Transcript Richmond Falls April 2, 1865 - Lee Surrenders

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April 2, 1865 - Richmond Falls
April 7, Lee sends message to Grant
April 9, 1865 Lee Surrenders
at Appomattox Courthouse
April 14,1865 - Fords Theatre
Abraham Lincoln assassinated
John Wilkes Booth
Copperhead
Conspiracy
Ford’s Theater (April 14, 1865)
The Assassin
John Wilkes Booth
The Assassination
WANTED~~!!
Now He Belongs to the Ages!
The Execution
Civil War DEATHS
Comparison to Other Wars
LINCOLN’S PLAN
HE BELIEVED THAT:
1) The rebellion was the work of
individual southerners
(BIG Money politics)
2) The President should decide
reconstruction
3) Reconstruction should be “lenient”,
“Bind the Country together &
create a Lasting Peace”
Purpose – to bring Southern states back into the
Union
UNITED STATES in CRISIS
•Military Casualties
•Physical/Economic Crisis
•Constitutional Crisis
•Political Crisis
•Social Crisis
•Psychological Crisis
Key Questions
1. How do we
bring the South
back into the
Union?
2. How do we
rebuild the
South after its
destruction
during the war?
4. What branch
of government
should control
the process of
Reconstruction?
3. How do we
integrate and
protect newlyemancipated
black freedmen?
“What conditions should be placed
upon the southern states before
permitting them to return to the Union
and assume their former rights?”
 “Which branch of the Gov’t should
determine what conditions the south
should follow(President/Congress)?”
 “What political, economic & social
rights should be granted to blacks, &
how do you enforce these rights?”

Effects of the Civil War and
RECONSTRUCTION
What Goals should the government
set to Reconstruct the South?
Effects of the War are devastating in
the South - Resources, Money, and
Opportunity are almost non-existent
In what ways can the South rebuild it’s
devastated economy?
How can Northern resources help the
South to rebuild after the war?
What can the government do to assist
African Americans in the South?
2 Plans for Reconstruction
 (1) =
President’s Plan
(LINCOLN / JOHNSON)
RECONSTRUCTION
create lasting peace by bringing the South
back into the “Union” as quick as possible

(2) = Congress Plan
(Wade-Davis Bill)
RADICAL RECONSTRUCTION
the South is “Conquered Territory”,
to be reformed as Congress desires
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Lincoln’s Plan for Reconstruction
– RECONSTRUCTION
– Lincoln’s 10 Percent Plan
 Radical Republicans
 Thaddeus Stevens
– Radical Reaction
 WADE-DAVIS BILL
Johnson’s Plan
– Johnson continues
Lincoln’s Plan
– Presidential Reconstruction
Comes to a Standstill
 FREEDMEN’s BUREAU
– Civil Rights Act of 1866
 BLACK CODES

Congressional Reconstruction
– Moderates & Radicals Join Forces
 14th Amendment
– 1866 Congressional Elections
– Reconstruction Act of 1867
– Johnson Impeached
 IMPEACH
– Ulysses S. Grant Elected
 15th Amendment
Section 2
RECONSTRUCTING
SOCIETY

Conditions in the Postwar South
–
–
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–
–
Scalawags and Carpetbaggers

SCALAWAGS

CARPETBAGGERS
African Americans as Voters
Political Differences
–
New-Won Freedoms
Reunification of Families
Education
Churches and Volunteer Groups
Politics and African Americans

HIRAM REVELS
Laws against Segregation
Opposition to Reconstruction
–
–
–
–
Physical and Economic Conditions
Public Works Programs

FREEDMEN’s BUREAU
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Scandals & Money Crisis Hurts Republicans
–
–
–
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–
“40 Acres and a Mule”
Restoration of Plantations
Sharecropping and Tenant Farming
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SHARE CROPPING
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TENANT FARMING
Cotton No Longer KING
Ulysses S. Grant Administration
Fraud & Bribery

CREDIT MOBLIER SCANDAL
Republican Unity Shattered
Continued Scandal
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WHISKEY RING
Economic Turmoil
–
–
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–
–
–
–
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Panic of 1873
Currency Dispute
Judicial & Popular Support Fades
Changes in the Southern Economy
–
–
–
KU KLUX KLAN
Economic Pressure
Legislative Response
Shifts in Political Power
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Former Slaves Face Many Challenges
–
–
–
–
–
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Politics in the Postwar South
–
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Section 3:
COLLAPSE of
RECONSTRUCTION
Supreme Court Decisions
Northern Support Fades

REDEMPTION (S. Democrats)
Election of 1876

Rutherford B. Hayes

Compromise of 1877
Home Rule in the South
Legacy of Reconstruction
–
Success / Failure
The War’s Aftermath

Physical Toll
DESTROYED
– 2/3 southern shipping
– 9,000 miles RR lines
– 1/3 of ALL livestock
– Billions of $$$$$ of farms, buildings,
machinery, bridges, roads, factories,
and cities DESTROYED
Human Toll
– NORTH 364,000
– SOUTH 260,000
1 out of 3 killed or wounded
– SOUTH civilians attacked
( orphans & widows – war atrocities )
 Southern Hardships
– (1) Black Southerners (3 mill freed)
New Lives- poor region, few jobs
ruined economy, inflation
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 (2)
Plantation Owners
$3 billion lost property
Captured & Abandoned Property Act
huge postwar debts,
worthless Confederate money ($)
 Sherman’s
“March to the Sea”
will capture lands
along the coast
 What do we do with
the captured lands?
On January 12, 1865, in the midst of his "March to the
Sea" during the Civil War, General William T.
Sherman and Secretary of War Edwin M. Stanton met
with 20 Black community leaders of Savannah, Georgia
to discuss the Emancipation proclamation and the
freedom of previously enslaved individuals.
Based on their input, General Sherman's Special Field
Order #15 on January 16, 1865 was to set aside the Sea
Islands and a 30 mile Inland tract of land, starting
along the Southern Coast of Charleston and extending
down to the St. Johns River, Florida, for the exclusive
settlement of Blacks. Each family would receive 40
acres of land, and an army mule to work the land, thus
"Forty Acres and a Mule." General Rufus Saxton was
assigned by Sherman to implement the order.
 Sherman’s
 Primary
Field Order 15
Source
– “40 Acres and a Mule” for the
Coastal Areas Lands under Sherman’s
Union control
 Who
will keep the land?
– 5th Amendment protections - property
 (Due
Process of Law) argument
– CAN’T take property without Due Process
– Property Owners v. Freed Slaves?

MUST HAVE MINIMUM
COVER PAGE
(Name of Newspaper - SLOGAN
to capture interest - Picture)
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EDITORIAL ARTICLES (2)
Opinion concerning an Historical Event
HISTORICAL ARTICLES (2)
YOU ARE THERE – What do you SEE, FEEL, HEAR?
OBITUARIES (2)
Someone that Everyone will recognize
PICTURES
(6) incorporate into your:
Cover Page – Editorials – Articles - Obituaries
Remember:
DON’T LET FACTS
GET IN THE WAY OF A GOOD STORY!
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Lincoln’s Plan for Reconstruction
– RECONSTRUCTION
– Lincoln’s 10 Percent Plan
 Radical Republicans
 Thaddeus Stevens
– Radical Reaction
 WADE-DAVIS BILL
Johnson’s Plan
– Johnson continues
Lincoln’s Plan
– Presidential Reconstruction
Comes to a Standstill
 FREEDMEN’s BUREAU
– Civil Rights Act of 1866
 BLACK CODES

Congressional Reconstruction
– Moderates & Radicals Join Forces
 14th Amendment
– 1866 Congressional Elections
– Reconstruction Act of 1867
– Johnson Impeached
 IMPEACH
– Ulysses S. Grant Elected
 15th Amendment
Section 2
RECONSTRUCTING
SOCIETY

Conditions in the Postwar South
–
–

–
–
Scalawags and Carpetbaggers

SCALAWAGS

CARPETBAGGERS
African Americans as Voters
Political Differences
–
New-Won Freedoms
Reunification of Families
Education
Churches and Volunteer Groups
Politics and African Americans

HIRAM REVELS
Laws against Segregation
Opposition to Reconstruction
–
–
–
–
Physical and Economic Conditions
Public Works Programs

FREEDMEN’s BUREAU

Scandals & Money Crisis Hurts Republicans
–
–
–

–
“40 Acres and a Mule”
Restoration of Plantations
Sharecropping and Tenant Farming

SHARE CROPPING

TENANT FARMING
Cotton No Longer KING
Ulysses S. Grant Administration
Fraud & Bribery

CREDIT MOBLIER SCANDAL
Republican Unity Shattered
Continued Scandal

WHISKEY RING
Economic Turmoil
–
–

–
–
–
–

Panic of 1873
Currency Dispute
Judicial & Popular Support Fades
Changes in the Southern Economy
–
–
–
KU KLUX KLAN
Economic Pressure
Legislative Response
Shifts in Political Power

Former Slaves Face Many Challenges
–
–
–
–
–


Politics in the Postwar South
–

Section 3:
COLLAPSE of
RECONSTRUCTION
Supreme Court Decisions
Northern Support Fades

REDEMPTION (S. Democrats)
Election of 1876

Rutherford B. Hayes

Compromise of 1877
Home Rule in the South
Legacy of Reconstruction
–
Success / Failure
2 Plans for Reconstruction
 (1) =
President’s Plan
(LINCOLN / JOHNSON)
RECONSTRUCTION
create lasting peace by bringing the South
back into the “Union” as quick as possible

(2) = Congress Plan
(Wade-Davis Bill)
RADICAL RECONSTRUCTION
the South is “Conquered Territory”,
to be reformed as Congress desires
After the WAR – Plans to Rebuild
Congressional
Plan



RADICAL
RECONSTRUCTION
REVENGE
Yale University Lecture
Lincoln / Johnson
– 10 % Plan
Thaddeus Stevens
– Wade / Davis Bill
– Reconstruction Acts

Presidents Plan

RECONSTRUCTION
(Create Lasting Peace)

PEACE (Lenient)
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(1) All Southerners
(except High ranking
Confederate officials),
should be pardoned
after taking a loyalty oath
When 10% of the voters
in the state took the oath
the state could form a
legal government.
(
Lincoln’s 10% Plan )
Andrew Johnson implements Lincoln’s
plans, by 1866 most states re-established.
President Lincoln’s Plan
10% Plan (Loyalty Oath)
Intended to make the South’s
return to the Union as quick &
easy as possible
Pardon all Confederates who
would swear allegiance to the US
When 10% of 1860 voters took
the oath states could elect
Representatives & Senators to
Congress
Wade-Davis Bill (1864)
 Required 50% of the
number of 1860 voters to
take an oath of allegiance
to the US
Senator
Benjamin
Wade
(R-OH)
 Radical Republicans
sponsored the
Wade-Davis Bill
Congr.
Henry
W. Davis
(R-MD)
Wade-Davis Bill (1864)
Lincoln used a pocket veto to kill
the bill after Congress adjourned.
The assassination of Lincoln left
President Johnson to deal with
Reconstruction.
President
Lincoln
Pocket
Veto
Wade-Davis
Bill
President Johnson’s Plan (10%+)
 Offered amnesty upon simple oath to all except
Confederate civil and military officers and those with
property over $20,000
(they could apply directly to Johnson)
 In new constitutions, they must accept minimum
conditions repudiating slavery, secession and state
debts.
 Named provisional governors in Confederate states and
called them to oversee elections for constitutional
conventions.
EFFECTS?
1. Disenfranchised certain leading Confederates.
2. Pardoned planter aristocrats brought them back
to political power to control state organizations.
3. Republicans were outraged that planter elite
were back in power in the South!
13th Amendment
 Abolished slavery and involuntary
servitude
 Congress shall have power to enforce
this article by appropriate legislation.
 Ratified in December, 1865.
Yale University Lecture
Reconstruction:
“A NEW REVOLUTION and
NEW DEFINITION of the UNITED STATES”
Freedmen’s Bureau School
The Freedmen’s Bureau
Officially called the Bureau of Freedmen,
Refugees and Abandoned Lands
 Issued emergency food rations,
clothes and shelter for the homeless
victims of the war (whites and blacks)
 Tasked with an extensive education
program for the freed slaves
 Served as an early employment agency
for African Americans

Growing Northern Alarm!
 Many Southern state
constitutions fell short of
minimum requirements.
 Johnson granted 13,500
special pardons.
 Revival of southern defiance.
BLACK CODES
13th - Abolished Slavery
 Freedmen’s Bureau - Food &
Clothing, Hospitals, Schools

– Red Cross (Clara Barton)
Black Codes - Recognized some
rights but not ALL (Restricted some of
the Rights of Freed Blacks in the
South)
 Civil Rights Act of 1866 – provided
Citizenship for former slaves and
abolished the Black Codes

Slavery is Dead?
Radical Reconstruction
(CONGRESS)
1865 - Congress
(Radical Republicans)
refused to recognize the “new” southern
governments, and condemned
Johnson’s Reconstruction Plan.
 1866 election (Republican control)
 Held the “Majority” in Congress ( 2/3 )

– Can OVERIDE any Presidential Veto
Congress Breaks with the President
 Congress bars Southern
Congressional delegates.
 Joint Committee on
Reconstruction created.
 February, 1866  President
vetoed the Freedmen’s
Bureau bill.
 March, 1866  Johnson
vetoed the 1866 Civil Rights Act.
 Congress passed both bills over
Johnson’s vetoes 
1st in U. S. history!!
Radical Plan for Readmission
 Civil authorities in the territories were
subject to military supervision.
 Required new state constitutions,
including Black suffrage and ratification
of the 13th and 14th Amendments.
 In March, 1867, Congress passed an
act that authorized the military to
enroll eligible black voters and begin the
process of constitution making.
th
14
Amendment
 Defines CITIZENSHIP
*
Provide a constitutional guarantee of the
rights and security of freed people.
*
Insure against Neo-Confederate political
power (NO Confederates hold office)
*
What is a Confederate?
*
Ratified in July, 1868.
 Southern states would be punished for
denying the right to vote to black citizens!
Reconstruction Acts of 1867
 Military Reconstruction Act
 Command of the Army Act
 Tenure of
Office Act
Military Reconstruction Act
After the WAR
Congressional Plan Presidents Plan
 Thaddeus Stevens
 Lincoln / Johnson
– Wade / Davis Bill
 10 % Plan
– Reconstruction Acts
– States

RADICAL
RECONSTRUCTION

RECONSTRUCTION

REVENGE

PEACE (Lenient)

Who, What, When

Who, What, When
The Tenure of Office Act
 The Senate
MUST APPROVE any
presidential dismissal of
a cabinet official or
general of the army.
 Designed to protect
Radical members within
Executive government.
 Question of the
constitutionality of this
law from the start.
Edwin Stanton
President Johnson’s Impeachment
 Johnson removed Stanton in February, 1868.
 Johnson replaced generals in the field who
were more sympathetic to Radical
Reconstruction. CHARGES
 The House impeached him on February 24
before even
drawing up the
charges by a
vote of

126 – 47!
The Senate Trial
 11 week trial.
 Johnson acquitted
35 to 19 (one short
of required 2/3 vote).
President Johnson Impeached

Tenure of Office Act (1867)
-To Control the Executive Branch
– Charged with “High Crimes & Misdemeanors”
led by Radical Republicans.
– Failed by 1 vote to get a 2/3 majority necessary for
the conviction. POWER of PRES. DECLINES

Election of 1868 - Ulysses S. Grant
– elected President in 1868
( Radical Republicans endorse candidate )

Reconstruction ACTS placed the South
under Federal Troops control. ( 5 districts )
Reconstruction Acts - Martial Law
 14th - Defines Citizenship Rights
 15th - Guarantees Voting Rights
 Civil Rights Act- Protects Rights of
Freed Slaves in the South

14th Amendment
 ( Citizenship Rights )
- disqualified ANY
Confederate leaders
from ever holding office in State
Governments. what is a confederate?
( ONLY Tenn. would ratify the 14th )
 Civil Rights Acts (1866)

- weaken the “Black Codes”
- Use Federal Troops to control the South

Freedmen’s Bureau Act(1866)
- Provide food, clothing, jobs, schools
Radical Reconstruction Acts
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

Civil Rights Acts (1866)
- weaken the “Black Codes”
- Use Federal Troops to control the South
Freedmen’s Bureau Act(1866)
- Provide food, clothing, jobs, schools
14th Amendment ( Citizenship Rights )
- disqualified ANY Confederate leaders from
ever holding office in State Governments.
( ONLY Tenn. would ratify the 14th )
1st Reconstruction Act - Divided the
South into 5 military districts ( Military Law )
Conditions in the South

Physical Destruction
–
–
–
–

2/3 southern shipping
9,000 miles RR lines
1/3 of ALL livestock
Billions of $$$$$ of farms, buildings, machinery, bridges, roads
factories, and cities DESTROYED
Economic Destruction
– $3 billion lost property Captured & Abandoned Property Act
huge postwar debts & taxes, worthless Confederate money ($)
– NO jobs, resources, opportunities

Human Death Toll
– NORTH 364,000
– SOUTH 260,000 1 out of 3 killed or wounded
– SOUTH civilians attacked ( orphans & widows )

War Atrocities
Black & White
Political Participation
The Balance of Power in
Congress
State
White
Citizens
Freedmen
SC
291,000
411,000
Miss
353,000
436,000
Louis
357,000
350,000
GA
591,000
465,000
AL
596,000
437,000
VA
719,000
533,000
NC
631,000
331,000
Black Senate & House Delegates
Colored Rule
in the
South?
Blacks in Southern Politics
 Core voters were black veterans.
 Blacks were politically unprepared.
 Blacks could register and vote in states
since 1867.
The 15th
Amendment
guaranteed
federal
voting.
15th Amendment
 Ratified in 1870.
 The right of citizens of the United States
to vote shall not be denied or abridged by
the United States or by any state on
account of race, color, or previous
condition of servitude.
 The Congress shall have power to enforce
this article by appropriate legislation.
 Women’s rights groups were furious that
they were not granted the vote!

African American POLITICS
– Most 1st were
FREE BORN
– By 1867 former slaves
are IN as well



Hiram Revels
– 1st African American SENATOR
By 1866 most states END BLACK
CODES
Morehouse College Established
in Atlanta in 1867 (Augusta Institute)
– Ministry
– Education
Freedmen’s Bureau (1865)
 Many Northerners
moved South after
the war.
 To AID the South
 To GET RICH off
the weakened South
 Called
“carpetbaggers” by
white southern
Democrats.

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

CARPETBAGGERS - Northerners who went
South after the War
+ Help Freed Blacks in the South
- Gain Fortunes through “taking advantage”
of the “worn torn South”
- will control Southern Governments
SCALAWAGS - Southerners who
cooperated with Carpetbaggers & the newly
formed Governments.
Political Corruption in New Governments
Secret societies fight to control
the south vs -carpetbaggers,
scalawags, former slaves
KU KLUX KLAN
“Invisible Empire of the South”
Enforcement Acts
of 1870 & 1871
[also known as the
KKK Act].
The Civil Rights Act of 1875
 Crime for any individual to deny full &
equal use of public conveyances and
public places.
 Prohibited discrimination in jury selection.
 Shortcoming  lacked a strong
enforcement mechanism.
How to Rebuild the
Economy of the South?

Southern Farmers (white and black)
have the SKILLS to be successful, but:
– lack $$$ money for crops
– Lack Tools and Equipment
– Lack Land to produce crops

Land Owners lack skilled labor to work
the land
Sharecropping
Changes in Farming




Small farmers lack $ to buy land
Owners need for labor sources to work land
During Reconstruction former slaves and many
small white farmers became trapped in a new
system of economic exploitation known as
sharecropping.
In exchange for land, a cabin, and supplies
sharecroppers agreed to raise a cash crop and
give half the crop to their landlord.
SHARECROPPING - farmed land
( received % of harvest - 1/3 to 1/2 )
High interests rates charged for goods
bought on credit transformed
sharecropping into a system of
economic dependency and poverty.
 TENANT FARMING - rent land to
farm ( You chose what to plant )

Changes in Farming

Small farmers lack $ to buy land
– SHARECROPPING - farmed land
( received % of harvest - 1/3 to 1/2 )

TENANT FARMING - rent land to
farm ( You chose what to plant )
– SHARE Tenant

Keep 2/3 of profits
– Cash Tenant

Keep ALL profits
Tenant Farming Crop Lien System
Furnishing Merchant



Loan tools and seed
up to 60% interest
to tenant farmer to
plant spring crop.
Farmer also secures
food, clothing, and
other necessities on
credit from
merchant until the
harvest.
Merchant holds
“lien” {mortgage} on
part of tenant’s
future crops as
repayment of debt.
Tenant Farmer



Plants crop,
harvests in
autumn.
Turns over up to ½
of crop to land
owner as payment
of rent.
Tenant gives
remainder of crop
to merchant in
payment of debt.
Landowner

Rents land to tenant
in exchange for
to ½ of tenant
farmer’s future
crop.
¼





As farm Tenancy grew, a tenancy ladder evolved.
From the bottom rung, the hapless sharecropper could
climb to share tenant if he could accumulate enough of
his own equipment and money.
Share tenants kept two-thirds or three-fourths of the
crop, depending on how much they could furnish.
If a share tenant progressed to a point of needing
nothing but the land, he could become a cash tenant
by paying a fixed rental. Cash tenants kept all of the
proceeds from the crop.
Cash tenants could then eventually buy their own land
Unfortunately, tens of thousands of farmers fell down
the tenancy ladder rather than moving up it – because
of crop failures and other issues.



What began as a device to get former slaves
back to work became a pernicious system that
entrapped white as well as black farmers.
In the decades after Reconstruction tenancy
and sharecropping became the way of life in
the Cotton Belt.
After 1900 the number of white tenant farmers
grew alarmingly. By 1935 nearly half of white
farmers (50 percent) and (77 percent) of black
farmers in the country were landless.
Long-Term Lasting Effects on the South
*Emphasis on cash crops (not food)
creates a -Cycle of Debt one
generation after another generation
Reconstructions End by 1877

Growing “Indifference” by the North
– Other issues gain public attention


Political Scandals hit the “North”
- corruption in Grant’s Administration
1873 “Economic Depression”
– Money Debate / Southern Economic ANCHOR

Regional DIFFERENCES Define Debate
– Northern NATIVISM issues v.
Southern Reconstruction issues


1876 Presidential Election Disputed
- Rutherford B. Hayes (Pres) DEAL
Compromise of 1877
-Federal Troops withdrawn from the SOUTH
Grant Administration Scandals
 Grant presided over an era of
unprecedented growth and corruption in both
the National and
State Governments
*
Credit Mobilier
Scandal.
*
Whiskey Ring.
*
The “Indian
Ring.”
Grant Administration Scandals
 Credit Moblier Scandal
Construction co.
working for the
Union-Pacific RR
(transcontinental RR)
skimmed off large
Profits $$$$
Grant Administration Scandals
 Whiskey Ring
IRS and other officials accepted BRIBES
from whiskey
distillers to avoid
paying taxes on
their profits.
238 people will be
indicted
- including Grants
private secretary
Grant Administration Scandals
 Indian Ring and others
Officials took bribes from merchants
wanting to keep
trading concessions
in Indian
Territories.
Blatant Corruption
in Grant’s
Administration
The Tweed Ring
in NYC
William Marcy Tweed
(notorious head of Tammany Hall’s political machine)
[Thomas Nast  crusading cartoonist/reporter]
Who Stole the People’s Money?
The Depression Panic of 1873
 Raises the
MONEY DEBATE
 CHEAP Money based on
Paper GREEN BACKS
 South & the
Western Frontier
 Debtors (owe money)
 STRONG money based
on GOLD Backed Money
 Creditors (paid $$$)
The Depression Panic of 1873
 Inflationary
Monetary Policy by
continuing circulation of
greenbacks.(Debtors)
 creditors, intellectuals
support hard money.
Specie
Redemption Act.
 1875 
 Promised to put us back
on the GOLD STANDARD
 1876  Greenback Party formed & makes gains in
congressional races  The “Crime of ’73’!
Northern Support Slows
 “Grantism” & corruption.
 Panic of 1873
[6-year Depression].
 Concern over westward
expansion and Indian wars.
 Key monetary issues:
*
should the government
retire $432m worth of
“greenbacks” issued during the Civil War.
*
should war bonds be paid back in specie or
greenbacks.
Reconstructions End by 1877
Growing “Indifference” by the North
 Political Scandals hit the “North”
- corruption in Grant’s Administration
 1873 “Economic Depression”
 Regional DIFFERENCES Define
Debate
 1876 Presidential Election Disputed
- Rutherford B. Hayes (Pres) DEAL
 Compromise of 1877
-Federal Troops withdrawn

from the SOUTH
“Regional Political Fights?”
SOUTH
NORTH
SOUTH
Reconstruction
Resentment over
growing Republican
Political power and
Freed Slaves
fighting for:
-Jobs
-Voting Power
-Political Power
NORTH
NATIVISM Politics
Anger over
Competition from
growing Immigration
into the North East
fighting for:
-Jobs
-Voting Power
-Political Power
The Political Crisis of 1877
 “Corrupt Bargain”
Part II?
And They Say He Wants a Third
Term
1876 Presidential Tickets
A Political Crisis:
Election leads to the
“Compromise” of 1877”
Republican
Rutherford B. Hayes
 Democrat
Samuel Tilden

Hayes Prevails
•Tilden – won popular
vote but Not enough
Electoral College votes
•Commission decides
the President
-Democrats have taken
over control of South
and the House of
Representatives
•Southern Democrats
accepts HAYES (Rep)
if the Federal Gov’t will
WITHDRAW TROOPS
Reconstruction
The twelve years following

the Civil War carried vast

consequences for the nation.
 They helped set the Pattern for future
race relations and defined the federal
government’s role in promoting
Social or Racial Equality.
 Peace v. Revenge PLANS

Criticism of Reconstruction
South placed under “Military Rule”
(rights were abused)
 “Carpetbag Government’s”
were marked with massive
corruption & graft.
 South was heavily taxed, many
lost homes and businesses.

 Reconstruction
EQUALITY
FAILS to give
Defense of Reconstruction




“Carpetbag Governments”
guaranteed civil liberties to ‘freed blacks’
(enforced by federal troops)
Began to rebuild the war torn South
- Constructing buildings, roads, RR’s
- Universal public education
Governments were no more corrupt that
other state governments in the country.
Most Confederates pardoned in 7 yrs.,
none were executed or tried for treason,
they did NOT have to pay war reparations.
CIVIL RIGHTS Successes

Reconstruction
– 13th Amendment
– Freedman’s Bureau

Radical Reconstruction
– 14th Amendment
– 15th Amendment
– Civil Rights Act
Fight Black Codes
 Fight Ku Klux Klan

– Rebuild South
from 1877 - 1887 Blacks were:
- voting , elected to office , police
 Turn of the Century
– Pattern of “Segregation Begins”

 Jim
Crow Laws
 1896 “Plessy v. Ferguson”
– Separate But Equal was
NOT Unconstitutional
 Court
Cases Proving pattern
of Separate but NOT EQUAL

Political Restrictions: (voting)
- Literacy Tests (prove could read)
- Poll Taxes (voting fee)
- Grandfather Clause

UNCONSTITUTIONAL
1896 “Plessy v. Ferguson”
( Seperate But Equal ) Segregation
 1954 Brown v. Board of Education
