Transcript Module 5 PowerPoint

Module Five
Navigating Roadways
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Navigating Roadways
Topic 1 Intersections
Topic 2 Curves
Topic 3 Hills and Mountains
Topic 4 Passing
Topic 5 Urban and Rural Roads
Topic 6 Expressways
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Search for the Signs, Signals, and Pavement
Markings at this Intersection
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Why do one out of three FATAL
crashes occurs at intersections?
 Drivers fail to search and identify a safe path of travel when
approaching the intersection.
 Drivers don’t identify or understand the risks.
 Drivers fail to develop good driving habits to effectively
manage risks.
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Crossroad – Four-way intersection
T Intersection - one road ends where
the other road crosses
Y Intersection – you must bear either
right or left ahead
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Roundabout – a circular
intersection in which entering
traffic must yield right of way
Railroad Crossing – road
intersects with a railroad crossing
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 When possible, begin searching 20-30 seconds ahead of
the intersection.
 Using an orderly visual search pattern you must
 Identify the type of intersection.
 Identify open, closed and changing zones.
 Identify the best lane and lane position.
 Determine if the intersection is controlled or
uncontrolled.
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2
1
3
Search all corners, make sure in proper
lane - if restriction to line of sight,
change position and reduce speed.
Check mirrors
Adjust speed
• Look to front, left and
right.
• Check traffic and count to
3 before moving.
• Continue if traffic light is
green or intersection is
clear.
• Do not block intersection.
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May have to stop if there is a
yellow or red light, stop sign, yield
sign or something in your path of
travel.
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Begin braking.
If there is
someone
following close
behind tap your
brake pedal a few
times to let them
know the front
car is stopping.
Designed to keep traffic staggered to
allow for larger vehicles to complete
turns.
Consists of stopping at a stop sign or line
even if view is blocked, then pulling ahead
slightly and stopping again where the driver
can see better.
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2
Crosswalk
Stop Line
Sidewalk
Curb Line
Intersection flow is regulated by signs.
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Intersection flow regulated by signals.
Right-of-Way Concepts
 Right-of-Way is not a right or privilege
– it must be given!
 Right-of-Way is determined by a set of
rules.
 Drivers must understand right-of-way
rules governing:
 Intersections
 Merges
 Special conditions
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Right–of–Way Concepts: Intersections
Describe Who Should YIELD In The Following Situations:
 Controlled Intersections
 Uncontrolled Intersections
 Single or two-lane roads intersecting with multiple-lane
roads
 When turning left
 “T” Intersections
 Railroad grade crossings
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Uncontrolled or 4-Way Stop
 An uncontrolled
intersection has NO signs
or signals to regulate
the flow of traffic.
 A 4-way stop has a stop
sign at each corner.
 Malfunctioning lights
should be treated as an
uncontrolled intersection.
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Uncontrolled or 4-Way Stop Intersections
First Car Rule:
Same Time Rule:
Vehicles approaching an
intersection must yield to
vehicles already in the
intersection.
When two or more vehicles
approach an intersection at
approximately the same time, the
driver of the vehicle on the left shall
yield the right-of-way to the vehicle
on the right.
The Blue Car must yield the right-of-way
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Right–of–Way Concepts: Intersections
T-Intersections
At a T-intersection, the
vehicle on the side street
must stop and yield right
of way.
Traffic Circles
Vehicles entering the traffic
circle shall yield to vehicles
already in the intersection.
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 When you can see the
intersection, begin
SEARCHING for the
 Type of intersection
 Intersection controls
 Risks or problems in your
intended path of travel
 Also monitor the areas to
the rear of the vehicle.
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 During your Search you must
identified potential risks, and
Evaluate how you will handle:
 Traffic Controls
 Stop sign, yield sign,
traffic light
 No traffic controls
 Open, closed or changing
path of travel
 Cross traffic
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 You have Searched, Evaluated and
determined the best course of
action, and now must EXECUTE
your decision in Time by

Positioning vehicle in proper lane

Obeying traffic controls and
preparing to yield if necessary

Searching and monitoring space as
you cautiously proceed through the
intersection
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Select the best lane at least a block ahead
Center lane(s) – safest
when traveling straight
through.
Right lane is used when
turning right - cross traffic,
turning right on red will
enter this lane.
Left lane is used to turn
left - yield to oncoming
traffic.
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Look for clues:
 Is the other driver looking to the left or right?
 Is the vehicle positioned on the
left side of the lane?
 Are the other vehicles’ front
wheels turned left or right?
 Any pedestrian standing at curb?
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1
2
Check mirrors
3
Check oncoming and cross
traffic, other highway users and
roadway condition
Signal and steer
into proper lane,
tap brake pedal
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4
Adjust speed
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Steer into proper
lane
Recheck traffic, identify safe gap
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Adjust speed
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Check mirrors
Check traffic and
pedestrians.
Exit and enter
correct lane.
Stop and yield
when turning right
on red.
Search Intersection for:
 Line-of-Sight or
Path-of-Travel Restrictions
 Parked vehicles
 Cross traffic
 Vehicles turning left
 Pedestrians
 Bicyclists
 Confirm lane turning on has an open zone and if it’s a two-way or a
one-way street
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Position the vehicle in the correct lane at least
one block before the turn.
Using the image below, select the best lane.
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Right-of-way rules not
followed.
Failure to signal.
Failure to search
intersections.
Failure to stop on red
before turning right.
Turning too wide and
crossing into adjacent lane.
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Crossing multiple lanes
Intersecting roadway traffic
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 Start in correct lane.
 Search travel path
and oncoming
traffic.
 Wait for safe gap in
traffic.
 Turn into
appropriate lane.
Intersection Search
 Determine if you have a safe path of travel through the
intersection.
 Be prepared to stop or yield.
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You are driving the black SUV
What lane must you be in to turn left?
Select the proper lane prior to arriving at the intersection.
Remain in your lane/don’t touch the lane line throughout the turn.
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Protected
Unprotected
Describe a Protected Left Turn
Vehicles turning left have a green arrow
All other traffic has a red light
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Describe a Roundabout
*Circular intersection where
vehicle paths do not cross.
*Controlled by yield signs.
*Entries and exits into & out of
the circle are at multiple locations.
*Yielding at the entry, rather than stopping, and
waiting for a green light or stopping at a stop sign,
significantly reduces delays.
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• Fewer points of conflict.
• 90% reduction in fatal
crashes.
• 75% reduction in injury
crashes.
• Fewer delays as traffic
keeps moving.
• Less pollution and fuel
use.
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Module Five
Topic 2 - Navigating
Curves and Hills
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Blind Curve
Only the entrance to the curve is visible – you have no idea
what the rest of the curve looks like or if there’s anything in
your path of travel
S-Curve
A curve in one direction with a second curve in the
opposite direction.
S Curve
Crowned Roadways
 Most roadways in are higher in the middle and slope
to the outside for better drainage.
 If a road curves to the left on a crowned roadway,
how will that effect the weight of your vehicle?
Banked Curve
 The outside of the curve is higher than the
inside.
 How does a banked curve help the vehicle
stay on the road?
 Uphill: acceleration is needed to maintain speed.
 Downhill: vehicles will naturally pick up speed.
Why do vehicles “slow down”
going uphill and “speed up”
coming downhill?
Sharp Curve
Curve to right followed by curve to left
Winding Road
Road curves right – vehicle’s weight shifts left
Maximum SAFE speed is 25 mph
•Entrance
•Apex
•Exit
Search the road ahead
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•
•
•
•
Uphill/downhill?
Blind curve?
Crowned or banked?
Sharpness of curve?
Road surface conditions?
What can you determine as you search the curve ahead?
After Searching
Evaluate your options
Lane position
Visibility
Space management
Speed control
Controlled braking before apex
Accelerate out of the curve
Steering
Push-Pull
Line of sight
Look through the curve
Path of travel
Execute in Time
When approaching a Curve to the Left
 It is generally best to
approach the curve in Lane
Position 3, as far away as
possible from oncoming
traffic.
 This position also provides
the best targeting point for
your line of sight.
Begin in
Lane Position 3
 Search far ahead.
 Approach curve in
right portion and
reduce speed.
 Maintain speed
through curve.
 Accelerate out of
apex.
 Headlights on.
 Approach curve in
left portion of lane.
 Move to right
portion of lane as
you approach the
apex of curve.
When approaching a Curve to the RIGHT
Assume outside road position
on the entry to a right curve
(Lane Position 2).
Allows for a longer braking
distance on entry and a better
chance of establishing a
sightline to the apex and exit
of the curve.
Begin in Lane Position 2
Hills and Mountains
Applying SEEiT space management process
 Search ahead for advisory speed signs,
oncoming traffic, road condition/surface
traction control and slow moving
vehicles.
 Evaluate if the hill has curves, determine
type of curve, and make decision about
safe speed and lane positions.
Driving Uphill—Speed Control
 Extra power may be
needed to maintain
uphill speed.
 Slower moving vehicles
should travel in the
right-hand lane.
Photo courtesy of AAA Foundation
Cresting the Hill
Limited LOS at a hill crest.
Be prepared for:
Stopped vehicles
Slow moving vehicles
Oncoming vehicle in your lane
Be prepared to adjust speed or position to avoid a
hazard.
List potential hazards that may exist on the other side
of the hill crest.
Descending Hills & Mountains
Gravity will make the vehicle go
faster.
Downshift and use the
transmission to reduce speed
and help keep brakes from
overheating.
What clues do you see in
this picture that describe
roadway conditions?
Descending
 Heavier vehicles going downhill will
pick up more speed .
 Check the rear zone for vehicles
that may be having trouble
controlling speed.
 Turn off cruise control.
 What should the pickup truck driver
be concerned about when passing
the tanker truck?
Runaway Ramps
Runaway ramps are designed for large trucks that lose
braking control on steep hills.
They have deep gravel, sand barrels and other materials to
help slow down the runaway vehicle.
Pull off the road if you see a runaway truck behind you.
What do you see?
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 Count the seconds it
takes for an oncoming
vehicle to pass in the
opposite lane.
 Do this until you can
accurately estimate
the time.
 If you can see a vehicle
approaching it is not safe
to pass.
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2
Prepare to pass
Overtake the vehicle
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Return to lane
When another vehicle is waiting to
make a left turn when multiple lanes
are available.
• One of the most dangerous maneuvers a
driver can attempt.
• Higher the speed the greater the risk.
• High volume of traffic increases the
chance of collisions.
• Passing may occur
on the left or right.
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•
•
•
Check passing vehicle’s position.
Move away slightly if too close.
Maintain speed.
Once passed,
create space
ahead and
behind.
• High volume of traffic with many hazards.
• More roadway users to interact with.
• Multiple intersections with left and right
turn lanes, stop signs and traffic signal
lights.
• Stores and businesses
present.
• Public transportation
• “Rush hour” traffic.
• Following others:
– Be alert for areas where
sudden stops may occur.
• Oncoming traffic:
– Keep as much space as
possible from oncoming
vehicles.
– Take action if driver in
oncoming lane crosses
center line.
• Selecting the best lane:
– Fewest number of potential hazards.
– Right lane usually for slower traffic.
– Avoid driving next to
other vehicles.
– Drive in correct lane,
indicated by arrows
on pavement.
For vehicles making
left turns:
 Do not travel
more than 150
feet in lane.
 Move as far left
as possible.
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1
Signal
Check traffic
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4
Adjust speed and
enter lane
Wait for gap, complete left
turn when clear
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1
Signal left turn and stop
at edge of roadway
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If gap to left, but not
right, enter shared lane
Check for traffic
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When traffic is clear
enter nearest lane
Trying to cross traffic from a driveway
Move entire car (all 4
wheels) into the shared
lane to avoid blocking
through traffic FLOW.
Stop in the shared lane
and wait to merge safely
with traffic.
Is the black truck allowed to cross the
solid yellow line and stop in the shared
lane to wait for traffic to clear?
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Look for other drivers
using the shared lane.
You can only travel 150
feet in a shared lane.
Identify the vehicles in
this picture waiting in
the shared lane for a
gap in traffic.
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Low volume of
traffic and speeds;
Road and shoulders
may be narrow and
of varying surfaces;
Few signs, signals and pavement markings
Steep hills and curves; and
Open bridge gratings, uncontrolled railroad
crossings and intersections.
Expressway Driving
Characteristics of expressways
Entering the expressway
Types of Interchanges
Signs
Pavement Markings
Lane selection
Lane changes
Passing
Space Management
Exiting the expressway
• High speed
• Controlled access
(entry and exit)
• Divided by barrier
• Multiple lanes going
in the same direction
• Only for motorized vehicles
Rumble strips
Median
barriers
Breakaway
sign supports
New design
guard rails
Crash barrels
Reflective signs
Mile markers
Protected turn
bays
Collector/
distributor
lanes
Message signs
The Interstate Highway system in Virginia is 1,118.66
miles long.
There are 6 major routes and 10 loops and spurs
from the mainline routes.
Even numbers go east-west (I-64, I-66).
Odd numbers go north-south (I-77, I-81, I-95).
Odd numbers begin in the west and get larger as they move east.
Even numbers begin in the south and get larger as they move
north.
3-digit numbers designate an
alternate route.
If the first digit is even, the
alternate route goes around the
city (I-664).
If it is odd, it leads into the city
(I-164).
Is there a loop around your
city?
Entrance Ramp
Acceleration Lane
Merge Area
Provides limited access to the expressway
Allows driver time to search for traffic flow and
gaps and evaluate speed and space requirements
before entering the expressway.
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1
3
Check traffic
Identify entrance ½
mile in advance
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6
4
Enter ramp and
adjust speed
Signal, proper
lane
Identify gap for
merging, signal,
merge into travel
lane
Adjust to travel
speed
As you enter the ramp immediately begin searching for
a gap/open space.
Accelerate to speed of traffic.
Determine the open space and merge safely.
Entrance
Ramp
Heavy traffic, short ramps and acceleration lanes.
High walls that may block visibility.
“Weave lane” conflicts.
Traffic ahead on the ramp that slows or stops abruptly.
Sharp curves on the ramp that restrict visibility.
On-Ramp
Potential for conflict is greater.
Monitor and search to the right.
Additional lane changes to the right may be
necessary to allow merging traffic to enter.
Make sure the entrance ramp is the correct one.
Search for “Do Not Enter” or “Wrong Way” signs.
Check front and rear zones.
Observe traffic conditions on the limited access roadway .
Signal, check mirrors and blind zones.
Prepare to adjust speed for heavy traffic on the ramp.
Avoid stopping or backing up on a ramp.
On-Ramp
Oh no! You have entered the EXIT ramp and traffic is
coming at you!
If you see the ramp area marked with “DO NOT ENTER”
and/or “WRONG WAY” signs, immediately pull over to the
edge of the road.
The possibility of a head on collision is very high.
When the way is clear, turn around and get off the ramp.
Avoid backing or stopping on ramp.
Used to accelerate, monitor gap, and blend with the
speed of traffic on the expressway.
Acceleration Lane
Maintain speed and safe following
distance;
Signal;
Accelerate to the speed of
vehicles on the expressway;
Continuously check front and rear
zones, mirrors and blind spot; and
Decide when and where to
merge.
Area used to move onto the expressway and is usually
marked with a broken white line.
The merge area provides a designated space
to blend into expressway traffic.
. Merge Area
Heavy traffic
No gap to move onto expressway
Traffic slowing or stopping ahead
Drive at the speed of traffic.
Maintain 3 – 4 second following distance.
A “weave” lane serves as both an entrance and an exit lane.
Traffic entering and exiting must use the same lane:
Conflicts can occur; and
The driver entering from the entrance ramp should yield to
the driver leaving the expressway.
Vehicle entering
expressway
Vehicle
exiting
expressway
Cloverleaf Interchange
Cloverleaf Interchanges have shared entrance and
exit lanes known as WEAVE lanes.
This type of design allows
for the interchange of two
expressways or major
roadways.
Frontage Road Interchange
Traffic is permitted to move ONLY in
the direction indicated by the arrows
Mile markers show the number of miles from where the
Interstate route entered a state.
These numbers are useful if a driver needs to call for
assistance by giving an exact location.
Exit numbers align with mile marker numbers.
Lane choice is dependent upon several factors:
Volume of traffic
Type of traffic
Speed
Planned exit
Right Lane
Center Lane
Left Lane
Lane Changes
Reasons for changing lanes include:
Entering or exiting
Allowing another driver to enter
Following large or slow-moving vehicles
Lane ahead blocked
Being tailgated
Construction
Passing
Changing Lanes
Check traffic ahead, behind and to the sides
(mirrors and head check)
Signal your intention to change lanes
Select a safe gap in traffic
Re-check traffic
Maintain a safe following distance
Adjust your speed, steer smoothly to the new
lane, cancel your turns
After Passing – returning to right lane
Pass and signal to return
Check mirrors
When both sets of headlights of the vehicle being passed
are visible, return to the lane
Cancel signal
Adjust speed and/or vehicle
position to create space all
around your vehicle
Deceleration Lane
Exit Ramp
Area where speed should
be reduced to exit safely
May be level or sharply curved,
uphill or downhill, adjust speed
for ramp speed
Identify the Exit Early
Exits are marked with guide signs, usually one to
two miles before the exit.
You can determine if an exit is a right exit or a
left exit by the position of the exit number on
the sign.
Exit numbers correspond with mile marker
numbers.
About one-half mile (20- to 30- seconds) before
the exit, signal and move to the lane closest to
the exit.
Is this a picture of a right or left exit?
Area where speed must be significantly reduced
Deceleration lanes allow drivers to reduce their speed without
blocking traffic on the expressway.
Look for the advisory speed sign for the deceleration lane.
Wait until reaching the deceleration lane before reducing
speed.
Exit Ramp
Deceleration Lane
THE EXIT RAMP ALLOWS
TRAFFIC TO ENTER
ADJOINING ROADWAYS
Brake to Warning Sign Speed
Check Behind
Search for Traffic Control Signs
or Signals
Short deceleration lane
Sharp curve on ramp
Traffic stopped on the exit ramp
Very slow ramp speed - there may
be a STOP sign or a traffic light at
the end of the exit ramp. The driver
must adjust from a fast speed to a
STOP in a short distance.
Weave lane conflicts