Transcript 20. 가정법

제 20 장
< 가 정 법 >
가정법(현재, 과거, 과거완료, 미래)
1. 가정법 현재: 현재, 미래 의 불확실한 상상
{종속절(조건절)}
{주절(귀결절)}
(만일 ~ 한다면)
( ~ 할 것이다.)
(형식) If+ S+ 동사원형(현재형), S+ will,shall + 원형
can, may
a) If he be(=is) kind, he will help me.
If he come(=comes) , I will give it to him.
If it be(=is) raining, don’t go out. (주절이 명령문)
b) { S+desire(suggest, propose, insist….) that+ 원형}
I desire that he (should) give me some money.
He suggested that she take me.
c) 기원문 : God bless you! = May God bless you!
2. 가정법 과거: 현재 사실에 반대 가정
{종속절(조건절)}
{주절(귀결절)}
(만일 ~ 한다면)
(~ 할 텐데, ~하겠는데)
(형식)If+S+were (or) 동사과거, S+would,should+원형
(의지) (단순)
could, might
(가능) (추측)
* (가정법 과거 ↔ 직설법 현재)
• If I were rich, I could go abroad.
직설법: As I am not rich, I can’t go abroad.
(if 생략):(= Were I rich, I could go abroad. )
• If I knew her address, I would write to her.
직설법: As I don’t know her address,I don’t write ~.
(if 생략):(= Did I know her address, I would write ~. )
(if 생략):(≠ Knew I her address, I would write ~ . )
※ 가정법 과거의 심화 문제 (가정법 ↔ 직설법)
• If he were honest, I would employ him.
= As he is not honest, I don’t employ him.
• It is not true, so I am not very happy.
= If it were true, I would (or should) be very happy.
• If he were rich, he could buy the house.
= As he is not rich, he can’t buy the house.
• As he has no money, he cannot buy the car.
= If he had money, he would (or could) buy the car.
• I wish I had a girl friend.
= I am sorry I don’t have a girl friend.
3. 가정법 과거완료: 과거 사실의 반대 가정
{종속절(조건절)}
{주절(귀결절)}
(만일 ~ 했더라면)
( ~ 했을 텐데)
(형식) If+ S+ had+ p.p., S+ would,should+ have+ p.p.
could, might
* (가정법 과거완료 ↔ 직설법 과거)
• If he had worked harder, he would have succeed.
직설법: As he did not work harder, he did not succeed.
(if생략):( = Had he worked harder, he would ~ . )
• If you had not helped me, I should never have
finished it.
직설법: You helped me, so I finished it.
(if생략):(= Had you not helped me, I should ~ . )
※ 가정법 과거완료 심화 문제 (가정법 ↔ 직설법)
• As he helped me, I could succeed.
= If he had not helped me, I could not have succeeded.
• If you had hurried, you would not missed the bus.
= You didn’t hurry, so you missed the bus.
• You didn’t invite him, so he didn’t come.
= If you had invited him, he might have come.
• If I had drunk this, I should have died.
= As I didn’t drink this, I didn’t die.
• I wish I had worked harder when young.
= I am sorry I did not work harder when young.
4. 가정법 미래
{종속절(조건절)}
{주절(귀결절)}
(만일 ~ 한다면) ( ~할 텐데, ~하겠는데)
a)(미래 강한:If+S+should+원형, S+will, would+원형
의 심)
shall, should
can, could
may, might
b)(실현불가:If+S+were to+원형, S+would, should
능 미래가정)
could, might+원형
a)If it should rain,he will(=would)not come.가정법미래
(if생략):(= Should it rain, he will~ . ):가능성 거의 없음
(비교): If it rains, he will not come.현재형:가능성 있음
b)If I were to be born again, I would love you.
(if생략):(= Were I to be born again, I would ~ . )
◈ 주의 해야 할 가정법
a) I wish +가정법 (과거) :~ 하면 좋을 텐데
가정법 (과거완료):~했더라면 좋았을 텐데
* (과
거:현재,미래 이룰 수 없는 소망)
* (과거완료:과거 이룰 수 없는 소망)
• I wish I were rich. (가정법 과거)
= I am sorry (that) I am not rich.
• I wish I had not gone there. (가정법 과거완료)
= I am sorry (that) I went there.
b) as if
+ 가정법 (과거) :마치 ~인 것처럼
as though 가정법 (과거완료):마치 ~ 했던 것처럼
•He talks as if he knew it. (가정법 과거)
= In fact he doesn’t know it.
•He speaks as though he had seen her. (가정법
= In fact he did not see her.
과거완료)
c) but for ~ 가정법 (과거) = if it were not for
+ (주절의 형식) = Were it not for
without ~
(~이 없다면)
가정법 (과.완) = if it had not been for
(주절의 형식) = Had it not been for
(~이 없었더라면)
• Without (=But for) water, we could not live.
(주절:가정법 과거 형식)
= If it were not for water, we could not live.
= Were it not for water, we could not live.
• But for(=Without) your help, I should have failed.
(주절:가정법 과거완료 형식)
= If it had not been for your help, I should ~.
= Had it not been for your help, I should ~ .
◈{ 기타 가정법 }=> if 절의 대용 어구
a) 주부(명사)에 조건 뜻
• A lady would not do such a thing.
(= If she were a lady, she would not do ~ .):( ~라면)
※(비교):직설법 현재 => A lady does not do such a
thing.
• An honest man would not have done such a thing.
(= If he had been an honest man, he would not have
done such a thing .) :( ~ 이었다면)
b) 부정사에 가정의 뜻 : ( ~ 하는 것을 보면)
• To hear him talk, you would take him for a fool.
(= If you heard him talk, you would ~ .)
c) 접속사에 가정의 뜻
• I am tired, otherwise I would play with you.
(= If I were not tired, I would ~ .) :(그렇지 않으면)