Transcript Document 7327604

French Colonization in
North America
• The first permanent French settlements in
North America:
– Acadia in 1604
– Quebec in 1608.
• Goal: establish a fur trade with the natives
– Also tried to convert natives to Christianity
Virginia’s DeVelopment
• The 1st successful English settlement in North
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America is founded at Jamestown, Virginia
(1607)
Jamestown funded by a joint stock company
(investors known as the Virginia Company)
English Settlers Struggle in
North America
• 150 male settlers founded Jamestown (named for King
James I)
• Goal = profit ($$$$)
• Initial Result = DISASTER!
– No food
– Disease
• Captain John Smith eventually forces colonists to farm
and gets help from the Powhatan people
Starving Time
• The Powhatan people:
– Provided food
– Taught farming techniques
– Thought the colonists would soon leave.
• 1609: 600 more colonists arrived at Jamestown.
• Result: The Powhatan people were outraged.
– Destroyed farms
– Murdered many colonists.
• This period became known as “starving time.”
“Brown golD”
aka Tobacco
• Introduced to colonists by the Powhatan
• The exotic plant became very popular in Europe.
– Demand and prices rose dramatically.
– Helped boost the colonial economy.
– Eventually, Jamestown lost its charter and became a
royal colony.
•WHY??????
Indentured Servants
and Slavery
• Problem:
– Tobacco cultivation = labor intensive
• Solution:
– The “headright system” introduced
• Indentured Servants
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– Plantation owners paid for a settler’s passage to the
New World in exchange for 4-7 years of labor.
Problem:
– Europeans didn’t like hard labor
• Solution:
– 1st Africans arrive via Dutch ships in 1619
– By late 1600s costly slaves begin to be imported.
House of Burgesses
• = the first legislature anywhere in the English
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colonies
First met on July 30, 1619, at a church in
Jamestown. (Virginia)
Problem: Many frontier colonists felt they had no
representation
Solution: some decided to take the law into their
own hands.
Bacon’s reBellion
• Frontier colonists had no military support from the Virginia
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legislature.
Wealthy members of the gov’t refused to fund a war with
the natives.
Frontier response
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Nathaniel Bacon raised his own army (1676).
Bacon ‘s army marched on Jamestown to voice their grievances
The confrontation turned violent.
Bacon’s army set fire to the town and forced many wealthy
politicians to flee for their lives.
The Settlement of New
England
puritans create a “new
englanD”
• Puritans = wanted to “purify” the Church of
•
England.
Separatists (AKA Pilgrims) wanted to break
away from Church of England
– Founded the Plymouth Colony
• Mayflower Compact
– Created a civil government
– Basis for American democratic government
Settlement of New England
• In 1630, a joint-stock company founded the
Massachusetts Bay Colony
– Led by Puritan Governor John Winthrop
• Goal = make the colony a “City On the Hill.”
• Leaders were church members with duty to do
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“God’s will.”
The community made sure that everyone behaved
in a “God-fearing” way.
Half-Way Covenant
• Early Puritan colonies required church members to:
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– Get baptized
– Experience a “conversion experience”
Only then could colonists participate in government
The Half-Way Covenant = a religious-political solution
– Allowed children of baptized but unconverted church
members to be baptized
– Could then become church members and have
political rights.
Settlement of New England
• Roger Williams
– Extreme Separatist minister w/ controversial
views.
– General Court orders his arrest and forces him
to flee.
– He founds colony of Providence (Rhode Island)
in 1636.
• Williams guaranteed separation of church
and state & religious freedom
• Anne Hutchinson teaches that ministers are
unnecessary to speak to God; banished in
1638.
Salem Witch Trials
• Tension in Salem:
– Woman had limited role in society
– Class tensions (haves vs. have-nots)
• Witch Trials:
– Salem, Massachusetts (1692)
• Slave woman accused of witchcraft
• Led to mass hysteria
– Poor/less fortunate people accused of witchcraft
– 19 people killed
King philip’s war
Settlers continue to spread west. Natives thought land
treaties established with colonists were temporary.
Deprived of land, natives were forced to work for
colonists and follow Puritan laws.
1675, Wampanoag chief Metacom (“King Philip”)
organized tribes to wipe out settlers in 1675.
King Philip’s War was fierce. Hunger, disease &
casualties led to native defeat.
Connecticut
• Founded by the Dutch
• Taken over by the English, led by Thomas
Hooker
– Created the Fundamental Orders of Connecticut
• First written constitution that created a
government
• Foundation for the U.S. Constitution
Mid-Atlantic Colonies
Development of Mid-Atlantic
Colonies
• 1621: the Dutch West India Co. colonizes New Netherland
– Capital = New Amsterdam
– Settlers from other European countries and Africa are welcomed.
– Traded for furs with Native Americans.
• 1664, the duke of York drove out the Dutch and took
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control of the colony
Goal: unify English controlled territory
Renamed New York.
Settlement of Pennsylvania
• Quaker Beliefs
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Equality
Cooperation
religious toleration
Pacifism
• In 1681: William Penn settles the colony of
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Pennsylvania
Goal: “holy experiment.”
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adult males get 50 acres & right to vote
representative assembly
freedom of religion
est. good relation w/ natives
The Great Awakening
• Puritans lose grip on Massachusetts society and
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church membership declines.
Minister Jonathan Edwards preaches that people
are sinful and must seek God’s mercy.
Led a religious revival in the 1730s & 1740s known
as the Great Awakening
– questions authority and stresses the importance of
individuals
The North & The South
Commerce Grows in the
North
• New England:
– Small farms (cold winters, rocky soil)
• Middle colonies
– Livestock & crops
– Export surplus
• Result: A diverse commercial economy develops
• By mid-1700s, merchants are a powerful group in
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the north.
Growth in trade leads to large port cities in New
York, Boston & Philadelphia.
Northern Society is Diverse
• Immigrants:
– 1700s, the North experienced a large influx of
German, Scots-Irish, Dutch and Jewish immigrants
– Encounter prejudice and clash with Native
Americans
• Slavery
– Less than in the South
– Highly restricted legal rights
British North American
Economy Grows
• Colonists export raw
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materials & import
manufactured goods
– Result: $$$$$$$
English Parliament saw
exports to other countries
as an economic threat
– Passed the Navigation
Acts in 1651 to restrict
colonial trade.
Mercantilism: favorable
balance of trade where
more wealth is coming in
than going out
• Problem:
Tensions Emerge
– Some colonists resent the Navigation Acts
– Continue to smuggle goods abroad, primarily
with the Dutch and French.
• Result:
– 1684: King Charles revokes Massachusetts’
corporate charter and creates a royal colony.
– 1685: King James creates the Dominion of
New England, which united territory from
Maine to New Jersey under British rule.
The Agricultural South
A Plantation Economy Arises
• Fertile soil = an explosive growth of an agricultural
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based economy.
Dependent on Cash Crops
Navigable rivers allow planters to ship goods
directly to markets
Most plantations are self-sufficient and few cities
grow.
Most Southerners are small scale farmers, but
wealthy planters control the economy.
Slave Life in Southern
Society
• Problem:
– In 1700s, reports of hardships keep European labor
(indentured servants) away.
• Result:
– Colonists turn to African slaves to fill need for labor.
• The Middle Passage was the middle leg of the
transatlantic slave trade.
– 20% or more of African slaves on ships die during transport
to the colonies.
Growth of African Culture
• Southern slaves tried to preserve
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their cultural heritage through
crafts, music, stories and dance.
Still, brutal owners regularly split up
families as they saw fit.
Many slaves resisted and tried to
escape or led rebellions like the
Stono Rebellion of 1739.
Triangular Trade Routes
The Enlightenment
Origins
• Scientific Revolution
– Copernicus, Galileo, Newton
• 1700s
– Philosophers in Europe
• Ideas spread to colonies
– Spread quickly through books & pamphlets
Enlightenment Ideas
• Optimistic belief in science, logic & reason
• Prompted a spirit of inquiry & invention
• Emphasis on scientific method
• Natural Rights
– Rights that belong to every person, regardless
of rank or citizenship
– i.e. Zenger Case
Benjamin Franklin
• Leading Enlightenment
thinker
• Embraced idea of obtaining
truth through
experimentation