Transcript Document 7306927
The Rise of Dictators and World War II Main Idea – The rise of dictators in Europe and Asia helped lead to World War II.
The Great Depression had ruined economies in Europe. Many Europeans turned to new leaders to solve their problems.
Who were the dictators that came to power in Europe?
Totalitarian
• • • • •
Expected active loyalty and commitment control of political, economic, social and cultural aspects of life led by a single leader and party not interested in individual freedom (civil liberties) used modern technology and propaganda
Who were these dictators?
Who were these dictators?
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Adolf Hitler, Germany -Josef Stalin, U.S.S.R.
-Benito Mussolini, Italy -Francisco Franco, Spain -Tojo and Other Militarists, Japan
What made them dictators?
What made them dictators?
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Authoritarian Rule -Nationalism -Expansion -Totalitarian Government
What made them different?
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Communism -Fascism -Nazism -Japanese Militarists
Why did people support dictators?
VS.
Why did people support dictators?
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Success of authoritarians - Weakness of democracies - Pride of nationalism - Promise of growth - Rise in power during a time of decline -For some fascism was a defense against Communism
What’s the harm?
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The trains ran on time - They beat the Depression - The Five Year Plans succeeded - These nations had real needs to fill - They inspired their people
What’s the harm?
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Jewish persecution - Racial oppression - Brutal police states - Attack on Ethiopia - Invasion of Manchuria - Seizure of the Rhineland and the Sudetenland
Why did the other nations of the world stand by?
Why did the other nations of the world stand by?
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Fear of another Great War - U.S. was bound to Neutrality - Lack of preparation - Was this the war people were expecting?
Who am I?
Adolf Hitler
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Germany – Adolf Hitler – leader of the fascist National Socialist German Workers’ Party – or Nazi Party.
• • • •
Hitler used his image as a father figure Hitler extinguished dissent Hitler used an organized program to keep his kids occupied Pope of Rome, Joseph Ratzinger , was also kept busy as a boy as a part of this same "Hitler Youth".)
• • • • •
Hitler gathered the children into frequent rallies Hitler used uniforms Hitler used the Jews as a focus of blame Hitler used a propaganda program Hitler installed "spies" within these ranks of children
Adolph Hitler 1889-1945 Der Fuhrer
• born in Austria-early life in Vienna • core of beliefs- anti-Semitic • wrote “Mein Kampf” in jail in 20’s • built Nazi party on dissatisfaction • won over elite and establishment • fear of communists- largest party –became chancellor • Reichtag burned-emergency powers
European
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Italy – Benito Mussolini – began a political movement – fascism – an extreme form of nationalism and racism.
Mussolini
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Preached a government called Fascism – includes intense patriotism & nationalism
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Very much linked to racism and cultural superiority
Benito Mussolini 1883-1945 Il Duce
• First Fascist Dictator • Italy- in political and economic crisis • had support of middle class seeking stability • 1922- march on Rome- Victor Emmanuel made him PM • Could legislate by decree, police state • Created Young Fascists- Never really in control of all culture/society
Fascism vs Nazism
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Fascism (fascio) “union of bundle”: State is the most important element
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Nazism (National Socialism): emphasis on racism “Aryanism”
Fascism vs Communism
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Communism stands for a stateless society where all is equal
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Fascism: pertains to state and it considers state on top of everything: radical authoritarian nationalism
Soviet Union - Joseph Stalin – the Communist dictator took over upon the death of Vladimir Lenin (led the Communist takeover of Russia in 1917.) His government tried to control every aspect of life in the nation.
• Joseph Stalin and the USSR Communist State • Similar to Total state • oppression of the masses • ownership of production and land by the state • forced rapid industrialization ,cruel • purges- wondered who was in power
Who am I?
Emperor Hirohito Japan
Totalitarian State General Hideki Tojo Prime Minister
JAPAN
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Japan – The military was gaining more and more power with army General Hideki Tojo having more power than the Emperor Hirohito.
Who am I?
Francisco Franco Spain
Fascist who overthrows the democratic government in Spanish Civil War
Who am I?
Winston Churchill Great Britain
Who am I?
Franklin Delano Roosevelt United States
Countries That Threatened World Peace
Japan
•Military leaders took control of gov’t •Invaded Manchuria •Tried to expand in the Pacific •Joined the Axis Powers in 1940
Japan Invades Manchuria, 1931
1931 – Japan attacks Manchuria in northern China Japan wants more natural resources for its growing population (Manchuria is rich in natural resources)
Countries That Threatened World Peace
Italy
•Mussolini seized control of the gov’t
and the military and formed a fascist state
•Italy formed alliance with Germany
called the Axis Powers
•Invaded Ethiopia in 1936 •Supported Franco in Spain’s civil war
Italy Attacks Ethiopia, 1935
Emperor Haile Selassie
Countries That Threatened World Peace
Germany
•Dictator and fascist Adolph
Hitler took control in 1934
•created a totalitarian state •built up Germany’s army
Germany Invades the Rhineland March 7, 1936
Germany Begins Conquests
1936 – Hitler moves troops into the Rhineland (German region near the French border) WWI treaty said no German troops here French Gov’t and League of Nations – TAKE NO ACTION
Hitler begins his own Conquests
1938 – Hitler and the Germans invade Austria (most Austrians spoke German and welcomed becoming a part of Germany) But…Hitler and the Germans were expanding – and the WWI treaty told them not to…
The Sudetenland
After taking Austria – Hitler wants more His next desire is the Sudetenland in Czechoslovakia The Czechs didn’t want to give this area to Germany – nor did France and Russia
“Appeasement” at Munich
The British step in to offer a peace and avoid war British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain meets with Hitler in Munich, Germany They agree to give Hitler the Sudetenland Hitler has to promise he is done seeking territory
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Reactions to Munich
Neville Chamberlain, the British Prime Minister who came up with the agreement, said that he had achieved “peace in our time”
• Winston Churchill, the future Prime Minister, said: “Britain and France had to choose between war and shame. They chose shame. They will get war, too.”
Hitler breaks his promise: Germany Starts the War
• • •
After being given Sudetenland – Hitler takes the rest of Czechoslovakia Hitler signs a Non-Aggression Pact with Stalin and the Soviet Union (they agree to not make war on each other) – now France and Britain have lost an ally Immediately after – Germany invades Poland (France & Britain declare war on Germany) WWII officially begins
The Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact, 1939 Foreign Ministers von Ribbentrop & Molotov
• Germany and Russia started secret talks while Germany was negotiating with Great Britain and France.
– Terms of Non Aggression pact: – Will not attack each other – Will remain neutral if either is attacked
• What was not announced to the world: Hitler and Stalin agreed to divide parts of Eastern Europe Germany – Western Poland Soviets Eastern Poland, Baltic countries
German Aggression!
Lightning War - Hitler invades Poland
World War II
CAUSES
(Long Term)
•WWI (the harsh conditions of the Treaty of
Versailles)
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Dictators come to power in Germany, Italy, Japan, and the Soviet Union
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Severe economic problems exist in Europe and Asia.
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Italy, Germany, and Japan expand their territory.
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The policy of appeasement fails.
Immediate Causes
•Germany invades Poland. •Japanese attack the U.S.
naval base at Pearl Harbor
One of the VonTrapp children in the Sound of Music calls it The “angry spider”.
Even today, neo nazi groups and other hate groups use it to represent their programs of prejudice.
German Aggression Nazi Blitzkrieg April - May 1940
Hitler conquers Denmark, Norway, Belgium, and the Netherlands
Defeated and forced to acknowledge the Nazi government.
April 1940 The Miracle of Dunkirk
Bombing damage in France.
June 22, 1940 France surrenders September 1940 U.S. passes first peacetime draft
German Aggression
Battle of Britain Autumn 1940 - daily air raids over Britain - Unable to defeat the British quickly!
German Aggression
Despite their partnership – Hitler and Stalin distrusted each other. (There is no honor among thieves or dictators.) •June1941 Germany invades the Soviet Union •September 1941 – January 1944 German troops surround the city. The Siege of Leningrad - - lasted 872 days •December 1941 – German advance to Moscow – harshest winter in decades. The weather and the Soviets push them back.
Dec. 1940 The Lend Lease Policy allows U.S. to give Allies help.
Atlantic Charter Prime Minister Winston Churchill President Franklin Roosevelt Discuss allied goals: the right of all people to self-determination, freedom of speech, freedom of religion, free from want, and freedom from fear.
Ford Island, seen on 10 October 1941 from much the same angle as Japanese bomber pilots viewed it on 7 December.
National Archives Photo 80-G 279375
183 aircraft of the first attack wave were launched from the six Imperial Japanese Navy carriers; Akagi, Kaga, Soryu, Hiru, Zuikaku and Shokaku, 230 miles North of O'ahu at 6:00 A.M. - They were ordered to attack at 0750 A.M. by Lt. Commander Mitsuo Fuchida.
• At approximately 7:15 A.M. the second wave of aircraft was launched and 170 more aircraft were on their way to Pearl Harbor.
Shattered by a direct hit, the USS Arizona burns and sinks, December 7, 1941.
Damage at Pearl Harbor
Aerial view of the USS Arizona Memorial
FDR calls this “ a date which will
live in infamy
”, and Congress declares that a state of war exists with Japan.
Deployment of attacking Japanese aircraft
At approximately 7:15 A.M. the second wave of aircraft was launched and 170 more aircraft were on their way to Pearl Harbor.
Roosevelt signs the Declaration of War
With only 450 feet of 'runway,' one of sixteen Army B-25 Mitchell bombers takes off from the deck of the USS HORNET on its way to take part in the Doolittle Raid, the first U.S. bombing raid on Japan. The all volunteer strike force, trained and led by Lt. Col. James Doolittle, flew 800 miles then bombed Tokyo and 3 other cities without opposition. The raid inflicted little damage but gave a big boost to Allied morale in the face of the seemingly unstoppable Japanese. April 18, 1942. Doolittle’s Raid
Major Events Review 1936 Germany and Italy form Axis Powers.
Civil war erupts in Spain.
1938 Germany annexes Austria (think the Sound of Music - true story.) Britain and France allow Germany to annex the Sudetenland in the Munich Agreement.
1939 Germany invades Czechoslovakia.
Germany signs nonaggression pact with the Soviet Union.
Germany invades Poland, Sept. 1, 1939.
Britain and France declare war on Germany , Sept. 3
1940 Japan joins the Axis Powers Germany invades France.
Battle of Britain fought.
1941 Germany invades the Soviet Union.
December 7 - Japan attacks United States at Pearl Harbor.
The United States enters the war.
1941 June - British stop Axis advance in Africa at the Battle of El Alamein.
September - Germans attack Soviet Union city of Stalingrad.
November - American forces join tlhe Allies in North Africa.
• February Stalingrad.
Soviets win the Battle of
War in Africa and Europe Section 2 The Allies defeated the Axis Powers in Europe and in Africa.
During World War II, the United States assumed a leading role in world affairs that continues today.
Terms to Know: 1. Dwight D. Eisenhower – U.S. general who led the Allied Forces in Europe.
2. D-Day – Allied invasion of France in June 1944 to liberate Europe.
3. Battle of the Bulge – Germany’s last major attack.
4. Yalta Conference – Meeting of Allied leaders to discuss the end of the war plans.
5. Holocaust – Systematic murder of millions of Jews and other people in Europe by the Nazis.
6. Anti-Semitism – hostility or discrimination against Jews.
6. Anti-Semitism – hostility or discrimination against Jews.
7. Persecute – to continuously treat others in a way meant to be cruel and harmful.
8. Genocide – the deliberate destruction of a racial, political, or cultural group.
9. The Holocaust – complete destruction of life on purpose – usually by fire. This term refers to the murder of 6 million Jews and 5 million others by the Nazis in WWII.
10.The Final Solution – Hitler’s plan to exterminate “inferior” people such as Jews, the handicapped, political enemies, and others that did not conform.
Erwin Rommel Commander of the Nazi forces in North Africa
The Panzer IV was the mainstay of the Afrika Corps and were needed in great numbers in the Western Desert
North African Campaign Operation Torch
Purposes: •Drive Axis powers out of North Africa and Middle East •Divert German forces from Russian Front Strategy: Sandwich Afrikan Corp between British in East and Allied forces (including US) in West
July - August 1943, Operation "Husky": Allied forces invade Sicily, Italy.
This Operation was the greatest Airborne-Amphibious Operation of WWII until D-DAY 3,000 ships and landing-craft with 160,000 men (8 Divisions), 14,000 vehicles, 600 tanks and 1800 guns. Operation continues in Sicily and Italy 1943-1945
Operation Husky Invasion of Italy
First Allied attacks on Monte Cassino
Landing on Omaha Beach
Landing on the beach was difficult.
1. Surprise attack 2. Poor weather conditions 3. German fortifications
13 June, 1944 - till 20 June, V-1 named "Vergeltungswaffe". Germany launches its first V-1 rocket attack on England, •8000 V-1's fired to London. •Up to 100 V-1s fell every hour on London. •Over an 80 day period, more than 6,000 persons were
killed.
Those witnessing the event cannot explain the cause of the explosion because the speed of the projectile is such that it arrives before the sound of its passage is heard.
Launched a V-2 rocket.
8 September 1944,
7 November 1944, Franklin D. Roosevelt is elected to an unprecedented fourth term as President of the United States.
Last major offensive German action.
"The Battle of the Bulge” December 1944 - January 1945
Yalta Conference
•FDR, Stalin, Churchill •Meet to decide what happens next
in Europe
•Stalin wants complete control of
eastern Europe.
•FDR and Churchill refuse! •Agree to divide Germany into
occupied zones
•Agree to set up the United
Nations
12 April 1945, U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt dies; he is succeeded by his Vice-president, Harry S. Truman.
• April 1945, "United Nations" formed in San Francisco. • 28 April 1945, Benito Mussolini, and sixteen of Mussolini's body-guards are assassinated in the village of Giulino di Messegra, on Lake Como, Italy.
• 30 April 1945, Adolf Hitler, Eva Braun, Goebbels and his wife commit suicide in the bunker under the Reich Chancellery in Berlin, Germany
Germany Surrenders!
Victory in Europe
8 May 1945, V-E Day Victory in Europe is celebrated.
Concentration Camps
January 1945 - Red Army liberates Auschwitz, finds convincing evidence of SS atrocities of the Holocaust.
Section 3
After early losses, the Allies defeated the Japanese in the Pacific.
Section 3 Terms to Know 1. Bataan Death March – Forced march of captured Americans and Filipinos in the Philippines.
2. Island hopping – Strategy of invading Japanese – held islands and moving ever closer to Japan.
3. General Douglas MacArthur – “I shall return,” are his words after FDR orders him to withdraw from the Philippines in March 1942. (same guy – drove out the WWI Bonus Army.) 4. Battle of Coral Sea – 1 st time in Naval history, enemy ships fought a battle without seeing each other – aircraft carriers’ war planes fought the battle. No clear victory for either side but America blocks their path to Australia. (May 1942) 5. Battle of Midway – naval battle between American and Japanese forces – won by Americans. (June 1942)
6. Battle for Guadalcanal – After 6 months of fierce fighting, the US wins first major land victory against the Japanese. ( Feb. 1943) 7. Navajo Code Talkers – Navajo Indians were trained to used their native language to communicate coded messages so the Japanese couldn’t decode our messages.
8. March 1945 – MacArthur returns and liberates Manila, Philippines.
9. Kamikaze – Japanese suicide pilot 10. Iwo Jima and Okinawa – Fiercely fought battles for these two islands places Americans close enough to begin major bombings of Japan.
11. Manhattan Project – Secret program to build an atomic bomb. Led by American scientist, J. Robert Oppenheimer. Worked for 3 years to develop and test the world’s first atomic bomb.
12.
Enola Gay – the name of the B-29 bomber that dropped the atomic bomb. 13.
Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan – The US dropped bombs on these two cities after issuing a warning to surrender or face complete destruction.
14. September 2, 1945 – Japan signed the official letter of surrender, ending the war.
Map of the Japanese Empire at its height in 1942.
Allied POWs with hands tied behind their backs pause during the Bataan Death March. About 76,000 prisoners including 12,000 Americans were forced on the 60 mile march under a blazing sun without food or water toward a new POW camp in the Philippines. April, 1942.
Island hopping was the Pacific strategy
GIs waded ashore on islands with strange names.
Like Tarawa and Bougainville
Every island posed new dangers.
The Army Air Corps needed airfields within range of the Japanese.
Letters home were sent by “V MAIL” The “V” was for VICTORY.
Marines of the 5th Division inch their way up a slope on Red Beach No. 1 toward Mount Suribachi on Iwo Jima, defended by seven Japanese Battalions. By nightfall, 566 Marines were killed and 1,854 wounded. February 19, 1945.
19 February 1945, (till 26 March). •US Marines divisions land on Iwo Jima In the Pacific Iwo Jima is strategically and politically important to both sides. The Americans need the island as a fighter base (Mustangs P-51 fighters) for their Japanese raids (B-29's) and a relief base for damaged bombers. •On the first day some 30,000 marines landed on the 8 square mile island. About 23,000 Japanese soldiers had prepared defences but allowed the landing to take place before opening fire. The Japanese had prepared for the invasion with a system of underground tunnels, bunkers, and pillboxes, designed to entrap and decimate the Americans.
•Over the next 36 days - 6,281 US soldiers are killed (in the first 2 days, 4000 US soldiers died), and 21,865 are wounded in capturing the island from 23,000 defenders.
21,000 Japanese soldiers died.
23 February 1945, U.S. Marines plant a U.S. flag on Mount Suribachi, Iwo Jima.
The flag raising photo and subsequent statue came to symbolize being a Marine.
26 May 1945, Tokyo, Japan is fire bombed by American bombers. The city burns, uncontrolled, for two days.
•26 June 1945, Fifty nations meet in San Francisco, California (USA) and sign the World Security Charter formally establishing the
United Nations
.
•4 July 1945, General Douglas MacArthur announces the liberation of the Philippines.
•21 July 1945, The U.S. delivers a final ultimatum to the Japanese, quit • the war or face total destruction.
•24 July 1945, At the
Potsdam Conference
in defeated Germany, President Truman told Stalin only that the U.S. "had a new weapon of unusual destructive force."
Col. Paul W. Tibbets, pilot of the B-29 Superfortress ENOLA GAY, drops the world's first atomic bomb, Little Boy, on Hiroshima. The 9,000 lb. bomb was dropped from 31,600 feet and detonated at 8:15 a.m., August 6, 1945, about 1,900 feet above the center of Hiroshima. A blinding light, tremendous explosion and dark gray cloud enveloped the city, followed by a rising mushroom shaped cloud.
The Japanese estimated 72,000 were killed and 70,000 out of 76,000 buildings in the city were destroyed.
Enola Gay
At the time of the bombing, Hiroshima was a prosperous city of nearly 320,000. The bomb exploded almost directly over the center of the city. Two square miles of the city were completely leveled by the bomb, and the intense heat generated by the explosion started fires as far as two miles from ground zero.
About one hour after the bombing on 6 August 1945.
A Roman Catholic cathedral on a hill is all that remains in this section of Nagasaki following the dropping of the second Atomic Bomb from a B-29 flown by Major Charles W. Sweeney, August 9, 1945. The Japanese estimated 25,680 were killed and 44 percent of the city was destroyed.
•8 August 1945, The Soviet Union declares war on Japan. Soviet forces invade Manchuria and North-Korea.
•9 August 1945, The world's second (and last) atomic bomb (Plutonium), Fat Man, is dropped on Nagasaki, Japan. One minute after explosion 39,000 were killed and 25,000 wounded.
•14 August 1945, Emperor Hirohito announces the Japan defeat to his people. Japan accepts an unconditional surrender. The fear of more atomic weapon attacks and the certainty of land defeat by the Soviets have combined to secure the complete surrender.
•2 September 1945, Japanese Foreign Minister Mamoru Shigemitsu signs the instrument of surrender aboard the battleship U.S.S. Missouri in Tokyo Bay, Japan.
End of World War II.
Sept 2, 1945 Japanese sign surrender agreement
Gen. Douglas MacArthur signs as Supreme Allied Commander during formal surrender ceremonies on the USS MISSOURI in Tokyo Bay.
Gen. Douglas MacArthur signs as Supreme Allied Commander during formal surrender ceremonies on the USS MISSOURI in Tokyo Bay. September 2, 1945.