Transcript Document

TRADE, ENVIRONMENT AND
AQUATIC PRODUCTS
FROM THAILAND
Ruangrai Tokrisna
Department of Agricultural and Resource
Economics, Faculty of Economics, Kasetsart
University
Bangkok, THAILAND
FISHERIES SECTOR
• Asian countries production: half of world
production
• 20 % of total production are exported.
• Asian countries export: a quarter of world
exports
• To meet domestic consumption
requirement, the production has to be
increased by 30% in 2010 (SEAFDEC)
S hare of Thai F is hery E xports
(Total = 4,292 mill.US $)
Germany
1%
Korea
1%
China
1%
ROW
18%
USA
35%
UK
2%
Taiwan
2%
Australia
4%
Singapore
4%
Canada
4%
Japan
28%
Indo-Pacific
drift gill net
1%
Crab gill net
1%
Push net
2%
Anchovy purse
seine
5%
Pair trawls
12%
S hare of Marine C atches by G ears
(Total catches = 2.632 mill.ton)
Shrimp gill net
1%
Others
7%
Otter board
trawls
50%
Purse seine
21%
Share of Production by Types,
(total 3.648 mill.ton)
Captured
shrimp
2%
Squids
5%
Crab
2%
Freshwater
13%
Marine fish
61%
Cultured shrimp
8%
Molluscs
9%
Fishery Utilization
Processed
10%
Fresh
21%
Fish meal
25%
Canned
20%
Marine Fishery Households
3,797 communities, 122,634 h/h
253,450 employees
Frozen
24%
Employee h/h
24%
Fishing Vessels
Non-motored
4%
<5 GT inboard
7%
w/o
6%
Fishery h/h
76%
Commercial
10%
Outboard
engine
73%
F is heries produc tion, 1989 - 2000 (million Ton)
Marine capture
Inland capture
Coastal culture
99
19
97
19
95
19
93
19
91
19
89
19
87
19
85
19
83
19
19
81
4.000
3.500
3.000
2.500
2.000
1.500
1.000
0.500
0.000
Freshwater culture
Value of Fish Production 1981 - 2000 (billion baht)
Marine capture
Inland capture
Coastal culture
99
19
97
19
95
19
93
19
91
19
89
19
87
19
85
19
83
19
19
81
180.00
160.00
140.00
120.00
100.00
80.00
60.00
40.00
20.00
0.00
Freshwater culture
• High foreign exchange earning induced
increasing investment in shrimp culture.
• Lack of effective management leads to over
exploitation and resource degradation.
• Impact on small scale fisheries.
–
–
–
–
–
Less catch
Higher fishing cost
Lower income
Lack of alternative sources of income
Worsen living condition
FISHERIES POLICY
• Difficulties in effective management
– Lack of scientific information for stock
assessment
– Multi-species, multi-gear, seasonal fisheries
– Lack of capital and personnel for monitoring
and enforcement
– Inadequate recognition on environmental
impact
• Community based fishery management
TRADE BARRIERS
• Tariff measures
– Low on primary product – inducing more
exploitation in exporting countries
– Still high on processed products – protection on
producing sector in importing countries
• Non-tariff measures
– Food safety standards
– Labelling and environmental requirements
Tariff Escalation
FISH
CRUSTACEANS
MOLLUSCS
PRIMARY
PREPARED
PRIMARY
PREPARED
PRIMARY
PREPARED
0
0-35
0,7.5
0-10.8
0,3.5
0-10.8
1,4
0-9.6
1,4
4.8-9
0-10.5
4.8-9
0,3.5
24
0,12,18
0-20
0,12,18
0-20
0,3
0-11
0,3
0-6.5
0,3,4
0-6.5
0
0-5
0
0
0
0
S.KOREA
10,20
10-106
14,20
20
20
20
TAIWAN
0,10-106
15-101
20-35
10-42.5
7.5-35
10-42.5
0-23
23-28
24-32
20,22,23
27
20,22,23
USA
JAPAN
EU
CANADA
AUSTRALIA
CHINA
Non-tariff Measures
SPS
USA

JAPAN

EU

TBT
ENVI
IMP.REG.
IMP.QUOTA
CHARGE
MIN.P




CANADA
AUSTRALIA


S.KOREA






Food safety requirement
•
•
•
•
•
CODEX
HACCP
GMP
ISO 9000
Agreement on SPS
– To be announced “w/o undue delay”
– EU zero tolerance of anti-biotic residue
Labelling and environmental
requirement
• Turtle exclusive device, TED
• Mangrove area protection, MAP
• Vietnamese catfish export to US – species
labelling, non-market economy, antidumping
• US legislation on “Shrimp Importation Financing
Fairness”
• Lack of competency in utilizing existing laws and
regulations
MEAs & FISH TRADE
• MEAs -- UNEP
– CITES, 1975
– Ramsar Convention on Wetlands, 1975
– Montreal Protocol, 1987 – control on substances those
deplete ozone layer
– Basel Convention, 1992 – bans on hazardous waste and
disposal
– CBD, 1993
– FCCC, 1994 – reducing green house effect
– Kyoto Protocol , 1997 – commitment on reducing green
house effect
– PIC, 1998 – allows stopping import of potentially toxic
substance
– Cartegena Protocol on Biosafety, 2000 – LMO restriction
• WTO – Committee on Trade and Environment (CTE)
FAO MULTILATERAL
AGREEMENTS IN FISHERIES
• Agreement to Promote Compliance with
International Conservation and Management
Measures by Fishing Vessels on the High Seas,
1993
• Agreement for the Implementation of the
provisions of the UNCLOS relating to the
Conservation and Management of Straddling
Stocks, 1995
• Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries, 1995
MEAs and WTO Obligation
• WTO does not allow trade discrimination
Article I – MFN, not allow trade discrimination
Article III – focusing on the final product,
national treatment of the “like” products limits
preference on “green” products as well as the
restriction in Montreal protocol and FCCC
Article XI – prohibits use of quotas, import
licensing – conflict in applying MEA
regulations
• WTO environmental exception
Article XX allows environmental exceptions for
national laws against trade rule in order to
Protect human, animal or plant life or health
To conserve exhaustible natural resources in
conjunction with domestic production and
consumption
Need evidences to justify the measures
Non-discrimination between domestic and
imported products
Scientific information on production and
processing methodology is important.
Eco-labelling
• WTO – like product
• Production and process methods , PPMs for natural
resource based products
• Consumption externalities
– Agreements on SPS, TBT
• Production externalities
– Non-product related
– Article XX
– MEAs
• HACCP, ISO9000, ISO14000, ISO14001, MSC
• Increasing cost, difficult among small-scale fisheries,
market constraint
ROLE OF CIVIL SOCIETY
• Small scale fish farmers/fishermen
– Strengthen capacity in sustainable fishery
resource management
– Indigenous knowledge contribution
– Monitoring
– Strengthening community organization
– Supportive legal instruments and enforcement
• Commercial fisheries
– Development of information systems
– Enhancing government capability in planning,
management, monitoring, surveillance and
enforcement
• Fish traders and processors
– Value added products to generate income and
employment
– Improved quality control, post-harvest
technology
• Government
– Optimum sustainable fishing - maximize resource rent,
consumer surplus, and producer surplus
– Support on CBFM
– Legislative framework
– R&D
– Encouraging responsible fishing
• NGO
– Induced by problems on poverty and resource
degradation
– Enhancing community organization and their capability
in effective resource management
APPROACH
• Strengthening fishery management capacity
– Trade liberalization – induces more resource
exploitation
– CBFM, indigenous in lack of scientific
information for effective management
– Increasing environmental awareness
• Use of WTO provisions
• Better resource utilization
• Collaboration among developing countries
for trade negotiations
• Market Access – reducing tariff escalation
• Fisheries subsidy
– No clear evidence of adverse impact in
developing countries
– Need of “non-actionable” subsidy for
strengthening management capacity
• Trade and environment
– Better understanding on environmental impact
(consumption as well as production
externalities)
OVERVIEW ON PROGRAM IMPLEMENTATION
• ASEAN
– The Agreement on the ASEAN Food Security Reserve
(AFSR)
– AFTA – Strategic Plan of Action on ASEAN
Cooperation in Food, Agriculture and Forestry1999 –
2004
• Standardization on quality control measures and processing
techniques, aquaculture practices, sanitary measures,
regulations on biotechnology
• Develop confidence in ASEAN exports as environmental
friendly
• Collaboration on negotiations in international forum
• Technology transfer
• Empowering rural communities through enhancing human
development
• Private sector networking
• Management, sustainable utilization and conservation of
natural resources
• SEAFDEC (Selected current programs)
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
Center-wide Information Network
Working Group on Regional Fishery Policy
Program of Mangrove-friendly Aquaculture in SEA
Responsible code of Conduct for Responsible fisheries
Fish Trade and Environment
Coastal resource Management
Toward decentralized Management for Sustainable
Fisheries in ASEAN Region
– Resource Enhancement
– Identification of Indicators for Sustainable development
and Management of Capture Fisheries
– Aquaculture for Rural Development
• ADB
– Indigenous People
• Sustainable Livelihood Development for the Poor
Coastal and Small Island Communities Project –
Indonesia ( Ministry of Marine Affairs and
Fisheries)
– The Bank’s Policy on Fisheries
(http://www.adb.org/documents/Policies/Fisheri
es
• FAO
– Bay of Bengal Large Marine Ecosystem Program
(BOBLME)
– Bay of Bengal Program – Inter-Governmental
Organization (BOBP-IGO)
– FISHCODE
• UNEP
– Small Island Development States Network (SIDSnet)
– Global Program of Action for the Protection of Marine
Environment from Land Based Activities (GPA)
– International Coral Reef Action Network (ICRAN)
– Resources for Civil Society and NGOs
• UNDP
– Regional Cooperation Framework (RCF II, 2002- 2009)
– Participatory Action Research to Advance Governance
Options and Networks (PARAGON)
– Governance for Livelihood and Development (GOLD)
– Gender Equality (APGEN)
– Regional Initiative on Human Development Reports in
Asia and the Pacific
– Trade, Economic and Human Development
– Supporting the Achievement of the Millennium
Development Goals (MDG)
– Pacific Sustainable Livelihood Program
THANK YOU