Transcript Native Americans of NC Pre-Colonial to First Contact

Native Americans of NC
Pre-Colonial to First Contact
Vocab for Template
Label in Template as “Natives Americans”
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Land bridge
Migration
Excavated
Nomadic
BCE
CE
Atlatl
Horticulture
Agriculture
Maize
“The Three Sisters”
Linguistic
Ethnic
Chiefdom
Heredity rule
Consensus
North America’s First People
The Common Theory
• 8 million years ago-2000BCE there was a great ice age.
• Waters levels that had previously covered land fell due
to glacier formation. This exposed a land bridge
between Asia and North America.
• Herds of animals lived along these land bridges,
including mastodons and an ancient form of buffalo.
• It is believed that Asian groups followed the herds
(their food source) across the land bridge and into
North America. These “migrations” may have been in
small groups or large masses.
• These people were called “Paleoindians”
Who Were the First Native Americans?
• DNA testing has shown that modern Native
Americans are descended from people who
lived in East Asia.
• Some excavated remains from North America
however, seem to suggest that perhaps other
small migrations may have come to North
America from other places like Europe.
NC’s First People
• People lived in North Carolina for more than
10,000 years before the European explorers
arrived.
• Over this time, the Earth came out of the Ice
Age and temperatures warmed.
• The mastodons and other large cold weather
mammals died out to be replaced by deer,
bear, and other modern mammals.
Paleoindians
• Paleoindian remains have been found in NC
from around 10,000 BCE
• Nomadic hunter/gatherers
• Presumably used stone tipped spears, hide
scrapers, knives
• Used NC plants for food and medicines
Archaic Indians
• 8,000-1,000 BCE
• Like Paleos, they were also hunter/gatherers with no year
round villages, but camps became more sophisticated.
• Lived in moveable camps
• Homes were structured like tents and made from wooden
poles covered in hides.
• Atlatl- Spear throwing device that helped propel a spear
farther…see you tube demonstration below
(https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=coPWE-GKIXI)
• Food grinding slabs for grains and nuts
• Toward the end of this time period, Archaic Indians were
creating crude fired clay pottery, and beginning to have
small vegetable gardens.
Woodland Indians
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1,000 BCE-1,000 CE
Widespread horticulture (gardening)
Developed pottery skills
Used clay vessels to cook and store food
Growing food led to staying in one place longer, although
they still moved around with the herds and had nor
permanent settlement.
• Tools-Chipped stone or conch shell hoes for gardening,
creation of smaller tips for arrows (different way of
hunting).
• Burial mounds from this time period-some with pipes
shaped like animals, others bare graves sites.
Mississippian Indians
• 1000 CE until colonization (~1650)
• Change over to agriculture (farming)
• Grew corn (maize), squash, and beans (“The Three Sisters”
food staple) -Was shared with European colonists
• The stalk of the maize plant was strong and tall. It could
provide support for growing bean vines in search of
sunshine. Squash, gourd, and pumpkin vines grew thick
around the base of the maize stalks and helped control the
growth of weeds and the loss of moisture in the ground.
• Maize-stalk and leaves for livestock feed, cobs to start fires
and to fuel slow-burning fires, husks to make brooms and
chair bottoms as well as to pad mattresses and collars for
draft (pulling) animals
• Diverse Cultures
• Developed into 3 linguistic (language)and ethnic
(cultural and social commonalities) groups
Algonkian speakers = Coastal Plain’s tidewater region.
Iroquoian speakers = inner Coastal Plain and in the
Mountains.
Siouan speakers=Piedmont
Current Day Equivalents:
• The Tuscarora, Nottoway, Meherrin, and Cherokee
are Iroquoian
• Saponi are Siouan
• The Lumbee emerged from various tribes finding
strength when they banded together (combination)
• Coastal Plain and Mountain People built square structured homes.
• Round homes were built in the Piedmont.
• Homes were more permanent/larger, groups lived in villages/some
surrounded by stockade fencing
• Chiefdoms, hereditary rule, priesthoods, and rule by consensus (general
agreement of the people) all existed in different places across North
Carolina after 1000 CE
• People made jewelry carved and etched from marine shell or bone, soft
capes of turkey feathers, clay pottery decorated with geometric swirls of
lines.
• Tools-bone fish hooks and sewing awls, stone arrow points, hoes, wood
gravers, and hide scrapers.
• Ceremonial earthen mounds have been found in the Piedmont and
Mountains- used for religious ceremonies or burial.
• Mass burial sites have been found near the coast.
In Order
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Paleoindians
Archaic Indians
Woodland Indians
Mississippian Indians
• ****Show Native American Art Show (From
modern tribes of NC).