Transcript Global overview of marine fisheries by S.M. Garcia and I. De Leiva Moreno

Global overview of marine
fisheries
by S.M. Garcia
and I. De Leiva Moreno
(FAO Fisheries Department)
Prepared for the Reykjavic Conference on Responsible Fisheries in the Marine Ecosystem, 1-4 October 2001
Global overview of marine
fisheries
by S.M. Garcia
and I. De Leiva Moreno
(FAO Fisheries Department)
Prepared for the Reykjavic Conference on Responsible Fisheries in the Marine Ecosystem, 1-4 October 2001
Outline
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The State of the Resources:
The Fishing Industry:
The Governance Approaches:
Conclusions
1. The State of the Resources
• Global Situation
• Global trends
• Regional perspective
Recovering
Depleted
Overexploited
Fully exploited
Moderately exploited
Undeveloped
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
EEZs Claims
tonnes)
(
Productionmillion
Upper limit ( FAO, 1971)
100
50
1800
1840
1880
Year
1920
1960
2000
60%
Fully Fished
50%
40%
Moderately fished: U+M
30%
20%
Overfished: O+D+R
10%
0%
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
1993
1991
1989
80%
1987
90%
1985
1983
60%
1981
70%
1979
1977
1975
1973
30%
1971
40%
1969
1967
1965
1963
1961
1959
10%
1957
20%
1955
1953
1951
Percentage of resources
100%
Phase IV Senescent
Phase III Mature
50%
Phase II Developing
Phase I Undeveloped
0%
1. Antarctic
2. Atlantic, Southeast
3. Pacific, Southeast
4. Atlantic, Northwest
5. Atlantic, Western Central
6. Pacific, Eastern Central
7. Medit . & Black Sea
8. Pacific, Northeast
9. Atlantic Southwest
10. Atlantic Eastern Central
11. Atlantic Northeast
12. Indian Western
13. Pacific Central Western
14. Pacific Southwest
15. Pacific Northwest
16. Indian Eastern
0.14
ANT
0.39
ASE
0.43
PSE
0.44
ANW
0.71
ACW
0.73
PEC
0.81
MBS
0.83
PNE
ASW
0.86
AEC
0.87
ANE
0.92
0.94
IW
PCW
1.00
PSW
1.00
PNW
1.00
IE
1.00
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
50%
40%
North Pacific
30%
20%
10%
North Atlantic
0%
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
60%
Antarctic
50%
40%
Tropical
Atlantic
30%
20%
Tropical
Pacific
10%
0%
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
1976
1998
1994
1990
1986
1982
1978
1974
1970
2. The Fishing Industry
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The fishing fleet
The fishers
The technology
Production and trade
Contribution to food security
2000
1990
1980
1970
1960
Gross Registered Tonnage (106 tons)
Corrected
40
30
Non corrected
20
10
0
World fishers and fish farmers (in millions)
40
30
20
10
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
Fishing technology
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High technology adoption rate;
Improved fishing range and capacity;
Improved preservation and quality;
Improved safety on board
Reduced environmental impact;
Improved MCS
100
Capture
Million tonnes
80
60
40
20
mariculture
0
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
Annual rate of increase
0.15
0.10
0.05
0.00
-0.05
-0.10
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
Imports
Exports
50
50
40
40
30
30
20
20
10
10
0
0
1993
1999
Developing countries
1993
1999
Developed countries
Marine food / capita
0.90
10.0
0.80
9.0
0.70
8.0
7.0
0.60
0.50
6.0
5.0
4.0
1950
0.40
1960
1970
1980
1990
0.30
2000
% used for human food
11.0
2. The Governance
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Approaches
Performance
Implementation problems
Regional fishery bodies
Improved frameworks
Ecosystemic considerations
The FAO Code of Conduct
Management approaches
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No global inventory;
No universal approach;
Mainly free and open access;
Some limited-entry systems;
Few rights-based systems;
Abundance of “technical measures”;
New global focus: capacity control, MCS,
IUU, by-catch, vulnerable species, critical
habitats, coral reefs, MPAs,.
Management performance
There is room for improvement!
 overfishing, collapses, endangered species;
 overcapacity, subsidies, economic inefficiencies;
 environmental variability; Forecasting;
 environmental impact of fishing; habitat, discards;
 environmental impact on fishery resources;
 compliance (IUU);
 Ineffective regional fishery bodies.
 Integration into coastal areas management
Implementation problems
There are enough principles and guidance, but:
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Equity problems: allocation
lack of institutional capacity (e.g. decentralization)
declining capacity in conventional research and statistics
lack of capacity in the new research required
less than effective regional fishery bodies
impact of globalization
Broadening requirements (ecosystems, integration)
Mismatch between ecosystems and jurisdiction boundaries
Regional Fishery Bodies
Not effective enough. Not enough power.
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failure to accept and implement international instruments;
lack of willingness to delegate responsibility
ineffective enforcement of management measures;
lack of secretariat resources and capacity;
weak decision-making processes;
weak conflict-resolution mechanisms;
inadequate scientific support;
lax use of the scientific advice received.
Improved Frameworks
Significant improvement in a decade!
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Formal recognition of the overfishing/overcapacity issue
UNCED (1992)
Compliance Agreement (1993)
1982 Convention intered into force (1994)
UN Fish Stock Agreement (1995)
FAO Code of Conduct (1995) and guidelines
FAO IPOAs
Formal recognition of the need for an ecosystem approach
Ecosystemic Considerations
Significant changes occurred in the decade!
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Conventional management : weakly ecosystemic
Awareness has raised since UNCED (1992)
New instruments are available (CBD)
New programmes are ongoing (ICRI, MPAs)
New collaborations build up: e.g. FAO-CITES, FAO-UNEP
Precautionary approach
converging
Sustainability indicators
FAO Code of Conduct
Reflects consensus about :
 conservation of the aquatic ecosystems , monitoring &
minimisation of environmental impacts of fishing and nonfishing activities;
 protection and restoration of fishery resources, their
environment, critical habitats, biodiversity, associated and
dependent species, and endangered species;
 prohibition of destructive fishing
 the precautionary approach;
 participatory management;
 risks related to climate change
Conclusions
The Resources
• Many resources require significant
improvement in governance to recover or
avoid being overfished
• The precautionary approach may help if
fully applied, using MSY as a limit.
• Risk assessment and risk management need
to become standard approaches;
• An ecosystem perspective is required
The Fishing Industry
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It achieved a lot in a difficult environment;
It provides significant benefits;
It benefited a lot from Governments;
It is confronted with increasing societal
requirements and a declining resource base;
• Its role is fundamental.
• It cannot afford not to face responsibilities.
The Governance
• Conventional governance has spread;
• It faces large scale social, economic and
environmental problems;
• It has improved its framework;...but
• ...needs much stronger political will;
• Its resources might be insufficient to face
broadening societal requirements;
• More attention to small-scale fisheries is
needed.
• Fisheries have significantly contributed to
human development and can still do so;
• There are problem areas and avenues for
positive change;
• Change will never be at no cost; but
Global overview of marine fisheries