Transcript Homogenisation of Brno climatic series 1800-2007: Example of the

Homogenisation of Brno climatic
series 1800-2007: Example of the
use of early instrumental records
R. Brázdil (1), P. Štěpánek (2), P.
Zahradníček (2), J. Macková (1)
(1) Institute of Geography, Masaryk
University, Brno, Czech Republic,
([email protected])
(2) Czech Hydrometeorological Institute,
Brno, Czech Republic
Outline
1. Beginnings of instrumental meteorological
observations
2. Early instrumental meteorological observations
- Brno 1799-1847
3. Modern instrumental meteorological
observations - Brno from 1848
4. Homogenisation procedure
5. Homogenised series of Brno 1800-2007
6. Conclusions
1 Beginnings of instrumental meteorological
observations
• Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) and his pupils – the first meteorological
instruments
• Rete Medicea – the first international meteorological network (10
stations) – beginning 1653-1654 – closed in 1657
Central
England
temperature
series since
AD 1659
(Manley,
1974)
Thermometer and weather angel from
Otto von Guericke (Körber, 1989)
The first instrumental records in the Czech Lands
Johann Carl Rost - Zákupy (NW Bohemia) - 21 December 1719 - 31
March 1720
Prague-Klementinum
The Jesuit college of
St. Clement (shortly
Klementinum)
Observations:
1752 - pressure, temperature,
precipitation
since 1 January 1775 air temperature and pressure
since 1 May 1804 precipitation
Josef Stepling (17161778)
The first director of the
Prague- Klementinum
observatory
First instrumental records in Moravia
František Alois Mag of Magg - Telč (SW Moravia) – 7 May 1771-10 May 1775
2 Early instrumental meteorological
observations - Brno 1799-1847
Time intervals of available meteorological observations in Brno, 1800-1850
Ferdinand Knittelmayer – 1799-1812
- a captain in pension
- observations five-times a day: pressure, temperature, wind, state of the sky,
meteorological phenomena
- he believed for nineteen-year lunar cycle (“analoque weather forecast”)
Knittelmayer observed weather in the former Dominican monastery (used in his time
by army)
Daily records of air pressure from Ferdinand Knittelmayer
160
140
Zim a
Brno
Praha
120
Zacharias Melzer
1803-1837
100
80
60
40
20
0
1804 1806 1808 1810 1812 1814 1816 1818 1820 1822 1824 1826 1828 1830 1832 1834 1836 1838
250
Jaro
- a regional accountant
200
150
- precipitation (original records are
lost, monthly totals in Beiträge zur
Hydrographie Österreichs, 1913)
100
50
0
1803 1805 1807 1809 1811 1813 1815 1817 1819 1821 1823 1825 1827 1829 1831 1833 1835 1837
400
350
Léto
Srážky [mm]
1
70
60
2
50
40
Srážky [mm]
300
80
250
200
150
100
50
0
1803 1805 1807 1809 1811 1813 1815 1817 1819 1821 1823 1825 1827 1829 1831 1833 1835 1837
30
20
200
Podzim
10
0
160
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
XI
XII
120
80
1 – Melzer 1803-1837
2 – Brno-Tuřany 1961-1990
40
0
1803 1805 1807 1809 1811 1813 1815 1817 1819 1821 1823 1825 1827 1829 1831 1833 1835 1837
800
700
Rok
600
500
1 – Melzer 1803-1837
2 – Praha-Klementinum 1805-1837
400
300
200
100
0
1803 1805 1807 1809 1811 1813 1815 1817 1819 1821 1823 1825 1827 1829 1831 1833 1835 1837
Kassián Hallaschka 1813-1814
- a Piarist and teacher
- later Professor of Physics at the
Prague University
Ambros Khom 1814-1815
- a Piarist and teacher of mathematics
Josef Steiner 1820-1836
- a head of the Meteorological Section of the I. R. Moravian-Silesian Economic
Society
Steiner’s meteorological observations were published daily in Brünner Zeitung.
Observations continued without any gaps also after his death up to 31
December 1847, but an observer is unknown
2.1 Selected problems of early
meteorological observations
Availability of records
• records are usually uknown, being not stored in the archives of the
Czech Hydrometeorological Institute
• they can be find randomly during the archive research
• hand-written records, difficult for reading (manuscripts often written in
„cursive“)
• usually not clearly indicated in general archives catalogues and
sometimes they are collected in funds having no relation to meteorology
• old printed materials with limited access in libraries
• newspapers
Exact place of observations
• exact specification of place of observations in the settlement is usually
not indicated
• most often in the home or working place of the observer
• thermometers at the window (northern wall of buildings)
Instruments used and their location
• without information about types of instruments or needed data missing (e.g.
impossibility to convert air pressure data to 0ºC)
• missing description of their exact position
• raw errors in measurements identified directly from the course of hourly,
daily or monthly values or from comparsion with other stations
Observing terms and calculations of daily means
• sometimes missing term readings, only daily means (not known how they
were calculated)
• permanent changes in observing terms different from recent standard
terms 7:00, 14:00, 21:00 h local mean time – LMT [the most extreme case:
observations in the time of sunrise
(morning) and sunset (evening)]
Pressure
Temperature
Relative humidity
Differences in daily means calculated
from (7:00, 14:00, 21:00) and (8:00,
15:00, 22:00) – Brno-Tuřany, 19821998
Errors of measurements and completing of
missing data
• difficult identification of errors (outliers)
Brno 1820 - pressure (inch) term readings published in Brünner Zeitung
(an error of the observer? newspaper?)
• missing data due to other activities of observers (illness, travelling, etc.)
• difficult to complete missing data due to small number of contemporary
stations (after homogenisation?)
Qualitative visual observations (e.g. fog,
thunderstorm, cloud)
• undervalued frequency of observed meteorological phenomena
• changes in definition or understanding of meteorological phenomena
Mean monthly frequency of wind strength based on three daily
observing times at Jihlava (1817-1840): 1 – calm, 2 – weak wind, 3 –
medium wind, 4 – strong wind
Differences in daily pressure means (hPa) between Brno and
Prague-Klementinum in October 1838 and October 1840
-10
a
1811
-15
1837
-20
-25
Compilation of Brno series:
-30
-35
- air pressure (1800-1850)
-40
1800
- air temperature (1800-1850)
-10
-15
1805
1810
1815
1820
1825
1830
b
1835
1840
1845
1837
1850
1846
-20
- relative humidity (1820-1836)
Homogenisation of Brno
series:
Diference tlaku vzduchu [hPa]
- precipitation (1803-1850)
-25
-30
-35
-40
1800
1805
1810
1815
1820
1825
1830
1835
1840
1845
-10
-15
1850
1846
c
-20
-25
-30
-35
- Alexandersson test
-40
1800
- reference stations: PragueKlementinum, Vienna-Hohe Warte and
their average
-10
-15
1805
1810
1815
1820
1825
1830
1835
1840
1845
1850
1805
1810
1815
1820
1825
1830
1835
1840
1845
1850
d
-20
-25
-30
-35
-40
1800
1030
Tlak vzduchu [hPa]
Example of homogenisation of air
pressure 1800-1850, March
(Alexandersson test), reference
stations: average for PragueKlementinum and Vienna-Hohe Warte
1020
e
1010
1000
990
980
970
1800
1
1805
1810
1815
1820
1825
1830
1835
1840
2
1845
1850
Example of homogenisation of air temperature 1800-1850, April (Alexandersson
test), reference station: average for Prague-Klementinum and Vienna-Hohe Warte
Air pressure
1800-1850
Air temperature
DJF
MAM
JJA
SON
Annual
1 – Brno, 2 – Prague + Vienna
1 – Brno, 2 - Vienna
Relative humidity – Brno -1820-1835: break-point in 1826, differences in
mean between 1820-1826 and 1827-1836 from 8 to 10% (October to
February) or from 5 to 6% (a rest of months with the expection of April)
3 Modern instrumental meteorological
observations - Brno after 1848
a – pluviometer
b – wind vane
c – damp thermometer
d – Fortin barometer
Hospital of St. Anne, Pekařská Street
- Observer:
Dr. Paul Olexik (1800-1878), the physician
- Period: 1) Hospital of St. Anne, Pekařská Street 53: from January 1848 to
December 1853
2) Pekařská Street 100: from January 1854 to June 1878
- Observation hours: 06:00, 14:00, 22:00 h LMT
- Observed elements: air pressure, air temperature, humidity, cloudiness, wind,
precipitation, meteorological phenomena
A specimen of meteorological records of Paul Olexik from January 1848
Augustinian Monastery
G. J. Mendel
- Period: from July 1878 to June 1883
- Observer: Gregor Johann Mendel, the abbot od the monastery, geneticist
and meteorologist
- Period: from July 1883 to November 1883
- Observer: Leo Ledwina, the parson
- Observation hours: 06:00, 14:00, 22:00 h LMT
- Observed elements: air pressure, air temperature,humidity, cloudiness, wind,
precipitation, meteorological phenomena
Mendel published in 1863 annual course of meteorological elements for 1862 at Brno in
comparison with mean annual variations based on 15-year observations by Paul Olexik
Technical University
- Period: from January 1884 to December 1889
- Observer: prof. Alfred Lorenz
- Observation hours: 07:00, 14:00, 21:00 h LMT from January 1884 to May 1885
06:00, 13:00, 21:00 h LMT from June 1885 to December 1889
- Observed elements: air pressure, air temperature, humidity, cloudiness, wind,
precipitation, meteorological elements
Brno – Pisárky, waterwork
- Period: from Juni 1890 to December 1937
(air temperature to December 1962)
- Observer: technical staff of the waterwork
- Observation hours: 07:00, 14:00, 21:00 h LMT
- Observed elements: all meteorological elements and phenomena
(Fig.: A specimen of meteorological records of Brno - Pisárky from August 1894)
Brno - Květná (Agricultural Research Institute)
- Period: from Juni 1922 to December 1971
- Observer: technical staff of the Agriculture Research Institute
- Observation hours: 07:00, 14:00, 21:00 h LMT
- Observed elements: all meteorological elements and phenomena
Brno - Tuřany (Airport)
- Period: from April 1958 up to the present
- Observer: technical staff of the CHMI
- Observation hours: 07:00, 14:00, 21:00 h LMT
- Observed elements: all meteorological elements and
phenomena
4 Homogenization procedure
Compilation of Brno climatic
series from 1848
1 - Hospital of St. Anne
2 - Augustinian
Monastery
3 - Technical University
4 - Pisárky (Waterwork)
5 - Květná (Agricultural
45 2 3
1
Research Institute)
6 - Tuřany (Airport)
6
The summary of the meteorological observations
in Brno from 1848 up to now
Air temperature
06,14,22
07,14,21
term
06,13,21
„Old“ Brno
period
07, 14, 21
Brno – Pisárky
07, 14, 21
Brno – Květná
07, 14, 21
Brno – Tuřany
Air pressure
06,14,22
07,14,21
term
06,13,21
„Old“ Brno
Brno – Pisárky
Brno – Květná
Brno – Tuřany
period
07, 14, 21
07, 14, 21
07, 14, 21
inhomogeneity
Air pressure (hPa) – differences between Brno-Pisárky (candidate series)
and reference series (created from 5 stations)
Air temperature (ºC) – differences between Brno-Tuřany (candidate series)
and reference series (created from 5 stations)
5 Homogenized series of Brno 1800-2007
1000.0
998.0
inhomogeneous annual pressure series
996.0
994.0
992.0
990.0
988.0
986.0
2004
1998
1992
1986
1980
1974
1968
Brno-město
1962
1956
1950
1944
1938
1932
1926
1920
1914
1908
1902
1896
Brno-Tuřany
1890
Brno-Květná
1884
Brno-Pisárky
1878
Brno-Staré město
1872
Brno-various place
1866
Brno-Dominikanské nám.
1860
1848
1842
1836
1830
1824
1818
1812
1806
980.0
1000.0
1800
982.0
1854
984.0
998.0
996.0
homogeneous Brno pressure series
994.0
992.0
990.0
988.0
986.0
984.0
compiled Brno series
982.0
compiled Brno series
2004
1998
1992
1986
1980
1974
1968
1962
1956
1950
1944
1938
1932
1926
1920
1914
1908
1902
1896
1890
1884
1878
1872
1866
1860
1854
1848
1842
1836
1830
1824
1818
1812
1806
1800
980.0
5 Homogenized series of Brno 1800-2007
12.0
inhomogeneous annual temperature series
11.0
10.0
(T°C)
9.0
8.0
7.0
6.0
2004
1998
1992
1986
1980
1974
1968
Brno-město
1962
1956
1950
1944
1938
1932
1926
1920
1914
1908
1902
1896
1890
1884
1878
1872
Brno-Tuřany
1866
Brno-Staré město
Brno-Květná
1860
Brno-various place
Brno-Pisárky
1854
Brno-Dominkanské nám.
1848
1842
1836
1830
1824
1818
1812
1806
4.0
12.0
1800
5.0
homogeneous Brno temperature series
11.0
10.0
(T°C)
9.0
8.0
7.0
6.0
compiled Brno series
5.0
compiled Brno series
2004
1998
1992
1986
1980
1974
1968
1962
1956
1950
1944
1938
1932
1926
1920
1914
1908
1902
1896
1890
1884
1878
1872
1866
1860
1854
1848
1842
1836
1830
1824
1818
1812
1806
1800
4.0
6 Conclusions
- early instrumental records – important source of observations for
extension of existing secular meteorological series
- problems with interpretation and analysis of early instrumental
records:
•
availability of records
•
exact place of observations
•
instruments used, their location and errors of measurements
•
observing terms and calculations of daily means
•
completing of missing data
•
qualitative visual observations
- application of homogenisation procedure – compiled series
- importance of homogeneous series for statistical analysis and
study of climate change
- Brno – the longest homogeneous series in the Czech Republic