Transcript Document 7721363

EVOLUSI DAN PENGERTIAN
TEKNOLOGI
Jenis & Klasifikasi Teknologi
Tingkat Teknologi
TIPE TEKNOLOGI
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Materials Technology
Production Technology
Transportation Technology
Testing Technology
Processing Technology
Machining Technology
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KLASIFIKASI TEKNOLOGI
a.
Teknologi yang terkandung dalam peralatan
c.
Teknologi yang terkandung dalam produk
Teknologi yang terkandung dalam proses
d.
Teknologi yang terkandung dalam operasi
b.
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KLASIFIKASI TEKNOLOGI (1)
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New technology: new introducted or
implemented technology (explicit impact on
the way a company produces products or
provides services)
Emerging technology: not yet fully
commercialed but will become so within
about five year
High technology: refers to advanced or
sophisticated technologies
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KLASIFIKASI TEKNOLOGI (2)
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Low technology: refers to technologies that
have permeated large segments of human
society
Medium technology: refers to mature
technologies
Appropriate technology: used to indicate a
good match between the technology utilized
and the resources required for its optimal use
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KLASIFIKASI TEKNOLOGI (3)
[BERDASARKAN UNSUR]
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Unsur: proses-proses teknis yang terdapat
secara khusus pada sesuatu bidang
Lima Unsur Teknologi:
(1) Tecnology of energy conversion and utilization:
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Major types of energy useful to man
Devices & techniques for the utilization of energy
Devices for energy conversion
Devices for energy concentration & control
Devices for unlimited production of energy
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KLASIFIKASI TEKNOLOGI (4)
[BERDASARKAN UNSUR]
(2) Technology of tools & machines
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Hand tools
Machines & machine components
Machine tools: stationary power-driven
machines for shaping & forming parts made
of metal or other materials
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KLASIFIKASI TEKNOLOGI (5)
[BERDASARKAN UNSUR]
(3) Technology of measurement, observation &
control
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Theory of measurement
Units & standards of measurement
Principles & processes by which instruments of measurement operate
Common types of measuring instruments
Special instrument & apparatus used in scientific research
Major systems of measurement & observation
Instrumentation & control systems
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KLASIFIKASI TEKNOLOGI (6)
[BERDASARKAN UNSUR]
(4) Technology involved in the extraction
& conversion of industrial raw materials
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The world’s physical & biological resources
Technology of the extraction industries
Primary conversion of raw materials
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KLASIFIKASI TEKNOLOGI (7)
[BERDASARKAN UNSUR]
(5) Technology of industrial production
processes
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Materials processing: the operations that are
used to transform industrial materials from a
raw-material state into finished parts or
products
Metallurgy
Materials handling in the production process
Technology of packaging
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KLASIFIKASI TEKNOLOGI (8)
[BERDASARKAN BIDANG]
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Bidang: berbagai kebutuhan manusia,
tujuan, barang & jasa yang mendatangkan
kemajuan teknologi
Delapan bidang pokok teknologi:
(1) Construction technology
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General building construction
Construction of civil engineering works
Pre fabrication & shop fabrication
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KLASIFIKASI TEKNOLOGI (9)
[BERDASARKAN BIDANG]
(2) Technology of major industries
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Principles of organization of work & production
Manufacturing industries
The fabrication industries
The process industries
The construction industries
The service industries
The merchandising & marketing of consumer goods
Industrial research & marketing of consumer goods
Industrial research & development
Technology of industrial safety
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KLASIFIKASI TEKNOLOGI (10)
[BERDASARKAN BIDANG]
(3) Technology of agriculture & food
production
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Technology of agriculture
Crop farming, Flock & stock farming
Technology of hunting & fishing
Food processing, Food preservation
Techniques for controlling the quality of food
Food sources & new product development
The history of agriculture
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KLASIFIKASI TEKNOLOGI (11)
[BERDASARKAN BIDANG]
(4) Transportation technology
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Roads & highways & their construction
Vehicles & devices for transportation across country
& roads & highways
Rail transportation
Stationary conveyance systems
Water transportation
Air transportation
Air - cushion machines
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KLASIFIKASI TEKNOLOGI (12)
[BERDASARKAN BIDANG]
(5) Technology of information processing & of
communications systems
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Communication & information theory
Calculating devices, Office machines, Computers
General information recording devices
Sound recording & reproducing devices
Information recording by the production of visual image: the
technology of photography
Information processing
Major systems of communication
Major system of detection & remote sensing
Electronic component & techniques used in communications
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KLASIFIKASI TEKNOLOGI (13)
[BERDASARKAN BIDANG]
(6) Technology of the urban community
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Basic engineering services of the city
Technology of the basic social services of the
city
Technological responses to new urban
problems
History of city engineering
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KLASIFIKASI TEKNOLOGI (14)
[BERDASARKAN BIDANG]
(7) Military technology
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Offensive & defensive delivery & payload systems
Logistic systems
Purely defensive equipment & systems
(8) Technology of earth & space exploration
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Techniques & equipment of surface & underground
exploration
Techniques & equipment of space exploration
Techniques & equipment & space exploration
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TINGKAT TEKNOLOGI
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Parker (1982): 6 tingkat teknologi yang
berhubungan dengan pengembangan produk
baru.
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Tingkat 1: repetitive, simple & general (craftsmen)
Tingkat 6: formulasi unambiguous highly
technological goals, new knowledge, complex
systems, sophisticated tools of measurement,
analysis of abstract thinking.
Tingkat Teknologi: Kemampuan kontrol (9
tingkat).
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TINGKAT TEKNOLOGI:
KEMAMPUAN KONTROL
Orders of
Automation
Human attribute replaced
Examples
A(0)
None: Lever (pengungkit), screw
(skrup), pulley (katrol), wedge
(baji)
Hand tools, manual machine
A(1)
Energy: muscles replaced
Powered machine and tools.
Whitney’s milling machine (giling)
A(2)
Dexterity (tangkas) : self-feeding
Single-cycle automatics
A(3)
Diligence: no feedback
Repeats cycle; open-loop machine
control; automatic screw machine;
transfer lines
A(4)
Judgment: positional
Feedback
Closed loop; numerical control; selfmeasuring and–adjusting
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TINGKAT TEKNOLOGI:
KEMAMPUAN KONTROL
Orders of
Automation
Human attribute replaced
Examples
A(5)
Evaluation: adaptive control deductive
analysis: feedback from the process
Computer control; model of
process required for analysis and
optimization
A(6)
Learning: by experience
Limited self-programming expert
systems
A(7)
Reasoning: exhibits intuition; relates
causes from effects
Inductive reasoning; AI
A(8)
Creativeness: performs design unaided
Originality
A(9)
Dominance: supermachine; commands
others
Machine is master (Halfrom”2001,
A Space Odyssey
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TINGKAT TEKNOLOGI:
KEMAMPUAN KONTROL
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TINGKAT TEKNOLOGI:
KEMAMPUAN KONTROL
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