Transcript SMOKE OPERATIONS 031BNB03 1 M56 SMOKE GENERATOR

SMOKE OPERATIONS
M56 SMOKE GENERATOR
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M58 SMOKE GENERATOR
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TERMINAL LEARNING
OBJECTIVE
• ACTION: Conduct Smoke Operations.
• CONDITIONS: In a classroom
environment given student handouts,
TM 3-1040-282-10, TM 3-1040-285-10,
FM 3-50, FM 3-101-1.
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TERMINAL LEARNING
OBJECTIVE
STANDARDS: Conduct smoke
operations to include:
• Plan Smoke Operations
• Predict Weather and Terrain Effects on
Smoke
• Determine Fuel and Fog Oil Requirements
for a Smoke Mission.
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TERMINAL LEARNING
OBJECTIVE
STANDARDS: con’t
• Smoke Movement Techniques
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LESSON ADMINISTRATIVE
DATA
• Risk Assessment Level: Low
• Environmental Considerations:
No major environmental impact, training
entirely of an administrative or classroom
nature, with little or no environmental impact on
the environment, equipment or personnel. It is
the responsibility of all soldiers and DA civilians
to protect the environment from damage.
• Evaluation
None.
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PLAN SMOKE OPERATIONS
• Conduct a smoke reconnaissance to gather needed
information to plan the smoke mission.
• Calculate the number of generators required for the
mission.
Formula:
Determine the width of the selected area in meters.
Divide this number by the initial generator spacing, in
meters, calculated during the smoke
reconnaissance; then add 1. This is the minimum
number of generators required for the mission.
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FORMULA EXAMPLE
Width of area: 1800 meters
(divided by)
Generator Spacing: 300 meters
= 6 (add 1)
Total: 7 generators required for the mission.
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PLAN SMOKE OPERATIONS
• Calculate fog oil requirements for the mission.
• (M58 uses 1.33gal/min or 80 gal/hr)
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Examples
(1) Smoke mission using 2 M58 for 4 hours:
80 X 2 X 4 = 640 gallons of fog oil required.
(2) Smoke mission using 7 M58 for 3 hours:
80 X 7 X 3 = 1,680 gallons of fog oil required.
(3) Smoke mission using 3 M58 for .5 hours:
80 X 3 X 1.33 = 320 gallons of fog oil required.
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PLAN SMOKE OPERATIONS
• Determine the number of gallons of gasoline required
for a smoke mission based upon the smoke
equipment used. (M58 uses 12 gal/hr of diesel)
Examples
(1) M58 smoke mission using 7 generators for 3
hours: 3 X 7 X 12 = gallons of gasoline required.
(2) M58 smoke mission using 4 generators for 7
hours: 7 X 4 X 12 = 336 gallons of gasoline required.
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PLAN SMOKE OPERATIONS
• Plan for 360-degree coverage of the selected area
identified during the smoke reconnaissance.
• Ensure that all generator operators have smoke pots
available to conceal their generator locations with
smoke.
• If smoke positions are located in terrain that makes
them vulnerable to attack by threat mechanized or
armored units, request antitank weapon support from
higher headquarters or supported unit.
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PREDICT WEATHER AND TERRAIN
EFFECTS ON SMOKE
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Wind Direction- Favorable surface wind directions
for smoke operations are:
1. Tail winds
2. Quartering winds
3. Flanking winds
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PREDICT WEATHER AND TERRAIN
EFFECTS ON SMOKE
• Wind Speed
1. Low wind speeds or calm conditions allow smoke
to remain in the target area for longer period.
2. Some types of smoke behave differently at
different wind speeds.
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PREDICT WEATHER AND TERRAIN
EFFECTS ON SMOKE
• Temperature Gradients
1. Stable
2. Unstable
3. Neutral
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PREDICT WEATHER AND TERRAIN
EFFECTS ON SMOKE
• Humidity- Most smoke munitions produce a denser
(thicker) smoke when the humidity is high than when
it is low; therefore, high humidity is generally
favorably for smoke employment.
• Precipitation- Light rains decrease visibility and
Heavy rains and snow reduce visibility.
• Cloud cover- The amount of clouds in the sky gives
an indication of how smoke will act on the battlefield.
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PREDICT WEATHER AND TERRAIN
EFFECTS ON SMOKE
• Terrain- Influences smoke travel by diverting and
altering the normal wind flow. Smoke streamers tend
to follow terrain contours.
HILL
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PREDICT WEATHER AND TERRAIN
EFFECTS ON SMOKE
• Thermally Induced Winds
1. Valley winds
2. Slope winds
3. Breezes
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Land and Sea breezes
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ADVISE COMMANDER ON USE
OF SMOKE OPERATIONS
• Consider weather conditions that will affect smoke
operations.
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Consider methods of disseminating smoke to
support mission requirements.
• Advise the commander of the advantages and
disadvantages of smoke integration.
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COLUMN
FORMATION
COLUMN
DIRECTION OF TRAVEL
STAGGERED COLUMN
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WEDGE
FORMATION
DIRECTION OF TRAVEL
WEDGE
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COLUMN OF WEDGES
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VEE
FORMATION
DIRECTION OF TRAVEL
VEE
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SPLIT VEE
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ECHELON RIGHT (OR
LEFT) FORMATION
DIRECTION OF TRAVEL
ECHELON LEFT
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ECHELON RIGHT
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HERRINGBONE
FORMATION
HERRINGBONE
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COIL FORMATION
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BACK AND FORTH TECHNIQUE
Smoke Target
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SQUAD BOUNDING
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LEAP FROG TECHNIQUE
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RACE TRACK TECHNIQUE
Smoke Target
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SUMMARY
• PLAN SMOKE OPERATIONS
• PREDICT WEATHER AND TERRAIN
EFFECTS ON SMOKE
• FUEL SUPPLY OPERATIONS
• SMOKE MOVEMENT TECHNIQUES
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