Transcript Document 7217816

Multifunction
Phased Array Radar
3rd National Surface Transportation
Weather Symposium
26 July 2007
Colonel Mike Babcock
Deputy Director of Weather for Federal Programs
HQ US Air Force
Overview
MPAR
• What is phased array radar?
• Why Multifunction Phased Array Radar
(MPAR)?
• Potential Benefits
• Surface Transportation Applications
• MPAR Working Group and Way Ahead
• Summary
2
What is Phased Array Radar?
Planar
phase
front
Mechanically Steered,
Rotating Reflector
VS
Electronically Steered,
Fixed Phased Array
Electronically
added phase
delay
RF Solid-State T/R Module Trends
MPAR
3
2.5
2
Estimated
Production
Cost ($K) 1.5
per module
1
0.5
0
1995
1997
1999
2005
2010
System costs substantially reduced & operation costs
lower every year
4
MPAR Origin
MPAR
• In FY 2000 Congress mandated research and development of
phased array radar technology to improve aircraft tracking and
weather information for civilian use (Tri-Agency: FAA, NOAA, DOD)
• NRC report Beyond NEXRAD (2002), recommends PAR technology
be developed as replacement for legacy weather radars
• In 2004 Federal Committee for Meteorological Services and
Supporting Research (FCMSSR) directed an interagency Joint
Action Group be convened to assess R&D priorities for MPAR
DOT/FAA
DOC/NOAA
Weather
Surveillance
Aircraft
Surveillance
&
Weather
Surveillance
DOD/
DHS
Air
Surveillance
5
MPAR Technology Motivation
MPAR
“Federal Research and
Development Needs and
Priorities for PAR” (2006)
“Beyond NEXRAD” (2002)
National Research Council
FCMSSR Joint Action Group
National Weather
Radar Testbed (2005)
Norman, OK
http://www.ofcm.gov/r25-mpar/fcm-r25.htm
6
MPAR Programmatic Motivation
MPAR
MPAR can enable a 35% reduction in the
number of radars needed to provide the
current domestic weather and aircraft
surveillance coverage
PLUS
MPAR can save $1.8 billion in replacement
acquisition costs
PLUS
MPAR can save an additional $3 billion in life
cycle costs over 30 years
7
MPAR Approach
MPAR
Today
ASR-9
ASR-11
ARSR-1/2
ARSR-3
ARSR-4
TDWR
Single System
Seven System Types
Single Mission
Non-Scalable
Multi-Mission
Scalable to Mission Needs
Consolidated Maintenance,
Logistic and Training Prgms
Multiple Maintenance,
Logistic and Training Prgms
Mechanically Rotating
Electronically Steered
MPAR
510 Radars, 7 Types
NEXRAD
334 Radars, 1 Type
5000 ft AGL, Blue, weather only
Future Concept
8
Potential Benefits
MPAR
• Weather sensing
– Rapid temporal sampling; full volume scan periods < 1 minute
– Adaptive antenna tilts reduce ground clutter
– Adaptive dwell times/beam steering; selective target revisit in
seconds rather than minutes
– Split aperture correlation to estimate crossbeam wind
component
– Dual polarization for hydrometeor discrimination
• Increases safety and capacity in severe weather
conditions
– Increased lead time for tornado warnings
– Increased lead time for flood and severe weather warnings
– Improved initialization of numerical weather prediction models
leading to improved forecasts
– Support for research on other severe storm phenomena
9
Potential Benefits (continued)
MPAR
• Aviation: Terminal & Enroute surveillance
–
–
–
–
–
Significant reduction in false track probability
Vertical position measurement
Dedicated track modes
Sub-second track update rates in terminal area
Hazardous weather monitoring
• Homeland security
– Non-cooperative air target tracking
– Wind field mapping for dispersion models
– Nuclear biological chemical (NBC) tracking…R&D needed
• Volcanic ash, airborne debris
10
Surface Transportation
MPAR
Major Weather Impacts
Roadways
MPAR
Precipitation
Railroad
Winds
Transit
Visibility
Pipeline
Models
Forecasts
Temperature
Variation
Maritime
11
New paradigms…
MPAR
• A future with MPAR…
– Wide deployment to match or exceed today’s
coverage, and possibly smaller systems to fill gaps
– Potential major economies and efficiencies
• Collaborative Adaptive Sensing of the
Atmosphere (CASA)
– Ubiquitous smaller radars on cell towers—fill gaps
and provide higher resolution coverage in the
atmospheric boundary layer
– Natural emphasis on key surface transportation
activities
12
MPAR Working Group
MPAR
• Recommendation 3 from JAG report: Working Group
– Identify agency contributions to risk reduction
– Establish cost basis for near-term agency contributions, sufficient
to support budget development
– Explore options to foster interagency cooperation and
collaboration on risk reduction activities
– Develop specific program progress metrics
– Prepare/publish annual report on progress and next-year
objectives and activities
– Identify opportunities for review by appropriate boards and
committees of the National Research Council
– Prepare/publish an education and outreach plan
• Recommendation 4 from JAG report
– Undertake a cost-benefit analysis
13
Current MPAR WG Activities
MPAR
• Developing a joint Concept of Operations
(CONOPS) for MPAR
• Collecting, developing, and analyzing agency
operational requirements (driven by CONOPS)
• Continuing technology research program initiated
with MIT/LL
– Evaluating affordability, performance and multifunctional
capability
• Developing preliminary architecture and design for
MPAR, including cost model
• Initiating NRC Board on Atmospheric Sciences and
Climate (BASC) study to assess methodology and
cost estimates
14
Future Efforts
MPAR
• Continue to assess development of low cost,
critical component technologies
– Transmit/receive modules
• Focus on additional MPAR research
– Continue exploring improved solid state
technologies
– Continue research to improve multiple
missions/functions
• Solidify key technical requirements for
objective system
– Number of independent channels
– Number of concurrent beams per channel
15
Future Efforts (continued)
MPAR
• Develop a technology demonstration
program
– Analyze critical technologies
– Develop a pre-prototype
– Develop full MPAR prototype
• Demonstrate affordability
• Test MPAR in an operational environment
16
Summary
MPAR
• Phased array offers significant benefits and costs
are coming down
– Faster scans, higher resolution, dwell time,
multifunction capability—transportation
advantages
– Learning from National Weather Radar Testbed
– Potential $5B savings over life cycle
• Interagency effort to reduce risk, draft Concept of
Operations, define requirements, refine costbenefit analysis; BASC study--validation
• Push technology, solidify technical requirements
and demonstrate capability and affordability
17
Questions
MPAR
18
MPAR
BACKUP SLIDES
19
Phased Array Radar Evolution
MPAR
SPY-1 vs.
NEXRAD
1996-1997
SPY-1 Weather Experiment
1993 -1995
DTASS
1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000
1998-2000
TEP At-Sea Demo
1989-1995
TASS IR&D
20
Phased Array Radar Evolution
(continued)
MPAR
Long-Range Surveillance
Severe
Weather
Non-Cooperative
Targets
Weather
Fronts
WMD
Cloud
Terminal Surveillance
2000-2002
Dual-Use Science &Technology
1989 2001
2000
1991 2003
1992 2004
1990 2002
1993 2005
1994 2006
1995 2007
1996 1997
2008 1998
and beyond…
1999 2000
2001-2005+
Nat’l Wx Radar Testbed
2006 - 2010
MPAR Pre-Prototype
21
National Weather Radar Testbed
MPAR
National Severe
BACKUP SLIDES
Storms Laboratory
Norman, Oklahoma
22
MPAR vs. NEXRAD Scan Rate: Microburst Event
MPAR captures 29 clear images and more data during the time it takes
NEXRAD for 4, the result is better forecasts and earlier warnings
MPAR
Strong updraft
indicated by weak
echo region
NEXRAD
MPAR
19:40:05
NEXRAD
19:49:49
Rapid descent of
high reflectivity core
19:44:57
Weak outflow in
corresponding
velocity field at
19:51:03
Strong outflow
at 19:56:00
19:54:42
MPAR Pre-Prototype Demo System
MPAR
4.2 m
16
Subarray
Phase
Centers
4.2 m
Subarray
•
Pre-Prototype radar demonstrates two
simultaneous modes
– Beamwidth: ~ 2º az by 2º el (broadside)
– Two independent beam clusters
• Electronic steering ±45º az, ±40º el
• Up to 8 beams in each 1D cluster
– Provides terminal area coverage to ~210 km
• @10 W per element
= element
= brick
= subarray center
4544 elements
284 bricks
16 subarrays
8 X 1 beam cluster
24
MPAR Pre-prototype Development Schedule
MPAR
Year 1
Year 2
PDR
Year 4
Testing CDR
CDR
Concept Development,
Design, and Subsystem
Prototyping
Brick
Year 3
System
Fabrication and
Assembly
Experimental Testing
and Evaluation
Sub array
Array
• 80 Element Sub array
• DBF Dev
• 4544 Element Array
• 16 Channel DBF
• Collect Multimode
Data
• System Simulation
• Test Planning
• Process Data
• Report Results
Data Collection
Hardware:
• 16 Element Brick
• Transceiver
Systems & Signal Processing:
• Waveform Design
• Systems Analysis
• Algorithm Dev
• System Simulation
25
Technology Advancements
MPAR
• Leverage research in semiconductors for PAR
– Increased power density
– Increased power efficiency
– Improved thermal management
• Leverage Defense Advanced Research Projects
Agency (DARPA) wide bandgap Gallium Nitride
(GaN) effort
– Awards Total $144.5M over five years (began in March 2005)
– Wide bandgap semiconductor (WBGS) for radar application
• Q band Solid State Power Amplifiers(Northrop Grumman/Emcore)
• X band T/R module (Raytheon/Cree)
• Wide band High Power Amplifier (Lockheed Martin/TriQuint)
26
S-band Power Amp Cost by Output Power
MPAR
Packaged IC’s in 2 - 3 GHz Band
$1,000.00
LDMOS
GaAs MESFET
Cost ($) (>1000)
$100.00
GaAs/InGaP HBT
$10.00
SiGe HBT
Si BJT
IC cost dominates
$1.00
Package cost dominates
$0.10
0
10
20
30
40
50
Manufacturers
APT
Analog Devices
Cree
Eudyna
Hittite
Infineon
Motorola
M/A Com
RF MicroDevices
Triquint
60
Output Power (dBm)
• Optimal choice of HPA cost vs power is in 1W – 10W range
27
T/R Module Designs
MPAR
Today's
Technology
Leads To
Future
Technology
Ceramic HDI
Advanced MMIC
Design
SMALLER, HIGHER POWER, MORE EFFICIENCY
28
MPAR Development Timeline
MPAR
Critical Technologies / Pre-Prototype
Subsystems
Design/Build
Test
Full MPAR Prototype
Contract
Design/Build Tech Tests
Operational Tests
Technology Transfer
Specification Contract
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
Calendar Year
29
U.S. Surveillance Radar Networks
Today
MPAR
NEXRADs
ARSR-4s
TDWRs
ASR-9s
ASR-11s
30