Chapter 26: World War II

1939-1945 26.1: Paths to War

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The Road to War

Japan    Invaded Chinese territory of Manchuria to build an empire and gain raw materials Japan withdrew from League of Nations 1937, Japan expanded further into China into Nanjing  Brutal invasion – 250,000 Chinese killed

   Japan moves to Southeast Asia for natural resources US threatens to apply economic sanctions (restrictions intended to enforce international law) if Japan didn’t leave SE Asia Japan launches surprise attack on US and European colonies in SE Asia

 Italy  Attacked Ethiopia to expand and gain natural resources  Italians win with superior military technology  League of Nations agreed to stop the sale of weapons to Italy, but not all members abided

 Germany   Expansion driven by Hitler’s desire to build a Third Reich, restore national pride, establish Aryan race Aggression     Hitler rebuilds German Army 1936, Germans move into the Rhineland (Germany’s border with France) 1938, Hitler takes over Austria and the Sudetenland (part of Czechoslovakia) Violations of Treaty of Versailles! League of Nations too weak!

  Munich Conference, 1938  Western democracies adopted policy of Appeasement   Nations gave into aggressive demands to maintain peace Hitler continues expansion; takes over all of Czechoslovakia Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact  Agreement between Hitler and Stalin to not attack each other

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War Begins

Hitler’s invasion of Poland, September 1, 1939    Poland – no natural barriers for protection Leads Great Britain and France to declare war on Germany Germany uses Blitzkrieg – lightning warfare  (300 tanks and supplies), airplanes Alliances   Axis Powers – Germany, Italy, Japan Allied Powers – Great Britain, France (Soviet Union, China, US)

26.2

The Course of WWII

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Europe at War

Hitler’s Early Victories  April 1940 – Nazis overrun Norway, Denmark, the Netherlands and Belgium  June, 1940 – Nazis invade France  French government forced into exile  Germans occupy ¾ of France, including Paris

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Turning Points

Entry of the United States (1941)      US declared neutrality, but supplied arms, food, ships to the Allies To combat Japanese aggression, the US banned the sale of war materials to the Japanese Angered by this, Japan launched a surprise attack on American military bases at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii on December 7 th , 1941. 2,400 people were killed, many ships and planes destroyed US declares war on Japan; this gives Allies added strength

 Battle of Stalingrad (1942-1943)    Germans invade the Soviet Union in 1941, and Hitler wants to takeover Stalingrad, an industrial center.

Russians counter-attack; troops and a freezing winter cause Germans to surrender. The Red Army (Soviets) advance toward Germany This World War II cartoon is showing the relationship between climate and the a. inability of Nazi forces to defeat the Soviet Union b. success of Allied troops after D-day c. efforts by Allied troops to control Berlin d. casualties suffered by the Soviet Union

 Invasion of Normandy  Allies invaded France on June 6, 1944, aka D-Day  Allied troops were ferried across the English Channel, landing on the beaches of Normandy  They broke through German defenses and freed Paris from German control  Allies move from France into Germany, meeting up with the Soviets (two-front war for Germans)

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The War Ends

The Yalta Conference    February 1945, Roosevelt, Stalin, Churchill Division of Germany – British, French, American, Soviet forces would control a zone of Germany Agreed that Stalin would oversee the creation of new governments in Eastern Europe War in Europe ends with Germans’ surrender on May 7 th , 1945

  Hiroshima and Nagasaki    Japanese refused to surrender, despite American bombings of Japanese cities On August 6 th , 1945, Americans drop an atomic bomb on Japanese city of Hiroshima. It flattened 4 square miles and killed 70,000 people A few days later, another a-bomb was dropped on Nagasaki, killing 40,000 War in Pacific ends with Japanese surrender on August 10 th , 1945

26.3

The Holocaust and Other Wartime Atrocities

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The Holocaust

Hitler’s Final Solution  Plan to commit genocide (attempt to destroy an entire ethnic or religious group) against the Jews throughout Nazi-Europe First, Hitler limited rights of and encouraged violence against Jews November 8, 1938   “Night of broken glass” – Jewish synagogues, businesses, cemeteries, schools and homes destroyed Day after, 30,000 Jews arrested for being Jewish and more restrictive laws enforced

 Then, Hitler forced Jews into ghettos and transported them to over 300 concentration camps or death camps  Auschwitz  6 million Jews die; starved, shot, gassed to death

Auschwitz

Bataan Death March

 In the Philippines, Japanese soldiers forced American and Filipino prisoners of war to march up the Bataan Peninsula.  65 miles  Survivors were brought to concentration camps

Nanjing Massacre

 1937, Japan’s brutal invasion of China  300,000 Chinese killed  *All of these events are HUMAN RIGHTS VIOLATIONS!

26.4

Home Front and Aftermath

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Total War

Democratic governments increase power  Order military and industrial mobilization  Women enter workforce  Help produce planes, ships, ammunition  Drove trucks and ambulances, decoded messages, served as nurses  Bombing increases  Many civilians killed

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Impact of WWII

75 million people dead Aerial bombardment left cities in ruins War Crime Trials/Nuremberg Trials    Nuremberg, Germany 22 Nazis tried for “crimes against humanity”  Some imprisoned, some given death penalty Leaders held accountable for actions during wartime

Nuremberg Trials Dresden, Germany Coventry, England Hiroshima, Japan

 Occupied Nations  Western nations occupied West Germany and Japan  To avoid future war and built new gov’ts with democratic constitutions  Soviet forces occupied East Germany and most of eastern Europe  Established communist gov’ts  Europe divided – democracy in the west and communism in the east  Cold War!

 The United Nations  Created in 1945; A place to discuss world problems and develop solutions  2 Main bodies:  General Assembly  Includes representatives from all member nations; each has one vote  Security Council  15 member nations; 5 which are permanent – US, Russia, France, Great Britain, China

 Self-determination  European colonialism declines throughout the world  Rise of independent nations in Asia and Africa

Compare/Contrast Essay

  Using the chart, write a well developed Essay comparing and contrasting WWI and WWII   Compare: means to analyze the similarities Contrast: means to analyze the difference You are to choose four categories from the chart and analyze where both Wars are similar and different in those categories  Example    Category:  Outcome Compare:  Both Wars required an outcome of a peace keeping organization Contrast:   Successful vs. Unsuccessful League of nations VS. United Nations

Things To Remember

   Essay should be 6 paragraphs Intro and conclusion should be more than 2 sentences Label everything for the reader    Categories Where you compare Where you contrast     Labeling should be done NEATLY in the margin  Not last minute You may type this essay You must study this essay Essay will count as a quiz