Transcript Section 4.22 Wars of Louis XIV: The Peace of Utrecht, 1713 The Crossing

Wars of Louis XIV: The Peace of Utrecht, 1713
Section 4.22
The
Crossing
of the
Rhine by
the Army
of Louis
XIV, 1672
1699
PARROC
EL,
Joseph
Questions to Consider
• Describe Louis XIV’s foreign policy in the years
prior to the War of Spanish Succession. Of what
significance were the chambres de reunion in
Alsace and Lorraine?
• What features of the War of Spanish Succession
made it distinctive? Why was the war fought?
• Summarize the main developments of the war.
What motives prompted each state to continue
to fight?
• What were the major provisions of the Treaty of
Utrecht? On what basis were differences
between the great powers settled?
Terms to Know
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War of Devolution
Dutch War
Treaty of Nimwegen
Chambres de reunion
War of the League of
Augsburg
Peace of Ryswick
Charles II of Spain
“The Pyrenees exist no
longer”
William III
• John Churchhill, Duke of
Marlborough
• Philip V of Spain
• Grand Alliance of 1701
• Prince Eugene of Savoy
• Treaties of Utrecht and
Rastadt
• Asiento
• “Dutch Barrier”
Introduction: Before 1700
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France surrounded by Span
Spain weakened state
1667 Louis XIV invades the Spanish
Netherlands
– Blocked by the Triple Alliance of
Dutch, English and Swedish
interests
1672 Louis XIV invades the Spanish
Netherlands again
– Alliance with Charles II of England
keeps British at bay
– William of Orange formed an
alliance with Habsburgs (Spanish
and Austrian) blocks France
– Treaty of Nimwegen 1678 France
takes the Franche-Comte’
Introduction: Before 1700
• 1679 Louis XIV invades
Alsace and Lorraine
– Leopold I of Austria is
engaged with Turks
that are supported by
the French
• In 1683 they had
moved up the
Danube and laid
siege to Vienna
– Western boarder of the
HRE is eroding
League of Augsburg (1686)
•
developed to respond to French
threat
• HRE, Spain, Sweden, Dutch and
England
– Huguenots, Catholics,
Lutherans, aligned with each
other against France
» Revocation of Edict
offended protestants
• 1688 War of the League of
Augsburg (Glorious Revolution)
– Louis XIV has a fight on
several fronts and leans on
the nobility for taxes
– 1697 Peace of Ryswick
leaves matters along original
lines
The War of the Spanish Succession (1702-1713) AKA
Queen Anne’s War
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A Modern, formal war
against states not
against civilians
Religion counts for
very little in the
conflict
English are becoming
noteworthy political
force
First “world war”
events on several
continents are
involved
The War of the Spanish Succession (1702-1713) AKA
Queen Anne’s War
• Charles II of Spain is without an heir
– Louis XIV is married to Charles II of
Spain’s sister
– Leopold I married Charles II of Spain’
s sister
– Each could put a young family
member on the throne
– Groups explored the idea of dividing
French holdings to maintain the
balance of power (Austria and France)
– 1700 Charles II of Spain died and left Philip V
everything to the grandson (17 yrs.
Old) of Louis XIV (not a capable
leader)
• French influence would run from
Belgium to Gibraltar
– “the Pyrenees exist no longer”
– great threat to political balance
The Grand Alliance
• William III organizes the “Grand
Alliance” of 1701
– War aims
• England support Dutch, keep
Stuarts off throne of England,
keep France out of Spanish
American trade
• Holland keep France out of
Belgium and keep Scheldt
closed, France out of Spanish
American trade
• Austria put Habsburg back on
Spain’s throne and crush Bavaria
• Brandenburg, Italian duchy of
Savoy: opportunists
• Portugal, interests in Spanish
territory
The Peace of Utrecht (1713-1714)
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Partitioned the world of Spain
– Britain’s Queen Anne raised 12 commoners to
peerage so to give a Tory majority (the party in favor
of signing a peace treaty)
– Britain gets Gibraltar and Minorca
– Savoy gets Sardinia
– Austrian Habsburgs get Milan, Naples, Sicily, and
Spanish (now Austrian) Netherlands
– Grandson of Louis XIV was crowned Philip V of
Spain
• keeps new world territories
• Crowns of France and Spain can never be united
• Absolutism comes to Spain (lasted until 1931)
• New World markets are available to French goods
– Domination by France is prevented
Consequences of the war
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France is weakened
– depopulation
• famine
– Peasant uprisings are
brutally put down
• taxes
– Aristocratic and
parliamentary
opposition begin again
– Newfoundland, Nova
Scotia, and Hudson Bay
territory are British
– Retain Alsace and the
Franch-Comte’
– Influence is strong in
Spain
Consequences of the war
• Dutch are strengthened
against France
– “Dutch Barrier”- a string
of forts and garrisons in
Belgium are granted
– Never play a prominent
role in European
political affairs
• Rulers of Brandenburg
and Savoy are elevated to
title of King
Consequences of the war
• British
– Major presence in the
Mediterranean (Gibraltar
and Minorca)
– asiento opens the Spanish
New World up to British
trade (slaves and
smuggling)
• right to supply Spanish
America with African
slaves (very lucrative)
– Assure Protestant
monarchy
• Louis ceases to
recognize the Stuart
pretender as king
Consequences of the war
• Confirmation of the European
system
– Powers accepted each other as
members of the system
– Recognized each other as
sovereign states
• free to negotiate, make war, and
treaties
– adjusted balance of power through
exchange of territories (third party
territories?)
• Leaves France and England as the two
major powers to export Europe to the
world