Transcript Document 7355633

Translation Techniques
Teaching Plan
Teaching Contents:
1. Introduction to the functions of translation techniques
2. Introduction to the 8 commonly-used techniques
1) repetition(重复法)
2) amplification(增译法 )
3) omission(/省译法/减译法 )
4) conversion(词类转移法 )
5) inversion (词序调整法)
6) division(分译法)
7) negation(正说反译, 反说正译法)
8) the change of the voices(语态变换法)
Teaching Plan
Teaching Aims:
 To make students get the knowledge of translation
techniques and master them in translating practicing.
 To make students skilled in translation.
Teaching Focus:
 Training students’ ability in dealing with the techniques.
Teaching Methods:
 Discussion (group work, then class work) and teacheroriented lecturing
Teaching Approaches:
 Multi-media aided.
Teaching Procedures:
I. Discussion of the Assignment
Put the following paragraph into English:
 今天的老人是昨天的劳动者。他们对物质文
化的发展做出了许多贡献， 理所当然应该分
享其成果。当敬老、养老蔚然成风时， 各个
年龄层的人都会有一种完全感。每个人都有
一天会变老。 如果人们确信老年时生活一定
幸福、安康， 就会全力以赴地投入工作。
I. Discussion of the Assignment

The old people of today are the laborers of
yesterday. It goes without saying that they
should have a share in the rewards for material
and cultural advancements to which they have
contributions. When respecting and providing
for the elderly becomes common practice,
people of all generations will have a sense of
security. For everyone gets old some day, and
when people feel perfectly secure of a happy
and comfortable life in old age, they will devote
themselves wholeheartedly to work.
II. Questions for discussion
1. What is domesticating? What is foreignizing?
Explain them through examples.
2. How do you understand the relationships
between “free translation and literal translation”
and “domesticating and foreignizing”? How do
you use them in your translation practice?
III. Introduction to
the techniques of translation

Techniques of translation refer to the experience
that people have accumulated in their practice of
translation. They include lots of skills in translation,
such as selection of word meaning, extension of
word meaning, conversion of parts of speeches
and sentence structures, long sentence translation,
paragraph and passage translation, translation of
articles of different kinds of styles, etc.
Eight Commonly-used Translation
Techniques
1. repetition(重复法)
2. amplification(增译法 )
3. omission(/省译法/减译法 )
4. conversion(词类转移法 )
5. inversion (词序调整法)
6. division(分译法)
7. negation(正说反译, 反说正译法)
8. the change of the voices(语态变换法)
1. Repetition
 I.
Teaching contents
 1. 根据词义或修辞需要增词
 2. 根据语法需要增词
 3. 重复译法
 1) 为了明确重复
 2) 为了强调重复
 3) 为了生动重复
 IV.
Teaching Method

Discussion (group work, then class work).
 V. Teaching procedures
1. Repetition(重复法)

重复也属于增词。翻译和写作一样。 本应力求简
练，尽量省略一些可有可无的词；有时为了明确、
强调或生动， 却往往需要将一些关键性的词加以
重复。例如：
(1)为了明确重复

汉语重复,英译时也重复

(2)为了强调重复
为了强调，汉语句子中往往重复关键性的词，以
使读者留下深刻印象，汉译英时往往可以采用同
样的重复手段。
汉语原文中有词的重复，译成英语时可以保持同
样的词的重复。


1. Repetition(重复法)
例如：
 他在凄雨中荡来荡去，想了又想，盘算了盘算。
 He wandered about in the chill rain, thinking and thinking,
brooding and brooding.
 先生们尽管可以高喊和平，和平！但是依然没有和平。
 Gentlemen many cry peace, peace---but there is no peace.
 血债要用血来还。
 Blood must atone for blood.
 他们往往一遍又一遍反复琢磨这些密件。
 They would read and re-read the secret notes.
1. Repetition(重复法)

(3)为了生动重复
根据两种语言各自的习惯用法,以不同的
表达方式进行重复,这种重复通常是为了传达
原文的生动性.

汉语中有大量四字词组，这是汉语的一在特点。四
字词组比较精炼，念起来顺口，有节奏感，在英译
时要注意词汇的选择，尽量保留原文生动活泼的修
辞效果。例如：
1. Repetition(重复法)
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他老是磨磨蹭蹭，马马虎虎，脾气又好得惊人，我们都对他
毫无办法。
With his tardiness, careless and appalling good temper, we
had nothing to do with him.
我的回答完全是坦坦荡荡，（直言无隐），不藏不掖。
I had been completely honest in my replies, withholding
nothing.
他的那些孩子，也是穿得破破烂烂，粗野不堪，就象没有父
母似的。
His children, too, were as ragged and wild as if they
belonged to nobody.
Examples
We have to analyze and solve problems.
 我们要分析问题，解决问题。
 Let’s revise our safety and sanitary regulations.
 我们来修改安全规则和卫生规则吧。
 Gentlemen may cry, peace, peace --- but there is
no peace.

先生们尽管可以高呼和平，和平！但是依然没有和
平。
 Nels had it all written out neatly.
 纳尔斯把它写得清清楚楚。

Examples
这种人闹什么东西呢?闹名誉,闹地位,闹出风头。
What are they after? They are after name, after position,
and they want to cut smart figure.
大(家庭)有大(家庭)的难处。
A large family has its difficulties.
天苍苍,野茫茫,风吹草低见牛羊。
The sky is blue, blue;
And the steppe wide, wide;
Over grass that the wind has battered low;
Sheep and oxen roam.
寻寻觅觅,冷冷清请,凄凄惨惨戚戚;乍暖还寒时侯,最难将
息。
(译文1）
Seek, seek; search, search;
Cold, cold; bare, bare;
Grief, grief; cruel, cruel grief.
Now warm, then like the autumn cold again,
How hard to calm the heart!
（译文2）
I seek but seek in vain,
I search and search again;
I feel so sad, so drear,
So lonely, without cheer. （许渊冲译）
青青河边草, 郁郁园中柳。
Green grows the grass upon the bank,
The willow shoots are long and lank.
2. Amplification(增译法 /增词法)
 Amplification: It means supplying necessary
words in our translation work so as to make the
version correct and clear. Words thus supplied
must be indispensable either syntactically or
semantically.
英语和汉语在语法方面差异很大， 比如英语有数的
变化、有时态、语态、语气变化、有情态的变化
（我们常称为三态一气），而汉语这样的变化很少，
如时态，只用着、了、过就解决了。在翻译中我们
要注意这些差别， 把英语中的数和三态一气等体现
出来。为了使译文忠实地表达原文的意思与风格并
使译文合乎表达习惯,必须增加一些词语,这就叫增
译法.
 增词义增加虚词为多，也可酌量增加实词。
 英译汉时经常增加的词有结构词、数量词、概念词、
语气词等。
 从增补的功能来看，可以分为结构增补、意义增补
和修辞增补。

I am looking forward to the holidays.
 我们等待假日的到来。
 Much of our morality is customary.
 我们大部分的道德观念都有习惯性。
 Reading makes a full man; conference a ready
man; and writing an exact man.
 读书使人充实，讨论使人机智，笔记使人精确。
 Histories make men wise; poets witty; the
mathematics subtle; natural philosophy deep;
moral grave; logic and rhetoric able to contend.
 读史使人明智，读诗使人灵秀，数学使人周密，科
学使人深刻，伦理使人庄重，逻辑修辞之学使人善
辩。

1. 没有调查研究就没有发言权。
He who makes no investigation and study has no
right to speak. (No investigation, no right to
speak.)
2. 子曰:“学而不思则罔, 思而不学则殆。”
Confucius said: “He who learns without thinking
is lost. He who thinks without learning remains
puzzled.”
3. 虚心使人进步, 骄傲使人落后。
Modesty helps one to go forward, whereas
conceit makes one lag behind.
4. 交出翻译之前,必须读几遍,看看有没有要修改
的地方. 这样你才能把工作做好。
Before handing in your translation, you have to
read it over and over again and see if there is
anything in it to be corrected or improved. Only
thus can you do your work well.
5. 只许州官放火, 不许百姓点灯。
The magistrate are free to burn down houses,
while the common people are forbidden even to
light lamps.
(One man may steal a horse, while another
may not look over the hedge.)
6. 班门弄斧
Showing off one’s proficiency with the axe
before Lu Ban the master carpenter.
7. 三个臭皮匠, 顶个诸葛亮。
Three cobblers with their wits combined
equal Zhuge Liang the master mind.
8. 留得青山在, 不怕没柴烧。
So long as green hills remain, there will
never be a shortage of firewood.
3. Omission(减译法)
Omission: In the process of translation we may
make proper omission of some individual words in
accordance with the corresponding laws inherent
in the two languages concerned in order to retain
and better express the original meaning.
 减译法是指原文中有些词在译文中不译出来,因为译
文中虽无其词而已有其意,或者在译文中是不言而喻
的;
 减译法是删去一些可有可无的, 或者有了反而累赘
或违背译文习惯表达法的词, 并不是把原文的某些
思想内容删去。例如：
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字母I代表“我”，O代表“欠”，U代表“你”。
The letter “I” represents I, “O” owe, and “U” you.
所有物体都由分子组成，而分子则由原子组成。
All bodies consists of molecules and these of atoms.
我们提前完成了我们的工作，他们也提前完成了他们的工作。
We have fulfilled our work ahead of schedule, so have they.
他在写学期论文时，遇到了重重困难。
He had met with great difficulties in writing his term paper.
雨也罢，晴也罢，我都要去那儿。
Rain or shine, I’ll go there.
你要是去北京的话，别忘了去看一看我弟弟。
If you go to Beijing, don’t forget to see my younger brother.
勇之过度则蛮，爱之过度则为宠，俭之过度则为贪。
Courage in excess becomes foolhardiness, affection
weakness, thrift avarice.
谁犯了纪律， 谁就应该受到批评。
 Whoever violates the disciplines should be
criticized.
 上大学的上大学了， 下乡的下乡了。
 Some have entered college and others have gone
to the countryside.
 他想给他们增加些援助， 增添些武器， 增派些人员。
 He wanted to send them more aid, more weapons
and a few more men.
 他既精于飞行， 又善于导航。
 He was proficient both as a flyer and as a navigator.
 幸福家庭有幸福家庭的苦恼。
 Happy families also had their own troubles.

 省译和增补是相辅相成的两种翻译技巧。省
译和分为结构省译和精炼压缩。
 所谓结构省译是由于英汉两种语言在句子结
构上的差异造成的。在英译汉时经常省略的
词有代词、系词、介词、连词、冠词、先行
词等。 作主语和定语的人称代词以及做定语
的物主代词均可省译。
 如果把结构省译看作是消极的省译手段，那
么精炼压缩则是积极的省译手段，前者明显，
后者隐晦。
A book is useful.
 书（是）由用（的）。
 The earth goes around the sun.
 地球绕太阳转。
 On Sundays we have no school.
 礼拜天我们不上学。
 If you write him, the response would be absolute
silence and void.
 你写信给他，总是石沉大海。
 A wise man will not marry a woman who has
attainments but no virtue.
 聪明的人是不会娶有才无德的女子为妻的。

 It
isn’t rum for a woman to want her old
husband back, for respectability,
though for a man to want his old wife
back – well, perhaps it is funny, rather!
 （一个）女人为了体面（的关系）而要
（她的从）前（的那个丈）夫回来，这
并不（是）奇怪（的事），虽然（一个）
男人要（他从）前（的那个）妻（子）
回来，也许是很有趣的事。
1. 我们要培养分析问题、 解决问题的能力。
We must cultivate the ability to analyze and solve
problems.
2. 郭沫若同志曾说: “中国人历来是勇于探索、勇
于创造、勇于革命的。”
Comrade Guo Moro once said: “The people of
China have always been courageous enough to
probe into things, to make inventions and to make
revolution.”
3. 他们为国家做的事, 比我们所做的多得多。
They have done much more for the state than we
have.
4. Conversion(词类转换法)

Conversion: It means that in translation a word in
one language belonging to a certain part of
speech is not necessarily to be turned into one of
the same part of speech in another language.
•
•
•
英译汉时词类转换的核心是根据需要将具有动作性的名词
转换为汉语的动词，或者将可表示概念的动词转换为汉语
名词。
汉译英时则反其道而行之。
在翻译过程中， 如果绝对地按照原语的词性进行翻译，有
时译文会显得晦涩或不符合译语的表达习惯。这时， 我们
可以对原语的词性进行转换翻译。汉译英中常见的词性转
换有以下几个方面。
 For
students of composition, an awareness
that rhetorical patterns differ from one
culture to another can help them become
more quickly proficient in a writing pattern
that is not native to them.
 学习写作的人若能意识到各种文化在修辞模
式上的差别，则有助于他们迅速掌握对他们
来说是外在的写作模式。
In those years the Republicans were in.
 那些年是共和党执政。
 The music is a gas.
 这音乐妙极了。
 Saud was a frustrated man at that time.
 沙特那时已受挫折。
 Traditionally, there had always been good relations
between them.
 . 他们之间一直有着传统的友好关系。
 This experiment is a great success.
 这次实验是极为成功的。

1) 语言这个东西不是随便可以学好的, 非下苦
功不可。
The mastery of language is not easy and
requires painstaking effort.
2) 一定要少说空话,多做工作。
There must be less empty talk and more
hard work.
3. 徐悲鸿画马画得特别好。
Xu Beihong’s drawings (paintings) of
horses are exceptionally good.
4. 林则徐认为, 要成功地禁止鸦片买卖,就
得首先把鸦片焚毁。
Lin Zexu believed that a successful ban of
the trade in opium must be preceded by the
destruction of the drug itself.
5. Inversion(词序调整法)

Inversion: By inversion in translation we mean that the
constituent elements of a sentence are arranged in way
different from the general rules of word order of the
language in question.
1 发生了这样的事不是你的错。
It’s not your fault that this has happened.
2 她，一个瘦弱多病的女孩子，以她坚强的毅力写出了一部催人奋进的小
说。
A thin and weak girl susceptible to diseases, she wrote one inspiring
novel after another with her strong will.
3 一直在一旁观看的小学生们开始鼓起掌来。
The pupils that had been watching started to applaud.
4 会议没能取得一致意见就结束了。
The meeting ended in disagreement (without
reaching a consensus).
5 这所大学现有计算机科学、高能物理、
激光、地球物理、遥感技术、遗传工程
六个专业。
This university has six faculties, namely,
Computer Science, High Energy Physics,
Laser, Geo-physics, Remote Sensing and
Genetic Engineering.
6. Negation(正说反译、反说正译法)

Negation: It means in translation some words,
phrases or sentences with negative expression
in SL may be transformed into affirmative
expression in TL. Vice versa, some affirmative
expression in SL may be transformed into
negative expression in TL, to make the version
clearer and more explicit.
反说
英语词句中含有 “never”, “no”, “non-”,
“un-”, “im-”, “ir-”, “-less” 等成分； 汉语词句中含有 “不，没，
无，未，甭，别，休，莫，非，勿，毋” 等成
1 我想小李明天不会来了。
I don’t think Xiao Li will com tomorrow.
2 我们的人民解放军无愧于伟大的人民军队的称号。
Our PLA is worthy of being called a great army of the
people.
3 雷锋的高尚行为是赞扬不尽的。
Lei Feng’s noble deeds are above all praise.
4 她光着脚走进房间。
She came into the room with no shoes on.
5 法律面前人人平等。
Law is no respecter of persons.
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She refrained from laughing.
她忍住了，没有发笑。
She was refused admittance by them.
他们不许她进去。
An opportunity is not likely to repeat itself.
良机难再。
All that glitters is not gold.
All is not lost. 并非全失。
But all men are not born to reign.
并非人人生来就都是作帝王的。
All that flatter you too much are not faithful friends.
吹捧你的人并非都是你的忠实朋友。
Both children are not clever.
两个孩子都不都聪明。
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闲人莫入。
Private.
切勿倒置。
Keep upright.
油漆未干。
Wet paint.
市区通道，不准停车。
Urban clearway.
易燃物品，请勿近火。
Inflammables --- keep away from fire.
凭票退还押金。
No deposit will be refunded unless ticket produced.
以上参观项目遇雨停止或改期。
These visits will operate only if weather permits.
 If
you forward the transcripts yourself, they
can be considered official only if the school
envelope has remained sealed.
 如果你本人递交证件，只有校方信封保持密
封才可以被认为是正视的。（误）
 如果证件由申请人本人递交，则本人不得擅
自启封，否则证件将视为无效。（正）
7. Division(分译法)
 Division: It means the necessary splitting of a
long sentence into shorter ones.
 分译法主要用于长句的翻译。
 以《毛泽东选集》英译本为例，说明汉语长
句的分译法。
1. 如果长句以一表示判断或小结的从句结
尾，可使用分译法。例如：
这些国家的共产党和进步党派，正促使它们
的政府和我们作生意，以至建立外交关系，这是善
意的，这就是援助。
The communist Parties and progressive
groups in these countries are urging their
government to establish trade and even
diplomatic relations with us. This is goodwill. This
is help.
2. 如果汉语句子较长，其中有语气或话题
的转折， 为了使英译文明确，可进行分译。
例如：
蒋介石说，中国过去没有内战，只有剿匪；
不管叫什么吧，总之要发动反人民的内战。
Chiang Kai-shek says there has never
been any “civil war” in China, only “bandit
suppression”. Whatever he likes to call it, the
fact is he wants to start a civil war against the
people.
3. 如果汉语长句中含有反问句（或反诘句）
或感叹号，英译时通常要分译。
不和中国的人民民主专政的当局好好地打交
道，却要干这些混帐工作，而且公开地发表出来，
丢脸！丢脸！
Instead of dealing with the authorities of the
Chinese people’s democratic dictatorship in the
proper way, Acheson and his like are doing
filthy work, and what is more, they have openly
published it. What a loss of face! What a loss of
face!
蒋介石说要建国，今后就是建什么国的斗争，是
建立一个无产阶级领导的人民大众的新民主主义国家呢，
还是建立一个大地主大资产阶级专政的半殖民地半封建
的国家呢？
Chiang Kai-shek talks about “building the
country”. From now on the struggle will be to build
what sort of country. To build a new-democratic
country of the broad masses under the leadership of
the proletariat? Or to build a semi-colonial and semifeudal country under the dictatorship of the big
landlords and the big bourgeoisie?
4. 如果汉语长句中含有从一般到具体或从
具体到一般的过渡，英译时应分译。例如：
这一点现在就必须向党内讲明白，务必使同志们继
续地保持谦虚、谨慎、不骄不躁地作风，务必使同志们
继续地保持艰苦奋斗地作风。
This must be made clear now in the Party. The
comrades must be taught to remain modest, prudent
and free from arrogance and rashness in their style of
work. The comrades must be taught to preserve the
style of plain living and hard struggle.
5. 如果汉语长句中含有几个平行的句子，
各讲一方面的内容， 英译时最好分译。
例如：
我军的现代化，就是要有一支强大的陆军海军空
军，要有现代化的武器装备，包括导弹和核武器，
要严格训练，要按实战要求苦练过硬的杀敌本领，
熟练掌握使用现代化武器装备的新技术，以及随之
而来的新战术。
Our army’s modernization calls for
powerful ground, air and naval forces and
modern arms and equipment, including
guided missiles and weapons; it calls for
rigorous and hard training to develop the
ability to wipe out the enemy as required
in actual combat; it calls for mastery of
the new techniques involved in handling
modern arms and equipment and of the
new tactics entailed.
8. The change of the voices
(语态变换法)
 被动变主动
－－－主动变被动
 英语比汉语用更多的被动语态；
 英语中用被动语态的句子翻译成汉语时，我
们可根据汉语的语言习惯吧被动语态转换成
主动语态；
 汉语中用主动语态的句子也可根据具体情况
转换成被动语态。
 说话时，已摆了茶果上来。（《红楼梦》，
第三回）
 Meanwhile refreshments had been served.
 当下茶果已撤，贾母命两个老嬷嬷带了黛玉
去见两个母舅。（第三回）
 Now the refreshments had been cleared
away and the Lady Dowager ordered two
nurses to take Daiyu to see her two uncles.






林如海已葬入祖坟了，诸事停妥，贾琏方进京的。（16）
Lin Ruhai had been buried in the ancestral graveyard and
his obsequies completed, Jia Lian was able to start back
for the capital.
至晚饭后，宝玉因吃了两杯酒，眼饧（xing）耳热之际，若
往日则有个袭人等大家喜笑有兴，今日却冷冷清清的一人对
灯，好没兴趣。（21）
After dinner, flushed by a few cups of wine, Baoyu would
normally have amused himself with Xiren and the others;
but this evening he sat all alone, disconsolate, by the lamp.
当下众人七言八语。(25)
By now proposals of all kinds were being made.
注意英语常用被动句型的汉语习惯译法
 It
is hoped that… 希望……
 It is reported that… 据报道……
 It is said that… 据说……
 It is supposed that… 据推测……
 Its must be admitted that… 必须承认……
 It must be pointed out that…必须指出……
 It is asserted that… 有人主张……
 It
is believed that… 有人相信……
 It is well known that… 众所周知……
 It will be said that… 人们会说……
 It was told that…人们曾说……
 I was told that… 我听说……