Transcript Document 7263327
Adolescence and Adulthood
(pgs. 486-517)
Music
“Rebel Rebel”
David Bowie
“Teenagers”
My Chemical Romance
Today’s Agenda
From last week: Attachment and Parenting styles
1. Adolescence
a) Storm and Stress?
b) Moral Development c) Identity Formation
2. Adulthood
a) What makes marriages last?
b) Midlife: The Best Years
3. Old Age:
a) Alzheimer’s Disease b) Predictors of longevity
Attachment Process. p. 473
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hsA5Sec6dAI
2. e) Attachment
Close emotional relationship between a child and a caregiver Ramifications of severe neglect (e.g. orphaned children) For the assessment of attachment, see: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QTsewNrHUHU&feature=related
3 attachment styles
: Secure (65%) The other is represented as responsive and reliable and the self as worthy of being protected and responded to Avoidant (20%) Anxious/ Ambivalent (15%) Originates from caregiver responsiveness and child’s temperament (see p. 436) Caregiving styles: warm, responsive vs. cold, rejecting, inconsistent, or misattuned
Attachment (cont’d)
Ramifications in adulthood: Secure: “I find it relatively easy to get close to others, and am comfortable depending on them.” Avoidant: “I am somewhat uncomfortable being close to others; I find it difficult to trust them… I get nervous when anyone gets too close.” Anxious- Ambivalent: “I find that others are reluctant to get as close as I would like. I worry that my partner doesn’t really love me, or won’t stay with me…”
Parenting styles
1. Authoritarian:
Stress obedience to authority Parent-centered; more controlling and punitive
2. Authoritative:
Have high standards for children, but more flexible in their authority More child-centered; use reasoning
3. Indulgent:
Parents exercise little control; not as demanding more permissive Let children learn through their own experience
4. Neglectful:
Relationship is uninvolved
Outcome on child behaviour
1. Adolescence
Begins at puberty: • • Follows 2 years of pubescent growth spurt Puberty: Marked by sexual maturity Girls: menarche, 12.5 yrs (10-15 yrs) Boys: production of live sperm, 14 years (11-16 yrs) Timing of maturation and implications for boys and girls • Last roughly from age 13 to 22 Ends when you become independent from parents • Emotionally and financially
1.
1.
Adolescence (cont’d)
Development of primary and secondary sexual characteristics, p. 490
1. Adolescence (cont’d)
a) Period of storm and stress?
(i) Conflict with parents Issues: Appearance, dating, curfews (ii) Mood disruptions Extreme emotions & higher rates of depressed mood (iii) Risky behaviours: potential for harm to self and/or others. E.g. crime, drug use, risky sexual behaviour Attributable to personality and underdeveloped frontal lobes affecting judgment (brain fully mature by 25-30 years) Canadian campus survey: 68% sexually active 30% never use condom; 30% irregular 30% contract STD; 1 in 7 get pregnant
b) Moral development
Pre-conventional level: before 9 yrs
Self-interest determines what is right and wrong What is punished (1) or rewarded (2)
Conventional level: early adolescence
Society (social approval) dictates what is right and wrong Approval by others (3) or laws (4)
Post-conventional level:
Affirm agreed upon human rights but also affirm personal ethical guidelines Recognize fallible laws (5); abstract principles (6) Example by teenager: What’s the stage?
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9fXkVlZOypI
Kohlberg’s Stages
p. 487
Age and Moral Reasoning, p. 487
Fig. 11.15
1. c) Identity Formation
Erikson’s stages, Fig. 11.9, p. 477
Identity Crisis: WHO AM I??
What needs to be resolved:
Integrate different roles to form a comfortable sense of self Acquire self-certainty, self-esteem Develop comfortable sexual identity Make plans for future career:
Where am I going in life?
Differentiate between legitimate and arbitrary authority Make an ideological commitment (find set of values)
• c) Identity: 4 Stages
(p. 495) •
Identity Achievement
Sense of self and direction, after having considered alternatives •
Identity Foreclosure
Premature adoption of values and roles based on parents or society’s views
Identity Moratorium
• • Active struggle for a sense of identity Experiment with different ideologies and careers •
Identity diffusion
Absence of struggle, apathy, cynicism and a lack of direction
Emergent Adulthood:
• 18-25 years, p. 496 Expanded period in which questions around identity can be resolved http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=prD3UHDQ-2M
2. Adulthood
Erikson’s stage: Intimacy vs. Isolation
a) What makes marriages last?
Survey of 350 couples married 15 years: My spouse is my best friend Value commitment/ Want the relationship to succeed Agree on aims and goals & philosophy of life Find spouse interesting Laugh together Agree on how to show affection
2. Adulthood
b) Midlife (40-60 years): The best years
Erikson: Generativity vs. self-absorbtion Psychic equanimity: Increased well-being Greater sense of control Active and involved Only 7% report a midlife crisis related to aging Feel younger than their age
•
3. Old Age a) Alzheimer’s Disease
•
Damage to brain and decrease in mental functioning
• Variety of causes, eg., multiple strokes, tumors, viral infections • Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) most prevalent form – age 65-74: 3% of population – age 75-84: 11% – age >85: 35%
• Characteristics of Alzheimer’s:
Progressive loss of memory and one other mental function (language, visual spatial, personality) Cortical atrophy
Healthy aged Alzheimer’s disease
3. Old age
b) Erikson: Integrity vs. Despair Predictors of longevity:
Heredity Exercise: Keep Active!
Improves memory!
Intelligence / Education Cognitive stimulation helps prevent dementia Not being overweight Eating fruits and vegetables Not smoking Drinking alcohol moderately Good sleep Being married Having at least 2 close friend