Transcript Document 7660166

The use of Artemia nauplii as live food for the rearing
of fish and crustacean larval stages, has been one of
the most important steps in the development of
marine aquaculture.
Advantages
*Different size
*They are visible as prey and are highly palatable to
the larvae
*With special feeds can be given to improve its
nutritional value
*Their carapace are digested easily with digestive
secretion
Disadvantages
* If nauplii and shell are not separated well, larvae take
them together
*Nauplii consume their yolk in a short time
Advantages
HATCHERY OWNERS
*Cysts can be stored for many years and
live nauplii can be obtained after 24 to 36 h
incubation.
*Incubation is easy
*They tolerate wide range of temperatures
and salinities
*applicability of disinfection
*Because of wide range of size, it can be
used for feeding different species
Disadvantages
*Even if artemia cysts still remain an
expensive product
*Their market availability shows
fluctuations
*Sources of artemia cyct are threatened
day by day
Phylum: Arthropoda
Classis: Crustacea
Subclassis: Branchiopoda
Genus: Artemia
Species: Artemia sp
• A. salina Linnaeus 1 7 58: England (extinct ), Mediterranean;
• A. tunisiana Bowen and Sterling 1978 synonym of A. salina;
• A. parthenogenetica Barigozzi 1974, Bowen and Sterling 1978: Europe,
Africa, Asia and Australia
• A. urmiana Gunther 1990: Iran
• A. sinica Yaneng 1989: Middle and East Asia
• A. persimilis Piccinelli and Prosdocimi 1968: Argentina;
• A. franciscana America, Carribean and Pacifik Island,
A.(franciscana) franciscana and A.(franciscana) monica
(Mono Lake, California);
• Artemia sp. Pilla and Beardmore 1994: Kazakhstan
Morphology
Adult Artemia (10-15 mm in length) have an elongated body with two
stalked complex eyes, a linear digestive tract, sensorial antennules. The
male has a paired reproductive organ in the posterior part of the trunk
region. Female Artemia can easily be recognized by the brood pouch or
uterus. Eggs develop in two tubular ovaries in the abdomen. Once ripe
they become spherical and migrate via two oviducts into the unpaired
uterus.
Ecology
*Artemia populations are found in about 500 natural salt lakes
scattered throughout the tropical, subtropical and temperate climatic
zones, along coastlines as well as inland.
*eurythermal and euryhaline
1 %0 – 250 %0
30 %0 - 35 %0 optimal
6 – 35° C
25-30° C incubation of cysts
*Its physiological adaptations to high salinity provide
a very efficient ecological defense against predation
*As Artemia is incapable of active dispersion,
wind and waterfowl (especially flamingos) are the
most important natural dispersion vectors
REPRODUCTION
Parthenogenetic and bisexual Artemia strains exist, where ovoviviparous and
oviparous reproduction alternates. Cysts hatching gives ovoviviparous offspring;
eggs are retained inside the uterus until embryonic development is fully
completed.
In extreme conditions the embryos
only develop up to the gastrula stage.
At this moment they get surrounded
by a thick shell, enter a state of
metabolic standstill or dormancy
(diapause) egg (200-300 µm) and are
then released by the female
(oviparous)
Cyst
Partenogenetik
Adult
Ovovivipar
Naupli
Metanaupli
Feeding
As a non-selective filter feeding, brine shrimp feed on
particulate matter of biological origin, bacteria and algae of
suitable size (1-50 µm ).
Size, individual dry weight and energy content of Artemia instar I nauplii
from different cyst sources hatched in standard conditions (35 g.l-1,25°C)
Cyst source
Length (µm)
Dry weight (µg)
Energy content
(10-3 Joule)
San Francisco Bay,
CA USA
428
1.63
366
Macau, Brasil
447
1.74
392
Great Salt Lake, UTUSA
486
2.42
541
Shark Bay, Australia
458
2.47
576
Chaplin Lake,
Canada
475
2.04
448
Tanggu, Bohai Bay,
China
515
3.09
681
Aibi Lake, China
515
4.55
-
Yuncheng, China
460
2.03
-
Lake Urmiah, Iran
497
-
-
10 $ 30 g
8$ 30 g
AF
Nauplii length: ± 430 µm
High amount HUFA: > 15 mg/g dwt
No need extra enrichment
AF 480
Nauplii length : ± 480 µm
High amount HUFA: > 15 mg/g dwt
No need extra enrichment
10€ / 100g
Original Artemia-Eier in PLATINUM-QUALITÄT! Schlupfrate: 95% Schlupfzeit: 9-18 Stunden – Cyst count/gram: 330.000 –
Protein: 61,8% - Carbohydrate: 21,5% Ash: 5,5% - Min. 8,0% area, 20:5 omega-3 - Min. 3,5% area,
22:6 omega-3 - Min. 3,0% area,
18:3 omega-3. Inhalt: 10 gramm original ARGENTEMIA PLATINUM EGGS!
Incubation of cysts
*25 °C
*%0 30-35 salinity
*2000 lux continuous
*oxygen 2-4 mg/l
*pH 8-9
*strong aeration
*cylindrical shape tank
Decapsulation
*Hydration of egg
*Addition Calcium hypochlorite or Sodium
hypochlorite
*Addition NaOH or NaNO3
*Change egg colour
*Washing egg
*Addition Sodium thiosulfate
*Move to incubation tank
For decapsulation process;
Ca(OCl)2 Calcium hypochlorite
NaOCl
Sodium hypochlorite
KOCl
Potassium hypochlorite
* 0.5 g active chlorine must be per 1 g egg
* It can be used NaOH for supplying pH value higher than 10
* For 1 g egg
10 ml NaOCl,
% 40, 0.33ml NaOH
3.67 ml marine water
Total 14 ml solution
After Decapsulation, washing tap water and adding % 1 sodium
thiosulfate (Na2S2O3)
Advantages decapsulation ;
•Nauplii that are hatched out of decapsulated cysts have a higher energy
content
•Disinfection of egg
•Nauplii size near each other and smaller (5 %) than without decapsulation
•Increase of hatching rate
•For decapsulated cysts, illumination requirements for hatching would be
lower
Disadvantages decapsulation
* When the temperature reach to 40°C, embryo or egg may damage
Egg
200-300 µm
A0
350-500 µm
A1
700-800 µm
A2
800-900 µm
Factors of affecting hatching rates;
- Physicochemical factors
*Ion composition
*Temperature
*Salinity
*pH
*amount of oxygen
*Illumination
*Water quality
-Artemia
*Strain/Origin
*Density
Enrichment of Artemia
*Some stocks of Artemia nauplii have shown a deficiency in EPA (20:5n-3)
and DHA (22:6n-3)
*Nauplii are harvested, washed, counted and moved to enrichment tank
*Prepared enrichment solution according to enrichment time and kind
*During enrichment operation, oxygen level has to be higher than 3-4 mg/l
*Larger quantities of enriched nauplii can be produced but require storage
at 5C at a density of 5 000/ml with appropriate aeration
Dolphus - cuve
Larval feeding of gilthead sea bream
Microdiet
Artemia metanauplii
(2-10% biomass)
(0.5-2 ind/ml)
Artemia nauplii (0.5-2 ind/ml)
Rotifer
Algae
0
(8-12 ind/ml)
(20-40 x 104 cell/ml )
10
20
Days
30
40
References
Akbary, P., Hosseini, S. A. and Imanpoor, M. 2011. Enrichment of Artemia nauplii with essential fatty acids
and vitamin C: effect of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) larvae performance. Iranian Journal of
Fisheries Sciences, 10(4):557-569.
Conceiçao, L. E., Yufera, M., Makridis, P., Morais, S., Dinis, M.T. 2010. Live Feeds For Early Stages of Fish
Rearing. Aquaculrure Research, 41, 613-640.
Lavens, P., Sorgeloos, P. 1996. Manual on the production and use of live food for aquaculture. FAO
Fisheries Technical Paper, 361.
Lakshmanasenthil, S. Vinothkumar,T., D. Geetharamani, D., Maruthupandi, T. 2013. Influence of micro
algae in enrichment of Artemia salina for aquaculture feed enhancement. J. Algal Biomass Utln. 2013, 4
(2): 67–73
Pechmanee, T. 1989. Food Organisms For Seabass Larval Rearing. Report on the Training Course on
Seabass Breeding and Culture. Project reports (not in a Series) No.9 FAO.
Schwarz, M., Delbos, B., Mclean, E., Craig, S. 2009. Intensive Marine Finfish Larviculture. Virginia
Cooperative Extension. Publication 600-050.
Tamaru,C.S., Ako, H., Paguirigan, R. Pang, L. Enrichment of Artemia For Use in Freshwater Ornamental
Fish Production. Center for Tropical and Subtropical Aquaculture Publication Number 133
http://www.artemiaworld.com/home/
http://www.hobimmarket.com/Artemia-nedir-artemia-uretimi-artemia-cikarma-ve-artemia-uretimi,DP21.html
https://wildlife.utah.gov/gsl/harvest/information.php