CLASSIFICATION & DIVERSITY
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Transcript CLASSIFICATION & DIVERSITY
CLASSIFICATION
&
DIVERSITY
Why we need to identify & group
organism??
a)
Recognition of dissimilar organism easier
if we can put them in predefined
categories
Lantern bug (never seen before??!!)
Insects (through experience)
b) Grouping allows us to make prediction
•Looks different
•But distinguishing features group them together
•Mammals: give birth
How to group living organism??
Not based only on ONE CHARACTER
alone
Eg: animals can fly & cannot fly
– Insects
– Birds
– Bats
-fish
-rodents
So need to look the overall plan of the
organism
TAXONOMY
Greek: taxis - 'order' + nomos - 'law' or
'science'.
the practice and science of classification
Classification: placing an object into sets
of categories based on
properties/characters of the object
SERIES OF SETS
KINGDOM (Plants, Animals, Fungi, Bacteria,
Protoctista)
PHYLUM (approx. 36 phyla)
CLASS (Crustacea, Myriapoda, Arachnida, Insecta)
ORDER
FAMILY (in animals end with ‘-dae’)
GENUS
SPECIES
EG. CLASSIFICATION OF INSECTS
KINGDOM:
PHYLUM:
CLASS:
ORDER:
FAMILY:
GENUS:
SPECIES:
ANIMALIA
ARTHROPODA
INSECTA
DIPTERA
TEPHRITIDAE
Bactrocera
dorsalis
ADDITIONAL SUBSETS
KINGDOM
PHYLUM
CLASS
ORDER
Suborder
Superfamily – ‘-oidea’
FAMILY – ‘-dae’
Subfamily – ‘-nae’
Tribe – ‘-inii’
Subtribe
GENUS
Subgenus
SPECIES
Subspecies
KINGDOM:
PHYLUM:
CLASS:
ORDER:
SUPERFAMILY:
FAMILY:
SUBFAMILY:
TRIBE:
GENUS:
SPECIES:
SUBSPECIES:
ANIMALIA
ARTHROPODA
INSECTA
HYMENOPTERA
ICHNEUMONOIDEA
ICHNEUMONIDAE
CRYPTINAE
CRYPTINII
Goryphus
mesoxanthus
mesoxanthus
NOMENCLATURE
(TATANAMA)
HOW ARE LIVING THINGS NAMED??
(A) COMMON NAMES
Nyamuk tiruk, lalat buah (fruit fly,
kumbang badak (rhinocerus beetle),
kersing/kepinding (true bugs), soroksorok (mole cricket), kelip-kelip (firefly),
riang-riang (cicada), kutu beras (rice
weevil)
Problem:
i) Not consistent
ii) Doesn’t portray the actual insects
(B) SCIENTIFIC NAMES
consistent around the world
one species with single valid name
SPECIES
FUNDAMENTAL UNIT OF CLASSIFICATION
DEF: groups of natural populations that
can interbreed. They are reproductively
isolated from all other species
SPECIES NAME
Binomial
Consists of Genus and Specific names
Eg.: Bactrocera dorsalis
Written in italic
Genus: start wih capital letter
Species: small letters
If hand written: underline both names
seperately (Bactrocera dorsalis)
Goryphus jendul Azura
Azura: the person who first described and
named the species for science
Sometime outhor name in bracket
The author got the genus wrong
COMMON CHARACTERISTICS
OF AN INSECT
CLASS INSECTA
SUBCLASS 1) APTERYGOTA
– ALL ADULTS WINGLESS LIKE IMMATURE
STAGE
– NO TRUE METAMORPHOSIS
– PRIMITIVE
– 5 ORDERS
1) PROTURA
Prot=First, Ura=Tail
Eyeless
No antennae
Styli on 1st-3rd abdominal segments
First pair of legs sensory
2) DIPLURA
Di=two; ura=tail
Refers to two cerci
Styli on abdominal segments 1-7 or 2-7
B. Two cerci
C. Eyeless
D. Antennae present
3) COLLEMBOLA(SPRINGTAIL)
Furcula (4th abdominal segment ventrally)
Eyes small with no more than 8 facets
(ommatidia) on each side of the head.
D. Antennae present
4) THYSANURA (silverfish)
Short styli on abdominal segments 2-7
Two cerci and a median caudal filament
Compound eyes small or absent
flattened
Antennae present
Gegat
(old papers, high humid place)
5) MICROCORYPHIA
(BRISTLETAILS)
micro, small; coryphia, head
Styli on abdominal segments 2-9
Two cerci and a median caudal filament
Antennae present
by day hiding in rock crevices or under
bark. They feed at night.
SUBCLASS 2) PTERYGOTA
With wings
2 groups:
1) Exopterygota (18)
– Incomplete metamorphosis (no pupa)
– Develop wings outside of body
2) Endopterygota (9)
– Complete metamorphosis (with pupa)
– Develop wings inside body (visible when adult)
EXOPTRYGOTA
1) BLATTARIA
Body flattened and oval
head concealed from above by pronotum
Wings usually present
Tarsi five-segmented.
Antennae long and slender
Cockroaches
2)ORTHOPTERA
Body usually linear in shape
Antennae conspicuous
Fore wing straight, narrow
Hind wing broad, membranous
and fan-like
Hindlegs adapted for jumping
Grasshoppers & crickets
3)HEMIPTERA
Subdivided into 2 suborder:
– A) heteroptera
– B) homoptera
3A)HETEROPTERA (TRUE BUGS)
Mouthparts modified into
Forewing hemielitron
Wings, when at rest, held flat over
body and overlap each other.
Some wingless
C. Typically triangular scutellum (feature shared
with Coleoptera).
D. Antennae consist of 4-5 segments.
3B)HOMOPTERA
Mouthparts modified into beak
Antennae short, bristle-like.
Both pairs of wings of uniform texture and
held roof-like over body.
Considerable variation in body form
(winged, wingless, degenerate legs).
4)PHASMIDA/PHASMATODEA
Stick-like or leaf-like
Legs long and slender and not enlarged
for jumping, diging, or capturing prey.
Abdomen long and slender
Antennae with 8-80 segments
Stick insects, leaf insects
5)MANTODEA
Fore legs adapted for grasping prey
Tarsi five-segmented.
Antennae short
Praying mantis
Female ats male after mating
6) ODONATA
DRAGONFLY AND DAMSELFLY
7) ISOPTERA
Iso= equal; ptera= wings
Anai-anai
Soft bodied
No constriction of waist
Chewing Mouthparts
Monoliform or filiform antenna
Fontanelle - secretions from top of head glue
soil to gather
8) DERMAPTERA (TEMPIRING)
Front wings: short, similar to elytra in beetles
Hind wings: membranous
Mouthparts chewing
Prominate cerci
Nocturnal
Under bark, cracks
Scavengers - dead and
decaying plant material
9) PLECOPTERA (STONEFLIES)
Adults – near aquatic habitat; don't fly
that much; hiding in vegetation, debris
Adults feed soft vegetation such as
flowers, fruits, pollen, lichens, algae
Nymphs feed on invertebrates or plant
detritus
10) GRYLLOBLATTODEA
gryllo, relating to crickets, blattaria,
relating to cockroaches
Wingless, Compound eyes small or absent
D. Body leathery
E. Abdmen oval and cylindrical
F. Antennae 23-40 segments
Habitat: high altitude
Food: debris of insects
that died on snow
fields at high altitudes.
11) EPHEMEROPTRA
Two-pair of triangular,
membranous wings with many veins
Ten-segmented abdomen with two to
three caudal filaments (cerci)
Fragile-looking
Near water
Adults don’t feed
Immature: algae, plants
bioindicator
12) ZORAPTERA
Winged, wingless (lack eyes)
B. 2-Segmented tarsi
C. Chewing mouthparts
D. Cerci present
E. Moniliform 9-segment antenna
Feed on fungus and dead insects
13) PSOCOPTERA
2- to 3-Segment tarsi
B. Roof-like wing position
C. No cerci
D. Overall appearance - bulbous head, long
antennae
E. "Gnawing" mouthparts
Damp areas
Feed ob old books, lichen, fungus on wood
14) THYSANOPTERA
Very tiny, < 2mm
Mouthpart: stylet
Narrowed wings
with fringes
Veins greatly
reduced/absent
Flowers, under bark,
leaf litter
15) EMBIIDINA
embid, lively (run backward quickly when
disturbed)
No ocelli
Chewing mouthparts
Males- winged;
Females - not winged
leaf litter, under stones, bark
Food:dried plant material, dried grasses
16) PHTHIRAPTERA (KUTU)
Wingless, ectoparasite
1 Tarsi - modified for a claw
Mouthparts - stylets for sucking lice,
mandibles for chewing lice
Dorso - ventally flattened
Eggs glue to hair or feather
Host-specific
Birds and mammals:chewing lice
(MALLOPHAGA)
Mammals: sucking lice (ANOPLURA)
17) MANTOPHASMATODEA
discovered 2002
South Africa
Carnivorous
Related to Phasmatodea, Grylloblattodea
and Mantodea
ENDOPTERYGOTA
1) COLEOPTERA
The largest insect group
Fore wings thickened (elytra)
usually meeting in a straight line down the
middle of the back and covering the hind wings.
Hind wings usually longer than the elytra, folded
up under the elytra.
C. Chewing type mouthparts.
2)
DIPTERA (FLIES, MOSQUITOES)
Fore wings membranous
Hind wings reduced to small knoblike
structures called halteres.
Antennae variable, often short and
inconspicuous.
Mouthparts sucking (sponging).
3) LEPIDOPTERA
Head - large compound eye
most with proboscis
Scaly wings
Butterfly vs moth
BUTTERFLY
ANTENNAE: thin
slender filamentous
antennae, club
shaped at the end
FRENULUM: none
PUPAE:. exposed
pupa = chrysalis.
WINGS: bright
colours
VS
MOTH
mostly comb-like or
feathery
Present
caterpillars spin a
cocoon made of silk
plain brown, grey,
white or black
BUTTERFLY
BODY: slender and
smoother abdomens.
ACTIVITY: diurnal
RESTING: exposed
pupa = chrysalis.
WINGS: fold their
wings above their
backs
VSMOTH
stout and hairy or
furry-looking bodies
Crepuscular, nocturnal
caterpillars spin a
cocoon made of silk
rest with their wings
spread out to their
sides
REMARKS: THERE ARE EXCEPTIONS
4) HYMENOPTERA (wasp. ants, bees)
Greek - hymeno, god of marriage; ptera, wings
Four membranous wings, hind wings smaller
Primarily chewing type mouthparts except for
the bees where the labium and maxillae form a
tonguelike structure through which liquid food is
taken.
Antennae with 10 or more segments.
Ovipositor well developed
sometimes modified into a sting
5)
STREPSIPTERA
Latin - strepsi, twisted; ptera, wings
Relates to the form of the hind wings;
membranous and appearing twisted and
wrinkled.
Males - forewings reduced to clublike structures
Males - with the hind wings large and fanlike.
Mouthparts vestigial
Small insects 0.5-4 mm.
Females are generally saclike without
appendages or bedbuglike
6)
NEUROPTERA (LACEWING)
Wings membranous
Fore and hind wings similar in shape and
veination. Held rooflike over the
body at rest.
Soft-bodied
Mouthparts mandibulate
Antennae long
Predator (mostly)
7) MECOPTERA
Slender body, head prolonged into a beak or
rostrum
most have four long narrow membranous wings
which are similar in size and venation.
Some species are wingless (e.g., Boreidae)
Chewing type mouthparts.
Antennae threadlike about
one-half the length of
the body.
8) SIPHONAPTERA (PINJAL/FLEAS)
Latin - siphon, pipe; aptera, wingless
Small, wingless, < 5mm
Body laterally flattened, bristly, heavily
sclerotized
Sucking type mouthparts
Legs relatively long with large coxae.
Usually jumping insects.
Parasite of cats, dogs, rodents
9)TRICHOPTERA
both wings membranous, covered with
short hairs
wings fold flat but held rooflike
tarsi 4 or 5 segmented
mandibles greatly reduced
long, many segmented antennae