Transcript Chapter 1, Boyer

Chapter 1, Boyer
Hiawatha
 member of Iroquois tribe
 Endless cycle of violence
 Family threatened, wanders
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through forest
Has visions, meets holy man
Introduces condolence of peace to
Iroquois tribes
Leads to creation of the League of
the Iroquois
Represents a moment in
American History before
Columbus
 Cultural diversity that existed in
Pre-Columbian America
Chapter Focus Questions
 What factors prompted the transition from Paleo-
Indian to Archaic ways of life among the earliest
Americans?
 How did the varied environments of the Western
Hemisphere shape the emergence of a wide diversity of
Native American cultures?
 What common values and practices did Native
Americans share, despite their vast diversity
First Americans
c. 13,000-2500 B.C.E.
 Two Theories
 Land bridge
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10,500 B.C.E.
Last Ice Age
Hunters
From Siberia
 Boat
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More recent theory
Dated 13,000 B.C.E.
Evidence in Chile
10,500 B.C.E.
Paleo- Indians
 “earliest Americans”
 Foundation of Native
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American life
Hunter/gathers
Defined roles for men and
women
Trade/exchange of ideas
End of Ice Age = change in
way of life
 Dramatic changes in
physical environment
Clovis Peoples
 Location
 New Mexico to Nova
Scotia
 Characteristics
 Sophisticated tools
 Mobile communities
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Technology spread quickly
 End
 Climate differentiated
after ice age
 Fragmentation occurred
Archaic Societies
 Changes in environment = changes in
lifestyle
 Changes in diet
 Shift to year-round villages
 More defined roles for men and women
 5000 B.C.E. cultivation of Agriculture
 Begins in Mesoamerica
 Tehucan Indians 3000B.C.E.
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Seed specialization
Introduction of 1st maize crop
 Spread by 2500 B.C.E.
 Still not significant part of daily diet
Cultural Diversity
 Mesoamerica and South
America
 Increased Crop Production
 Maize-based farming spreads
 Surplus leads to trade
 Development of communities

Olmec
 Urban centers
 Hereditary rulers (chiefdoms)
 Unequal society
Mesoamerica and South America Cont.
 Development of Powerful
States
 Teotihuacan (2nd-7th cent.)
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Lead bloody wars
Religious hierarchy
Extensive trade
 Dominated Modern-day
Mexico
Strong political system
Massive public works projects
Influences the Maya and the
Aztecs
Declined 8th century
Mesoamerica and
South America
 Mayans
 Kingdom-states, 7th- 15th centuries
 Developed:
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Calendar
Numerical system
Hieroglyphic writing
codices
 Aztecs
 Overthrew rulers in 1428
 Conquering campaign
 Religious rituals
 Massive public works projects
 Capital- Tenochtitlan
 Based writing and calendar on
Mayans
 Modified environment for food
production
 Large trading system
Mesoamerica and South America
 Incas
 Andes
 Capital- Cuzco
 Dominate
around 1438
C.E.
 Ability to grow
crops in harsh
environment
key to
expansion
 Modified
environment
 Public works
Revisit: Chapter Focus Questions
 What factors prompted the transition from Paleo-
Indian to Archaic ways of life among the earliest
Americans?
 How did the varied environments of the Western
Hemisphere shape the emergence of a wide diversity of
Native American cultures?
 What common values and practices did Native
Americans share, despite their vast diversity
Rewind:
 13,000- 10,500 B.C.E. = peopling of North America
 Earliest Americans= Paleo-Indians
 Extinction of mammoths, mega bison = change in lifestyle
for Paleo-Indians
 Consequences:
 Hunting smaller animals
 Focus more on forging local resources
 Leads to more diversity among groups, had to adapt to unique
environments
 10,000 – 4000 B.C.E. transition to Archaic Indians
 Still migrated following food, few exceptions
 Difference:

Use of stone tools (food preparation)
 4000 B.C.E. shift to agriculture
 Major change to permanent settlements
 Southwest cultivating Maize by 3500 B.C.E.
 Effects of Climate Shift
 Shift from Paleo-Indian ways to Archaic
 Experimentation with agriculture
 Consequences of Farming
 Shift to year-round villages
 Major transformations in societies who people cultivated crops as primary source
of food
Major Themes
Chapter 1

Example: Plains Indians vs. Eastern Woodlands
 Development of Native American culture
 See Chart / North America
 Native American ties
 communal use and control of resources
 Reciprocity: give/take, balance among people
 Common use of bow/arrow, production of ceramic pottery, similar rituals for
burial of dead
 Preference for independent, kin-based communities
 Conformity and close cooperation, strong sense of order
 Customs: used to reinforce conformity
 Respect came from providing for people not by force
 Belief that nature was alive, spiritual sense
 Strong sense of interdependence
 Mesoamerica/South America
 Breeding of crops lead to development of large urban centers
 Eventually formed chiefdoms with hereditary rulers
 C.E. 1 = states with centralized, hierarchical power rose

Mayans, Aztecs
Southwest
Alaska
California
Eastern Woodlands
Farming- 400
B.C.E.
-intro of drought
resistant maize
-increased
population
No farming
-fishing/ hunting/
gathering
No farming
-salmon
-acorns
Developed complex political
organization before farming
-on floodplains of
Mississippi
Hohokam: 3rd c.
B.C.E.
Farmed Arizona
Built elaborate
canals
Inuits and Aleuts:
Adapted to
environment and
landscapes
-bow/arrow
-Ceramic pottery
Competition for acorns
led to defining territorial
boundaries more rigidly
and more intricate
political, economic, and
religious organization
Adena: 1200 B.C.E.
-Moundbuilders, Poverty Pt
-Ohio Valley
-1st c. B.C.E. developed into
Hopewell
-Wider area, more complex
centers, trade
-Abandoned 5th c. C.E.
Anasazi: 10th-12th
c. C.E.
-built towns,
controlled
rainwater,
turquoise industry
-drought= decline
-25,000 sites
-Irrigation
-Pueblo Bonito,
Mississippian: 7th c. C.E.
-first full-time farmers
-combined Hopewell culture
and ideas from Mexico
-massive trade
-huge urban centers
(Cahokia)
13th c. C.E. = decline
*end of political
centralization
Anasazi
Cahokia
Iroqouis
Europe on the Eve of Exploration
 12th-15th centuries C.E.
 Massive trade
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Mediterranean trade
Europe/Asia/Africa
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Competition between
Land route to Asia blocked by
Ottoman Turks 1453
 Bubonic plague
 Reduced population and food
supply
 New ideology/ taking risks
 Scientific/technological
advances
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Printing press
Maritime advances
 Religion
 Spread of Christianity
 Catholic “reconquista”
 Protestant revolution
 Renaissance
 Ancient Greek/ Romans
 Mapping
 Prince Henry the Navigator
increase in scientific
knowledge
 Little Ice Age
 Monarchs/Imperialism
 New nation-states
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France, England, Spain,
Portugal
Crave resources/wealth
Solidify power
Beginnings of North American Exploration
Native Americans in 1490
 Population stats vary
 1/3 lived in Mississippi valley
 Low population density
 Abundant resources (enough for everyone)
 Major Differences b/w Indians and Europeans
 Indians lacked
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Wheels, sailing ships, domesticated animals, use of metals
other than copper
 No sense of land ownership, not motivated by
wealth/power
 Belief in collective bargaining
 Self- determination
 Rough equality (men/women, rich/poor)
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No concept of gender issues, class hierarchies
Columbus