Transcript Document 7583939

A Comparison of the Effects of Foods of
Various Glycemic Index on Academic
Performance of Students 13 and 14 Years
of Age
University of Texas at El Paso
Literature Review

Government involvement in child nutrition
programs since 1946, National School
Lunch Program
(Kennedy & Cooney, 2001)
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Recently, introduction of “No Child Left
Behind”, encouraged interest in enhancing
academic performance
Literature Review
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Diet has been
found to correlate
to the academic
success of student
(Galal & Huylett, 2003)
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Improved
academic
performance with
proper nutrition
(Glewwe, Jacoby, & King,
2001)
Literature Review
Benton & Parker (1998) concluded that
breakfast consumption positively
influences tasks requiring memory
-This is as a result of an increase in
blood glucose
 Correlation found between a low glycemic
meal and better cognitive processes in the
morning (Benton, Ruffin, Lassel, Nabb, Messaoudi,
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Vinoy, Desor, & Lang, 2003)
Major Definitions
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Glycemic index:
The rate at which
carbohydrates are
processed resulting in
changes of blood
glucose levels
(Goscienski, 2003).
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Low glycemic index
foods avoid the
sudden increase in
blood glucose levels
(Goscienski, 2003).
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A high glycemic food
has a rating of 70 or
more
A low glycemic index
food has a rating of 55
or less
(www.glycemicindex.com,
2004).
Purpose Statement

The purpose of this study is to compare
the effects of foods, differing in glycemic
index, on the academic performance of
grade 7 and grade 8 students in El Paso
County, a school district that is mainly
Hispanic.
Research Questions

Does eating compared to fasting result in
higher academic performance?
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Can a low or high glycemic food improve
academic performance?
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Do foods of varying glycemic index result
in differing academic performances?
Significance

Optimal glycemic index level for School
Breakfast Programs
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Optimal glycemic index level for improved
academic performance
Hypothesis

Low glycemic index foods consumption
results in higher TAKS math exam scores
Major Variables

Independent variable is foods of varying
glycemic index levels
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Dependant variable is the resulting scores
on the released versions of the TAKS math
exams
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Control variable is the baseline score on
the released version of the TAKS math
exam score
Subjects

90 summer school students
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Grade 7 & Grade 8 (12-15 years of age)
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Ysleta Independent School District, Alicia R
Chacon Intermediate School
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Equal amount of both genders from all ethnicities
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Excluding diabetics, children with allergies,
restricted diets
Instruments
High Glycemic Index
Cheerios (GI=74 1
cup)
white bread (GI=73 1
slice)
honey for the bread
(GI=72)
cranberry juice
cocktail (GI=68 ½
cup)
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Low Glycemic Index
All Bran cereal (GI=38
1 cup)
course wheat kernel
bread (GI=52 1 slice)
orange marmalade
for the bread (GI=48)
unsweetened apple
Juice (GI=40 ½ cup)
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Procedure
1st Tuesday – normal breakfast routine
 8:00 am arrival
 One hour following consumption complete
a released version of TAKS math exam
 Next 3 Tuesdays – 3 groups
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Fasting
High glycemic index food
Low glycemic index food
Limitations
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Ages of the participants
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Academic performance in math
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Type of food
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Students attending summer school
Delimitations
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Participants who are late, absent, or
withdraw
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Time of year set for the study during-July
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Vacation
Proposed Communication Method
& Data Analysis
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Journal of nutrition for publication
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Statistical Instrument - SPSS version 11.0
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Statistical Procedure
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Descriptives of Math Scores will calculated
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One way ANOVA with values of p<0.5 or
greater confidence
Time Schedule
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December 1, 2004 IRB submissions
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February 1, 2005 to June 15, 2005
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University of Texas at El Paso
Ysleta School District
Participant screening
July 5, 2005 to July 26
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Testing
Ethical Considerations
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Consent Forms
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Parent/Guardian signatures
Subject number coding
 Kept in locked cabinet in Office
 Pre-participation Questionnaire
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Age, Grade, Math GPA
Allergies, Medical Conditions, Medications
Breakfast Routine
References
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Scientifically Based
Ball, S.D., Keller, K.R., Moyer-Mileur, L.J., Ding, Y., Donaldson, D., & Jackson, W.D.
(2003). Prolongation of satiety after low versus moderately high glycemic index
meals in obese adolescents. Pediatrics, 111(3), 488-495.
Benton, D., & Parker, P.Y. (1998). Breakfast, blood glucose, and cognition. American
Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 67, 772-778.
Benton, D., Ruffin, M., Lassel, T., Nabb, S., Messaoudi, M., Vinoy, S., Desor, D.,
& Lang, V. (2003). The delivery rate of dietary carbohydrates affects cognitive performance in both
rats and humans. Psychpharmacology, 166, 86-90.
Donohoe, R.T., & Benton D. (1999). Cognitive functioning is susceptible to the level of
blood glucose. Psychopharmacology, 145, 378-385.
Glewwe, P., Jacoby, H. G., & King, E. M. (2001). Early childhood nutrition and academic
achievement: a longitudinal analysis. Journal of Public Economics, 81,
345-368.
Green, M.W., Elliman, N.A., & Rogers, P.J. (1997). The effects of food deprivation and
incentive motivation on blood glucose levels and cognitive function. Psychopharmacology, 134, 8894.
Johnson-Down, L., O’Loughlin, J., Koski, K.G., & Gray-Donald, K. (1997). High
prevalence of obesity in low income and multiethnic schoolchildren: a diet and physical activity
assessment. Journal of Nutrition, 127, 2310-2315.
Kennedy, E., & Cooney, E. (2001). Development of the child nutrition programs in the
united states. Journal of Nutrition, 131, 431-436.
Kleinman, R. E., Hall, S., Green, H., Korzec-Ramirez, D., Patton, K., Pagano, M. E.,
Murphy, J. M. (2002). Diet, breakfast, and academic performance in children.
Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism, 46, 24-30.
References
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Sunram-Lea, S.I., Foster, J.K., Durlach, P., & Perez, C. (2000). Glucose facilitation of
cognitive performance in healthy young adults: examination of the influence of fast-duration, time
of day and pre-consumption plasma glucose levels. Psychpharmacology, 157, 46-54.
Warren, J. M., Henry, J. K., & Simonite, V. (2003). Low glycemic index breakfast and
reduced food intake in preadolescent children. Pediatrics, 112, 414-420.
Worobey, J., & Worobey, H. S. (1999). The impact of a two-year school breakfast
program for preschool-aged children on their nutrient intake and pre-academic
performance. Child Study Journal, 29, 113-131.
Non-Scientifically Based
Galal, O., & Hulett, J. (2003). The relationship between nutrition and children’s
educational performance: a focus on the United Arab Emirates. British Nutrition
Foundation: Nutrition Bulletin, 28, 11-20.
Goscienski, P. (2003). The Low-down on glycemic index. The Saturday Evening Post,
40-41.
Natale, Jo Anna. (2000). Free for all. Teacher Magazine, 12(3), 7-9.
Stordy, J. (2002). Fatty acids for learning problems: Could learning disabilities in
children be related to their diet? Dr Jackie Stordy examines a possible link. (pp.
65). Haymarket Business Publications Ltd.
Ysleta Independent School District: Compensatory Education Department. (2003).
Summer Program ’03, Planning Manual.