Student Presentation

     Time：10/20，10/23 and 10/27 Topic: Any things related to History of Medicine Grouping: 5-8/group, on volunteer basis The topic and list of each group and the name(s) of presenter should be submitted before 10/17 by Email to： [email protected]

Each presentation should be less than 10’ with ppt, followed by 5’ discussion.

医学史简论

(3)

A Brief History of Medicine

Yu Hai Zhejiang University School of Medicine [email protected]

What is Medicine

？

什么是医学

Medicine

is the art and science concerned with the maintenance of health and the prevention, alleviation or cure of disease （

Encyclopedia Britannica)

Medicine is the most humane of sciences, the most empiric of arts, the most scientific of the humanities (Edmund Pellegrino)

The Origin of Medicine

远古医学

Prehistoric Medicine

： 神话和传说 考古发现

mythology and legends archeological discovery

Prehistoric Medicine

: myths and legends

Aesculapius

God of Medicine and healing

Asclepius

is the god of medicine and healing in ancient Greek ， love child of Apollo and Coronis. His mother was killed for being unfaithful to Apollo but the unborn child was rescued from her womb. Asclepius means "to cut open.“ Daughters: Hygeia (hygiene) and Panacea ("all healing")

Prehistoric Medicine

:

myths and legends

Apollo carried the baby to the Centaur Chiron who raised Asclepius and instructed him in the art of medicine Chiron-chirurgeon -surgeon

Prehistoric Medicine

:

myths and legends

The rod of Asclepius

It symbolizes the healing arts by combining the serpent, which in shedding its skin is a symbol of rebirth and fertility with the staff, a symbol of authority befitting the god of Medicine.

Daughters: Hygeia (hygiene) and Panacea ("all-healing") One day Aesculapius killed a snake, but another snake emerged carrying an herbal leaf in his mouth; it placed the leaf on the head of the dead snake, which miraculously revived. The serpent became Aesculapius‘ constant companion.

caduceus

Caduceus Hermes son of Zeus and Maia

，

God of messenger

（ Mercury ）

Prehistoric Medicine

: myths and legends

God of Chinese Medicine-Shennong (Divine Farmer) 神农氏（炎帝 Yan Emperor ）   lived some 5,000 years ago, considered to be the father of Chinese agriculture, He is said to have tested hundreds of herbs to find their medical value.

远古医学：神话和传说

Prehistoric Medicine

:

myths and legends 黄帝  Huangdi （ Yellow Emperor ） (2497 BC-2398 BC) is considered in Chinese Mythology to be the ancestor of all Han Chinese   Descendants of Yan & Yellow Emperors ( 炎黃子孙， Yan Huang Zi Sun ， means Chinese) Among his many accomplishments, Huangdi has been credited with the invention of the principles of Traditional Chinese Medicine Gōngsūn Xuānyuán ( 公孙轩辕 ).

Prehistoric Medicine

: myths and legends 歧 伯 桐 君    

Qibo

岐伯 “ 歧黄之学” ( medicine, the study of Qi and Huang) Qibo is said as the minister of Huangdi

, Hangdineijin

is the a book comprising the dialogues regarding medicinal problems between Huangdi and Qibo.

Qibo might actually have been Hippocrates-according to sinologist Paul Unschuld

Tongjun

桐君 Minister of Huangdi, practitioner and pharmacist (Tongjun Hill)

Prehistoric Medicine -archeological discovery

 The Hemudu ( 河姆渡 ) culture (5000 BC to 4500 BC) was a Neolithic culture in Yuyao, Zhejiang  Animal part (shells of pangolin, turtle shell) and plant seeds , camphor leaves which are still used for traditional medicine were discovered in the Hemudu relics Reptile

Stone age man’s medicine

The mummified body of iceman was discovered in the Tyrolean Alps in Northern Italy in 1991.

In his possessions a birch fungus,

Piptoporus betulinus

was found, which contains oils that are toxic to certain parasites, thus acting as a form of natural drug. in the man's colon the eggs of a parasitic whipworm (

Trichuris trichiura

) Iceman lived in 5300 years ago stone age The fungus may be used as natural medicine

Prehistoric Medicine-

archeological discovery 

Stone and bone needles were discovered considered to be used as acupuncture

( 针 金 metal needle 砭 石 ， stone needle 箴 竹， bamboo needle)

mammoth

trephination 颅骨环钻术 (Peru)

Excavated in Dawenkou Shandong, China 山东大汶口出土 （ Neolithic age 5000 year ago ， occipital bone ）

颅骨环钻术（穿颅术） Trephination

(7000-3000B.C. Neolithic period) for both medical reasons (epileptic seizures, migraines and mental disorders and mystical practices by letting evil spirits escape done by wizard

Prehistoric Medicine-Trephination

 Trepanation is surgery in which a hole is drilled into the human skull to treat epidural and subdural hematomas 1497 18 th Century French

Prehistoric medicine-witch-doctor

  Prehistoric societies believed in both the natural and supernatural being able to variably cause and treat disease. It was believed that evil spirits could inhabit the body and cause illness within someone. Medicine Men (witch-doctors/shamans) maintained the health of their tribe by gathering and distributing herbs, performing minor surgical procedures providing medical advice and supernatural treatments, such as charms, spells and amulets to ward off evil spirits 巫医

Witch-doctor

医

字的演变

Evolution of the character

医

醫 酉 wine alcohol 毉 巫 witch wizard

古代四大文明

Egypt India China

古埃及的医学

Ancient Egypt

  4000 B.C

.

Invention of hieroglyph 3100 B.C

. First dynasty

古埃及的医学

Ancient Egypt 伊姆荷太普 (Imhotep ）   was an Egyptian polymath who served under the Third Dynasty king Djoser (2650 BC-2600 BC) as chancellor to the pharaoh and considered to be the first engineer, architect and physician in history known by name. The founder of Egyptian medicine and the God of Medicine

古埃及的医学

Ancient Egypt

The embalming of mummy shows highly advanced the knowledge of human anatomy and preservation technique Brain- sinuses ethmoidal

古埃及的医学

Ancient Egypt

CT scanning for mummy of Tutankhamun to find the cause of death (gangrene after breaking his left leg ) Tutankhamun (1341 –1323 BC)

古埃及的医学

Ancient Egypt

  2000-1500 BC 纸草 (Papyrus) 文献 The Ebers papyrus (circa 1550 BC) is full of incantations and foul applications meant to turn away disease-causing demons, and also includes 877 prescriptions.

Edward Smith Papyrus is a textbook on surgery and details anatomical observations and the examination, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of numerous ailments. It was probably written around 1600 BC, but is regarded as a copy of several earlier texts. Medical information in it dates from as early as 3000 BC. Imhotep is credited as the original author of the papyrus text.

古埃及的医学

Ancient Egypt

  Other information comes from the images that often adorn the walls of Egyptian tombs and the accompanying inscriptions.

A ceremonial circumcision. In the tomb of Ankh-ma-hor of the 6th Dynasty (circa 2200 BC)

A victim of Poliomyelitis with typical polio-derived equinovarus 18 th Dynasty1405-1356 BC Ancient Egyptian medical instruments depicted in a Ptolemaic period inscription on the Temple of Kom Ombo.

古巴比 伦的医学

Ancient Babylon

    Cradle of civilization 5000-4000 B.C Sumer 2000 B.C. Babylon 7 th century Islamic Sassanid Empire (Iraq) The Hanging Garden and Tower of Babil

古巴比

伦的医学

Ancient Babylon

   Well developed astronomy, mathematics and medicine The most extensive Babylonian medical text, however, is the

Diagnostic Handbook

written by the physician Esagil-kin-apli, If a patient could not be cured physically, the Babylonian physicians often relied on exorcism to cleanse the patient from any curses. 楔形文字 cuneiform ( arrowheaded characters; wedge shaped characters)

古巴比 伦的医学

Ancient Babylon

 Code of Hammurabi ( architect etc.

the sixth Babylonian king1792-1750 B.C) contained 282 laws ， law 215~240 is concerned about physicians, barbers and Louvre Museum in Paris discovered in 1901

古印度的医学

Ancient India

 Indus Valley Civilization back to c.3300 BC 1.

2.

3.

4.

 Four period of ancient Indian medicine: Veda Brahman Buddhist Hindu 。

古印度的医学

Ancient India

 Indian Medicine vadic period 1500 BC-500 BC Ayurvedic period 500BC-600AD Islamic period 1300-1600 AD Western Medicine 1600 AD The three doshas (energy) (Vata, Pita, Kapha) and the 5 great elements (Ether, Water, Fire, Earth, Air) from which they are composed (Vata= air+ether, Pita=fire+water, Kapha=earth+water). Body constitutions are depends the proportion of different doshas Sanskrit Taj Mahal Mausoleum

古印度的医学

Ancient India

 Sushruta (Around 800 BC) was an ancient Indian surgeon and is the author of the book Sushruta Samhita, in which he describes over 300 surgical procedures and 120 surgical instruments and classifies human surgery in 8 categories, so he is horned as the father of surgery.

妙闻 Sushruta

印度鼻成形术

Indian rhinoplasty first developed by Sushruta Italian Gasparo Tagliacozzi （ 1546 － 1599 ） with skin flap from forearm

中国 传统医学 Traditional Chinese Medicine    《山海经》

Shanhaijing,

an encyclopedia compiled in Spring-autumn and warring period (770-221 BC) 137 drugs recorded including 76 animal drug and 54 plant and 7 others with clear medical effects Nipples as eye Navel as mouth

中国 传统医学 Traditional Chinese Medicine

《黄帝内经》

The Huangdi Neijing (

Inner Canon of Huangdi

) compiled in warring states period （ 475 221 B.C

） is the fundamental doctrinal source for Chinese medicine The work is composed of two texts each of eighty-one chapters or treatises in a question-and-answer format between Huangdi and his ministers. 素问 灵枢 （ suwen and lingshu ）

中国传统医学

Traditional Chinese Medicine Changshan (Radix dichroa)-malaria Dahuang (Chinese Rhubarb)-catharsis Huanglian (rhizoma coptidis, berberine)-diarrhea ”   

《神农本草经》

Shennong Bencaojing

First compiled in Western Han Dynasty (202BC-26AD) This work is considered to be the earliest Chinese pharmacopeia. It includes 365 medicines derived from minerals, plants, and animals.

中国 传统医学

Traditional Chinese Medicine

  哲学基础 “ 阴阳五行

”

Philosophical basis- Yingyang and 5 Element theory

中国 传统医学 Traditional Chinese Medicine  Zhang Zhongjing ( 张仲景 ), “the Hippocrates of China”, who was mayor of Changsha toward the end of the 2nd century AD, wrote a Treatise on Cold Damage ( 伤寒论） , which contains the earliest known reference to

Neijing Suwen

. 张仲景 150-219



中国 传统医学

Traditional Chinese Medicine

Hua Tuo ( 华佗） Eastern Han physician (c. 140 – c. 208 AD), who anesthetized patients during surgery with a formula of wine and powdered hemp ( 麻沸 汤） . Hua‘s physical, surgical, and herbal treatments were also used to cure headaches, dizziness, internal worms, fevers, coughing, blocked throat, and even a diagnosis for one lady that she had a dead fetus within her that needed to be taken out.

中国 传统医学 Traditional Chinese Medicine  Huangfu Mi ( 皇甫 谧）， the Jin Dynasty practitioner and advocate of acupuncture and moxibustion (215 282 AD), also quoted the Yellow Emperor in his Zhengjiu Jiayi jing ( 针灸 甲乙 经 ), ca. 265 AD. 皇甫谧 （ 215 － 282 ）

中国 传统医学 Traditional Chinese Medicine  Li Shizhen ( 李时珍 ) (1518-1593 AD) created “Bencao Gangmu.” ( 本草 纲目） It contains 1892 herbs, classified in 6 sections, 52 scrolls, and 60 categories.

李时珍 1518 － 1593 ）

Origin of Medicine

Egypt Babylon India Greek Rome Mediaeval Arabia (Islamic) Renaissance China Pre-modern medicine Modern medicine TCM

Thanks