Chapter 1, Boyer
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Transcript Chapter 1, Boyer
Chapter 1, Boyer
Hiawatha
member of Iroquois tribe
Endless cycle of violence
Family threatened, wanders
through forest
Has visions, meets holy man
Introduces condolence of peace to
Iroquois tribes
Leads to creation of the League of
the Iroquois
Represents a moment in
American History before
Columbus
Cultural diversity that existed in
Pre-Columbian America
Chapter Focus Questions
What factors prompted the transition from Paleo-
Indian to Archaic ways of life among the earliest
Americans?
How did the varied environments of the Western
Hemisphere shape the emergence of a wide diversity of
Native American cultures?
What common values and practices did Native
Americans share, despite their vast diversity
First Americans
c. 13,000-2500 B.C.E.
Two Theories
Land bridge
10,500 B.C.E.
Last Ice Age
Hunters
From Siberia
Boat
More recent theory
Dated 13,000 B.C.E.
Evidence in Chile
10,500 B.C.E.
Paleo- Indians
“earliest Americans”
Foundation of Native
American life
Hunter/gathers
Defined roles for men and
women
Trade/exchange of ideas
End of Ice Age = change in
way of life
Dramatic changes in
physical environment
Clovis Peoples
Location
New Mexico to Nova
Scotia
Characteristics
Sophisticated tools
Mobile communities
Technology spread quickly
End
Climate differentiated
after ice age
Fragmentation occurred
Archaic Societies
Changes in environment = changes in
lifestyle
Changes in diet
Shift to year-round villages
More defined roles for men and women
5000 B.C.E. cultivation of Agriculture
Begins in Mesoamerica
Tehucan Indians 3000B.C.E.
Seed specialization
Introduction of 1st maize crop
Spread by 2500 B.C.E.
Still not significant part of daily diet
Cultural Diversity
Mesoamerica and South
America
Increased Crop Production
Maize-based farming spreads
Surplus leads to trade
Development of communities
Olmec
Urban centers
Hereditary rulers (chiefdoms)
Unequal society
Mesoamerica and South America Cont.
Development of Powerful
States
Teotihuacan (2nd-7th cent.)
Lead bloody wars
Religious hierarchy
Extensive trade
Dominated Modern-day
Mexico
Strong political system
Massive public works projects
Influences the Maya and the
Aztecs
Declined 8th century
Mesoamerica and
South America
Mayans
Kingdom-states, 7th- 15th centuries
Developed:
Calendar
Numerical system
Hieroglyphic writing
codices
Aztecs
Overthrew rulers in 1428
Conquering campaign
Religious rituals
Massive public works projects
Capital- Tenochtitlan
Based writing and calendar on
Mayans
Modified environment for food
production
Large trading system
Mesoamerica and South America
Incas
Andes
Capital- Cuzco
Dominate
around 1438
C.E.
Ability to grow
crops in harsh
environment
key to
expansion
Modified
environment
Public works
Revisit: Chapter Focus Questions
What factors prompted the transition from Paleo-
Indian to Archaic ways of life among the earliest
Americans?
How did the varied environments of the Western
Hemisphere shape the emergence of a wide diversity of
Native American cultures?
What common values and practices did Native
Americans share, despite their vast diversity
Rewind:
13,000- 10,500 B.C.E. = peopling of North America
Earliest Americans= Paleo-Indians
Extinction of mammoths, mega bison = change in lifestyle
for Paleo-Indians
Consequences:
Hunting smaller animals
Focus more on forging local resources
Leads to more diversity among groups, had to adapt to unique
environments
10,000 – 4000 B.C.E. transition to Archaic Indians
Still migrated following food, few exceptions
Difference:
Use of stone tools (food preparation)
4000 B.C.E. shift to agriculture
Major change to permanent settlements
Southwest cultivating Maize by 3500 B.C.E.
Effects of Climate Shift
Shift from Paleo-Indian ways to Archaic
Experimentation with agriculture
Consequences of Farming
Shift to year-round villages
Major transformations in societies who people cultivated crops as primary source
of food
Major Themes
Chapter 1
Example: Plains Indians vs. Eastern Woodlands
Development of Native American culture
See Chart / North America
Native American ties
communal use and control of resources
Reciprocity: give/take, balance among people
Common use of bow/arrow, production of ceramic pottery, similar rituals for
burial of dead
Preference for independent, kin-based communities
Conformity and close cooperation, strong sense of order
Customs: used to reinforce conformity
Respect came from providing for people not by force
Belief that nature was alive, spiritual sense
Strong sense of interdependence
Mesoamerica/South America
Breeding of crops lead to development of large urban centers
Eventually formed chiefdoms with hereditary rulers
C.E. 1 = states with centralized, hierarchical power rose
Mayans, Aztecs
Southwest
Alaska
California
Eastern Woodlands
Farming- 400
B.C.E.
-intro of drought
resistant maize
-increased
population
No farming
-fishing/ hunting/
gathering
No farming
-salmon
-acorns
Developed complex political
organization before farming
-on floodplains of
Mississippi
Hohokam: 3rd c.
B.C.E.
Farmed Arizona
Built elaborate
canals
Inuits and Aleuts:
Adapted to
environment and
landscapes
-bow/arrow
-Ceramic pottery
Competition for acorns
led to defining territorial
boundaries more rigidly
and more intricate
political, economic, and
religious organization
Adena: 1200 B.C.E.
-Moundbuilders, Poverty Pt
-Ohio Valley
-1st c. B.C.E. developed into
Hopewell
-Wider area, more complex
centers, trade
-Abandoned 5th c. C.E.
Anasazi: 10th-12th
c. C.E.
-built towns,
controlled
rainwater,
turquoise industry
-drought= decline
-25,000 sites
-Irrigation
-Pueblo Bonito,
Mississippian: 7th c. C.E.
-first full-time farmers
-combined Hopewell culture
and ideas from Mexico
-massive trade
-huge urban centers
(Cahokia)
13th c. C.E. = decline
*end of political
centralization
Anasazi
Cahokia
Iroqouis
Europe on the Eve of Exploration
12th-15th centuries C.E.
Massive trade
Mediterranean trade
Europe/Asia/Africa
Competition between
Land route to Asia blocked by
Ottoman Turks 1453
Bubonic plague
Reduced population and food
supply
New ideology/ taking risks
Scientific/technological
advances
Printing press
Maritime advances
Religion
Spread of Christianity
Catholic “reconquista”
Protestant revolution
Renaissance
Ancient Greek/ Romans
Mapping
Prince Henry the Navigator
increase in scientific
knowledge
Little Ice Age
Monarchs/Imperialism
New nation-states
France, England, Spain,
Portugal
Crave resources/wealth
Solidify power
Beginnings of North American Exploration
Native Americans in 1490
Population stats vary
1/3 lived in Mississippi valley
Low population density
Abundant resources (enough for everyone)
Major Differences b/w Indians and Europeans
Indians lacked
Wheels, sailing ships, domesticated animals, use of metals
other than copper
No sense of land ownership, not motivated by
wealth/power
Belief in collective bargaining
Self- determination
Rough equality (men/women, rich/poor)
No concept of gender issues, class hierarchies
Columbus