Transcript Department of Criminal Justice California State University - Bakersfield CRJU 100 Introduction to Criminal Justice Dr.

Department of Criminal Justice
California State University - Bakersfield
CRJU 100
Introduction to Criminal Justice
Dr. Abu-Lughod, Reem Ali
Present and Emerging Trends:
The Future of Criminal Justice
WAR AND PEACE IN CJ:
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Struggling between the extremes of waging war on criminals
and making peace with citizens
The WARS on crime and drugs: war is a slippery term. Since
we have criminals as the “enemy” in society, we use warlike
strategies to fight against crime. But is fighting crime like
fighting war?
Before war on terrorism, there was war on crime, drugs and
poverty
The War on Terrorism
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Police officers (protect citizens and keep peace) are different
than the military (attack enemy)
Terrorism has changed this:
Terrorists in the U.S. have been stereotyped as men of Middle
Eastern dissent but they can be of any political group
E.g. some of Taliban prisoners at Guantanamo Bay are
Australian and British
Also while police officers are reactive, military soldiers are
proactive
The CJS is reactive and sometimes criticized for acting too
late
Terrorism again changed this:
Events of Sep. 11th inspired a new wave of patriotism
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Differences between fighting the war on terrorism and other
social problems in society
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1) war on T has a clear and identifiable outside enemy
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2) war on T is more political rather than social (more
international)
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3) war on T uses military weapons, resources not available to
local/state L.E. agencies
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4) an outside terrorist enemy does not enjoy U.S. legal
protections…denied basic legal rights
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5) terrorists firmly believe their cause is just
IMPACT OF SEP. 11TH
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Large scale terrorism can be brought anywhere
One attack where terrorists used the nation’s own airlines to attack
ISSUES THAT HAVE CONTRIBUTED TO THE TRAGEDY:
1) Airport security:
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electronically search passengers for metal weapons
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People learned to accept minimal intrusions on their privacy in
exchange for safety
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Hijackers Sep 11th were able to smuggle relatively small, unobtrusive
box cutters onto the plane
2) passengers’ response:
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Cooperated hoping for some deal to be made that would grant their
release
3) Rights of aliens:
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Lack of cooperation and information transfer between federal
agencies prior to Sep 11th
DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY
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Public servants have been more highly recognized
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Increase attention to allocation of resources
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More competitive salaries
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Congress responded by passing the Patriot Act: uniting and
strengthening America by providing appropriate tool required
to intercept and obstruct terrorism act
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Gave government latitude over issues that mainly concern
citizens’ rights
Dept. of HS:
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The FBI and CIA were not part of it for 2 reasons:
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1) independence would be lost. They don’t only work to prevent
T and therefore lose authority to decide on how best to deploy
their resources
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2) political: mature agencies with politicians within network and
own organizational culture. Otherwise political battle
TWO MOST CONTROVERSIAL ASPECTS OF PATRIOT ACT:
1) Judicial review: before, government had to convince a judge
that there was probable cause to suspect an individual. Now,
government officials can go fishing for information that are
subject to warrantless searches
2) Secret searches: government can search homes and
property without prior notice or subsequent notification
that the residence has been searched. Political state
rather than protecting a free democracy
HOW “T” IS CHANGING THE CJS:
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Threat affects the whole U.S.
2)
Altering funding priorities
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New level of training and preparation
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Communication between all levels state/local/federal
PEACEMAKING CRIMINOLOGY AND
RESTORATIVE JUSTICE
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Correct means: Gandhi
Restorative justice
Ascertainable criteria
Categorical imperative
Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. and social justice
The reality behind peacemaking criminology?