United Nations
The United Nations was formed
following World War II to promote
peace and security across the globe.
• The General Assembly acts as “the town meeting of
the world.”
• Oversight and maintenance of international peace is
delegated to the UN Security Council, of which the
United States is a permanent member. (5 & 10 rotate)
• Peacekeeping missions, international aid to children
and women, and investigations and aid for world
health services are all examples of current United
Nations functions.
5 permanent members
• United States
• United Kingdom
• France
• Russia
• China
10 rotation members – 2 year terms
• Africa – 3 countries
• Latin America & Caribbean – 2 countries
• Asia – 2 countries
• Western Europe – 2 countries
• Eastern Europe – 1 country
1 country from
Africa or Asia
must be an
Arab country
Ban Ki-moon
United Nations
SecretaryGeneral
(2007)
Samantha
Power
United States
Ambassador
to the United
Nations
New York City
New York City
The Hague
International Court of Justice
Geneva
MORE…
Intergovernmental Organizations
and Supranational Alliances
Regional organizations - open to members from a particular
region or continent of the world.
• Examples are
– European Union (EU)
– Brussels, Belgium – 27 countries
– African Union (AU)
– Addis Ababa, Ethiopia - 53 countries
– Organization of American States (OAS)
– Washington, DC, USA – 35 countries
– Oldest regional organization
– Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)
– Jakarta, Indonesia – 10 countries (economic, political)
– Union of South American Nations (SAN)
– 5/08– Quito, Ecuador – 12 countries – modeled after EU
The modern day European
Union grew out of the
European Coal & Steel
Community, which was
founded in 1951 by;
• Belgium
• The Netherlands
• Luxembourg
• West Germany
• France
• Italy
• In 1973 the community expanded.
• United Kingdom
• Ireland
• Denmark
• 1981—Greece joined.
• 1985—Spain and Portugal joined.
• 1995—Austria, Finland, and Sweden joined.
• 2004-2013—Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania,
Poland, the Czech Republic, Hungary,
Slovakia, Slovenia, Malta, Cyprus & Croatia.
28 Countries
European countries not in the
European Union
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Norway—rejected entrance twice—1973 & 1995
Switzerland—historically neutral
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Serbia
Montenegro
Albania
Macedonia
Belarus
Ukraine
Moldova
Russia
• In 1992 representatives elected to begin using a
common currency in the year 1999 called the
EURO.
• The EU is the leading economic power in the world.
• In addition to working together for economic
growth, EU members also cooperate politically.
Citizens of EU countries enjoy a single European
citizenship that allows them to live and work
anywhere in the Union.
• They can also vote in the country that they live,
even if they are not citizens of that country.
EVEN MORE…
Intergovernmental Organizations
Supranational Alliances
Cultural organizations (linguistic, ethnic, religious, or historical)- open
to members based on some cultural, linguistic, ethnic,
religious, or historical link.
• Examples include the
– Commonwealth of Nations
– London, UK – 53 countries
– La Francophonie
– Paris, France – 56 countries
– Community of Portuguese Language Countries
– Lisbon, Portugal – 8 countries
– Latin Union
– Paris, France – 37 countries – romance language countries
– Organization of the Islamic Conference
– Jeddah, Saudi Arabia – 57 countries
Economic organizations - based on economic
organization, dedicated to free trade, the
reduction of trade barriers, and international
development.
– the World Trade Organization and International Monetary Fund
– EU & other regional organizations serve this capacity
• North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)
– Mexico City, Ottawa, Washington DC – established 1994
– Not exactly an “organization” – it’s a treaty
• Organization of Petroleum-Exporting
Countries (OPEC)
– Vienna, Austria – 12 countries
Vienna, Austria
GUESS WHAT? MORE….
Intergovernmental Organizations
and Supranational Alliances
Collective Security organizations – designed to
provide for the common defense of its members.
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Many during times of War
Rio Pact – Most of Western Hemisphere
ANZUS – USA, Australia, New Zealand
NORAD – USA & Canada
African Union (AU) – 53 countries
Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO)
– Russia, Belarus, Armenia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan,
Uzbekistan
• Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO)
– China, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan
• North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
– Brussels, Belgium - 26 Countries
International Non-Governmental Organizations
International non-profit organizations.
– Examples include the
• International Red Cross / Red Crescent / Red Diamond
– Geneva, Switzerland
• Médecins Sans Frontières (Dr. without borders)
– Geneva, Switzerland
• World Organization of the Scout Movement
– Geneva, Switzerland
International Non-Governmental Organizations
Multinational corporations
– Examples include
• The Coca-Cola Company
• McDonalds
• Toyota
With all of this
cooperation,
why do we have so
much conflict in the
world?
Could it possibly be those two
little words???
End of the Cold War
• In the post—Cold War era, the familiar division of the world into countries
or states is crumbling.
• Between the mid-1940s and the late 1980s two superpowers—the United
States and the Soviet Union—essentially “ruled” the world.
• But the United States is less dominant in the political landscape of the
twenty-first century, and the Soviet Union no longer exists.
• Today globalization means more connections among states.
• POWER is exercised through connections among states that are
created primarily for economic cooperation and the production of
.
MONEY
What happens when
individuals, organizations, or
even countries feel that they
do not have adequate access
to power or money?
Terrorism!!!
– The systematic use of violence to intimidate a
population or to coerce a government
• From the Latin word meaning “to frighten”
• Use of bombing, kidnapping, hijacking, and murder
to instill fear and anxiety in a population
Why is Terrorism on the rise?
• Terrorism by individuals and organizations
– American terrorists
– September 11, 2001, attacks
– Al-Qaeda
• Jihad
Why is Terrorism on the rise?
• State support for terrorism
– Three increasing levels of involvement
• Providing sanctuary
• Supplying weapons, money, and intelligence to
terrorists
• Using terrorists to plan attacks
Libya
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Terrorists sponsored by Libya in 1986
bombed a nightclub in Berlin popular with
U.S. military personnel then stationed there,
killing two U.S. soldiers (three, including one
civilian).
In response, U.S. bombers attacked the
Libyan cities of Tripoli and Benghazi in a
failed attempt to kill Colonel Qaddafi.
In 1990, investigators announced that the
1988 destruction of Pan Am Flight 103 over
Lockerbie, Scotland, was conducted by
Libyan agents.
Following eight years of U.N. economic
sanctions, Colonel Qaddafi turned over the
suspects for a trial that was held in the
Netherlands under Scottish law.
One of the two was convicted and sentenced
to life imprisonment, while the other was
acquitted.
Afghanistan 1979
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Afghanistan’s civil war began when the King
was overthrown by a military coup in 1973
and replaced five years later in a bloody
coup by a government sympathetic to the
Soviet Union.
The Soviet Union sent 115,000 troops to
Afghanistan beginning in 1979 after
fundamentalist Muslims, known as
mujahedeen, or “holy warriors,” started a
rebellion against the pro-Soviet government.
Unable to subdue the mujahedeen, the
Soviet Union withdrew its troops in 1989, and
the Soviet- installed government in
Afghanistan collapsed in 1992.
Taliban (Arabic for “students of Muslim
religious schools”) had gained power in
Afghanistan in 1995, temporarily suppressing
a civil war that had lasted for more than two
decades and imposing strict Islamic
fundamentalist law on the population.
Afghanistan 2001
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After several years of infighting among
the factions that had defeated the Soviet
Union, Taliban gained control over most
of the country. The country deteriorated
over the next decade.
The United States attacked Afghanistan
in 2001 when its leaders, known as
Taliban, sheltered Osama bin Laden
and other al-Qaeda terrorists.
Six years of Taliban rule came to an end
in 2001 following the U.S. invasion.
Destroying Taliban was necessary for
the United States in order to go after alQaeda leaders, including Osama bin
Laden, who were living in Afghanistan
as guests of the Taliban. Removal of
Taliban unleashed a new struggle for
control of Afghanistan among the
country’s many ethnic groups.
Iraq
• After Iraq invaded neighboring Kuwait in
1990 and attempted to annex it, the U.S.led coalition launched the 1991 Gulf War
known as Operation Desert Storm to drive
Iraq out of Kuwait.
• Although Iraq was defeated in the 1991 Gulf
War, Saddam Hussein and the Ba’ath Party
remained in power until the 2003 war.
Hussein’s brutal treatment of Iraqis over
several decades was widely acknowledged
by other countries but not accepted as
justification for military action against him.
• U.S. assertion that Hussein had close links
with al-Qaeda was also challenged by most
other countries, as well as by U.S.
intelligence agencies.
• One reason was that Hussein’s Ba’ath
Party, which ruled Iraq between 1968 and
2003, espoused different principles than the
al-Qaeda terrorists.
Iraq 2003
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In contrast with the 1991 Gulf War, most U.N.member states did not support the U.S .-led
attack in 2003. Most other countries did not view
as sufficiently strong the evidence that Iraq still
possessed weapons of mass destruction or
intended to use them.
The United States attacked Iraq in 2003
supposedly to remove from power the country’s
longtime President Saddam Hussein.
U.S. officials, supported by the United Kingdom,
argued that Hussein was developing weapons of
mass destruction that could be turned over to
terrorists.
The U.S. confrontation with Iraq predated the
war on terrorism.
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Hostility between the United States and
Iran dates from 1979, when a revolution
forced abdication of Iran’s pro-U.S. Shah
Mohammad Reza Pahiavi.
Iran and Iraq fought a war between 1980
and 1988 over control of the Shatt al-Arab
waterway, formed by the confluence of the
Tigris and Euphrates rivers flowing into the
Persian Gulf.
Because both Iran and Iraq were major oil
producers, the war caused a sharp decline
in international oil prices.
An estimated 1.5 million died in the war,
until it ended when the two countries
accepted a UN peace plan.
As the United States launched its war on
terrorism, Iran was a less immediate target
than Afghanistan and Iraq.
However, the United States accused Iran of
harboring al-Qaeda members and of trying
to install a Shiite-dominated government in
Iraq after the United States removed
Saddam Hussein from power in 2003.
Iran
Other Terrorist
States
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Other states considered by the
United States to be state sponsors
of terrorism in recent years have
included the following:
– Yemen, which served as a base
for al-Qaeda cells and sheltered
terrorists who attacked the USS
Cole;
– Sudan, which sheltered Islamic
militants, including Osama bin
Laden; and has since broken into
two countries due to domestic
terrorism
– Iran, which had the capability to
produce enriched uranium;
– Syria, which was implicated in
support of Iranian and Libyan
terrorists;
– North Korea, which was
developing nuclear weapons
capability.