Building Energy R&D in the United States:

A Quick Overview Stephen Selkowitz, Head Building Technologies Department Environmental Energy Technologies Division Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory

September 7, 2001

U.S. Buildings Sector Situation

U.S. Energy Use 64% 36% Buildings account for 1/3 of all U.S. Energy Use % Emissions from Buildings Energy Use CO 2 SO 2 NO X U.S. Electricity Use 34% 66% Buildings account for 2/3 of all U.S. Electricity Use Building energy costs consumers:



More than $1,300 per household per year



More than $250 billion total per year 35% 999DEV2 47% 22%

Health & Environmental Impacts: SO 2 Emissions 1940-1997

Buildings = 2/3 of electricity

Buildings: Energy Use and Carbon Emissions Other 33% Buildings Energy Use, 1998 Office Equipment 4% Refrigeration 6% Water Heating 11% 34.2 Quads Carbon Emissions, 1998 Space Heating 22% Space Cooling 10% Lighting 14% Other 33% Space Heating 21% Space Cooling 10% Office Equipment 4% Water Heating 11% Refrigeration 6% Lighting 15% 525 MMTC

Business Lessons Learned

 Buildings play a large and critical role in US energy and emissions picture  Building sector is fragmented, conservative, risk averse, does not invest in R&D  Energy is small part of most decision making process in building design and operations and is not a key “driver” in most building decisions  - Individually, “energy” has limited perceived impact  --Collectively it is a $250B/yr problem

Lessons Learned…2

 Successful technology innovation can provide very large savings, huge Return-on-Investment  Not all R&D will succeed  Sustained savings require linkage across building life cycle: design, construction, operations: e.g., an energy efficient design may not produce a lower energy bill.

 Showcase projects illustrate large savings and tighter standards limit poor performance -- but “typical” buildings are far from achieving savings potentials

Lessons learned…3

 Given size and complexity of sector, progress is slow; diffusion time for new innovations is 10-20 years  Measured data suggest that a 30-50% sector-wide savings goal is possible , but how to get there…?

 Despite impressive gains in some areas, we have not exhausted the potential savings from new R&D on buildings  R&D must be market driven for success : as part of a portfolio of short-, mid-, and long- term activities

Shifting R&D Portfolios

 Shift from focus on “components” integration” and “whole buildings” to a focus on “systems  Shift from focus on design to focus on operations and building life-cycle  Shift from focus on buildings to focus on people and their health and performance provides new points of leverage in energy-related areas  Occupant impacts and broader societal impacts of buildings may be more of a motivator than energy savings alone  California “summer of ‘01” long term impacts??

 Energy --> demand responsiveness, controllable loads,...

Evolving Motivation and Strategy

1970’s Energy Savings Cost Savings Paybacks Inside The Building People Performance Health Comfort Integrated Buildings Smart components Responsive Controls Integrated systems 2000+ Outside The Building Global issues Voluntary and Mandatory Policy

Government Role for Buildings R&D

 Perform long-term, high-risk, high-payoff R&D that would not otherwise be done  Serve as technology and practices “integrator” for fragmented industry  Emphasis on systems design and integration  Provide objective evaluation of performance by:  Providing research grade evaluations for specific technologies and systems  Contributing to the establishment of uniform basis of performance evaluation: e.g. industry consensus process  Extend impact of R&D with deployment programs

Major R&D Areas of Interest



Indoor Environmental Quality

 Air quality, lighting  Health, comfort, performance, productivity 

Building Components and Technologies

 Windows and daylighting, Walls and Foundations, Insulation, Roof systems, Ventilation systems, Thermal distribution, Lighting systems, HVAC equipment, Hot Water heating, Appliance standards 

Whole buildings

 Simulation tools, Sustainable design strategies, Benchmarking, Integrated systems, HVAC commissioning, Diagnostics, Hi-tech buildings, On-site power 

Building sector issues

 Policy studies, electricity restructuring, grid responsive buildings

Components of Indoor Environmenal Quality*



Lighting



Acoustics



Thermal conditions



Air pollutants



Pollutants on surfaces

* Depend on building design, operation, maintenance, and people’s activities, which also affect energy use

Why IEQ is Important

Effects on people  health  perceptions (comfort, satisfaction)  productivity Effects on materials and equipment  soiling of surfaces  corrosion  electronic circuit failures Influences practices that determine building energy use

Worker Performance and IEQ

Energy-Related Factors Associated with Improved Worker Performance

 increased ventilation  individual environmental control  fewer health symptoms  temperature  more daylighting  better lighting quality?

Small percentage effect (1-5%), but economically very important Based on small number of studies

Predicted Change in Design, Operation, and Maintenance Practices for Buildings Current Practice Aims for:

Adequate Indoor Environmental Quality

Future Practice Aims for:

Indoor Environmental Quality that Maximizes Health & Performance Driving Forces  Increased recognition of health and performance benefits    Increasing affluence Increasing demands for excellent health Health care costs Changes in Technology & Practice  More or more effective ventilation  Reduced indoor pollutant sources      Better temperature control More efficient air filtration Air cleaning for gases Individual control Better maintenance and operation Challenge is to ensure energy efficiency

Estimates of the Potential Health Benefits and Productivity Gains from Improved Indoor Environments.

Source of Productivity Gain

Reduced respiratory disease

Potential Annual Health Benefits in US

16 to 37 million avoided illnesses

Potential U.S. Annual Savings or Productivity Gain (1996 $U.S.)

$6 - $14 billion $23 - $54 per person Reduced allergies and asthma Reduced sick building syndrome symptoms 8% to 25% decrease in symptoms in 53 million allergy sufferers and 16 million asthmatics 20% to 50% reduction in symptoms experienced frequently by ~ 15 million workers $1 - $4 billion $20 - $80 per person with allergies $10 - $30 billion ~$300 per office worker Source: Fisk Annual Rev.E&E 2000

Visual Comfort Benefits: Smart Glass vs. Clear/Tint

Building Envelope

 Thermal Insulation Materials  Foundations  Walls  Roofs  Windows and skylights  Air leakage  Construction methods and technologies

Advanced Construction Methods and Materials

Modular Construction Structural Insulated Panels

Windows and Daylighting

 

Advanced Materials Intelligent Façade Systems



Tools for Industry to Improve Product Efficiency



Optimize application of existing products

- Support for rating, labeling, voluntary programs

1973: Windows as Energy Losers

Savings from Better Windows: Heating Climate

Double Glazed Energy = $1218 Double w/Low-E Energy = $1120 “SuperWindow” Energy = $960 Single Glazed w/Storm Energy = $1310 (Better than House with no windows: $1000/yr )

Low-E Coatings



Single most significant technology change in last 20 years



Thin coating on glass or plastic that modifies surface properties

 

reflects long-wave infrared radiation, thus reducing overall heat loss reflects near-IR radiation, thus reducing cooling loads



On-line and aftermarket applications



Manufacturing cost: < $5/m2.

Impact of Highly Insulating Glazings on Heating Use

Net Heating Energy (all with low-E, gas) - Loss Double Glaze: U=3.0-1.5

U=5-6 Triple Glaze: U=1.5-.6

U=3 Aerogel, vacuum: U<.9

U=2 U=1 + Gain Time (years)

Emerging Windows : U = .6

Glazing Options 3 low-E coatings, e<.06; gas fill Evacuated, 1 low-E coating e< .1

Aerogel, evacuated Integral low conductance spacer-sash design Slim, insulating composite frame

Transparent Low-E Glass units: How to Market the “Emperor’s Clothes?” Window = glass + coating + gas fill + spacer + sash + frame +….

When performance is invisible, how can you distinguish product performance?

- Field measurement tools - Rating and labeling systems: National Fenestration Rating Council

PC Software Tools for Industry

• • • • Optics : analyze optical properties of glazings THERM : analyze 2D heat transfer through frames WINDOW : analyze window thermal-optical performance RESFEN : calculate heating and cooling energy use of windows

Optics

(Window Glass)

THERM (Window Frame) WINDOW+5

(Whole Window)

RESFEN

(Whole Building) • Numerous international partnerships in windows R&D via IEA, ISO,….

Validation with Experimental Facilities

Infrared Thermography Lab Mobile Window Thermal Test Facility

Window Technologies: “Smart Windows” Challenge: Switchable glazings that minimize cooling but admit daylight; reliable operation “OFF” “ON” Electrochromic Windows

Electrochromic Device Design

Performance Properties

 Tv: .70 --> .10

 SHGC: .60 --> .15

 50,000+ cycles  Switching time: < 60 sec.

 Neutral color  Uniform over area  Low Voltage control

Transparent Contact Ion-Storage Electrode Ion Conductor Electrochromic Electrode Transparent Contact Glass Substrate Multi-layer thin film coatings

U.S. “Smart Window” Initiative:

Industry-Government Cost-shared Partnership

Field test and demonstration program

Develop and demonstrate “systems” solutions Reduce installed costs Demonstrate “acceptable” durability Field Test Coated Glazings Window systems Building Demonstration

Window-lighting performance under partly cloudy conditions

Time EC Fluor 10:30 0.38 80% 10:40 0.36 30% 10:50 0.18 40% 11:00 0.11 42%

Component --> Integrated Systems R&D

Task Requirements Electrochromic Window User Preferences Interior Conditions Controller Lighting System Weather Conditions Load Shedding/ Demand Limiting Signal Building Performance

(cost, comfort, operations)

Next Level of Systems Integration “Smart Office” Integration Concepts

System integration: Economic perspective

Heating Peak Cooling Load Chiller Size

$

Cooling Lighting

$

Initial Cost

$

Annual Cost Lighting Design Strategy Peak Electric Demand Load Shape Generation

$ $ $

Utility

Building Envelope as Dynamic Filter

Air Velocity Dust, Dirt Rain Humidity Exterior Climate Temperature Radiation Outdoors

Large dynamic ranges Highly variable over time

Air Velocity Humidity Indoor Env.

Temperature Radiation Indoors

Limited dynamic ranges Controlled over time

Façade Technology: Changing Scale and Function

“1

m

” coating + Numerous options + Minimal mass + Versatile + Low Maintenance +/- Cost +/- Durability +/- Operable “1mm” glass “1m” Double envelope + Numerous options + Numerous options + Low Maintenance + Versatile + Cost + Durability + Operable - Maintenance - Cost +/- Durability Dynamic Intensity Spectral Directional Dynamic Intensity Dynamic Intensity Spectral

Spectral

Directional Directional

Advanced Materials for Buildings MEMS: M icro E lectro M echanical S ystems

Compact Heat Exchangers Inexpensive combustion sensors and chemistry labs on a chip

Advanced Facades: What Works? How Well? Why?

Daylighting ( and Natural Ventilation)

• All buildings with windows are daylighted • Daylighting has great potential as an energy and cost saver • “Daylight” is desired by most building occupants • •

Few daylighted buildings save electric lighting energy Retrofit imposes limitations

• Historic Retrofit more difficult •But adding lighting controls may be invisible option Key technology and systems design issue is “control” - Separate heat and light - Separate light and view - Control daylight, glare, and electric light Capture aesthetic and “human side” of daylight

Daylighting Technologies

•

Spectrally selective glazings

•selective absorbers •selective reflective coatings •

Dynamic control of intensity

•exterior and interior devices, e.g. blinds, shades •manual vs. automated control •smart glazings: e.g. electrochromic •

Control of light distribution

•angle selective transmittance •redirection systems: prismatic, holographic, reflective...

•transport: reflective optics, light pipes, fiber optics,...

Lighting

22% of all Electricity in U.S.

• Rapid Replacement - 35%/yr • Large Demonstrated Savings -R&D --> Market Success • Even Bigger New Opportunities… -- controls -> load shedding -- solid state lighting

Lighting Opportunities



Human Needs - what do people want, need



Sources - generate light efficiently



Fixtures - direct the light to where it is needed



Controls - use the right amount when and where it is needed



Daylighting - control integration issues

Lighting Solutions

Controls Obstacles



Occupancy controls have some impact



But controls underutilized in most buildings



Cost per control point



Network Cost and Complexity



Calibration and Maintenance



Communications standards and protocols

Dimming lighting during curtailments

30000 25000 20000 15000 10000

Typical commercial building load profile A/C Lighting

30000

Peak demand reductions during curtailments

25000

Lighting: Air conditioning: Other: 75% 25% 10%

20000 15000

Dimmed lighting A/C

10000

Other Other

5000 5000 0 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 Time of Day 17 19 21 23 0 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 Time of Day 17 19 21 23

Daylighting Energy Savings (South)

Annual savings: First row: 41% Second row: 22% Relative lighting energy consumed by each row of lights on South side of third floor for six months in 1997 The row of lights nearest the window are dimmed more than the second row of lights

IBECS Integrated Building Environmental Communications System Server running IBECS application program

Bridge BACnet or legacy networks Existing Ethernet

Workstations running IBECS local control applets More

m

LANs

Fixture with dimmable ballast

Lighting Loads

Light sensor

MicroLAN bridge

Occupant sensor

MicroLAN (4 wires, 10-100 devices typical, 1000 ft) Network Interfaces - Contain addressable microchips - Tailored to specific equipment

Temperature sensor Motorized blind/louver Electrochromic window Sub meter

Other Equipment Loads

IBECS Technology Features

Addressable Microchips - Unique IP address - One signal transformation per chip - Built-in network communications • • •

Network interfaces that use 25¢ addressable microchips Internet bridges that interconnect existing Ethernet to the mLANs Networking software

• •

Fault-tolerant network Maintain open protocols

Internet Bridge - Both bridge and microcomputer - $50/board in single units - Supports multiple connections

Vision: Dimming every light cheaply

 Fixtures: the ubiquitous “appliance”: 800 million fluorescent lighting fixtures  Universal IBECS 0-10 VDC ballast network interface cost: $1/unit  Dimming and addressability appropriate for 50% of ballast market  Win/Win: Occupant comfort + building manager load management

Prototype of an IBECS ballast/network interface developed at Berkeley Lab. The interface translates MicroLAN digital signal into 0-10 VDC control voltage to control a commercially available dimming ballast. The cost of the interface to ballast manufacturers is projected to be about $1.

New Sources: Lighting the 21st Century

< 19th C. - Flame

Lumens/watt

<1 >1890s. - Filament lamp (incandescents) 2-25 >1930s - Discharge lamps (Fluorescent, HID, Sulfur) 40-120 21st C.

-

Solid state light sources

-

(direct conversion of electricity to light) 50-200 National Impacts: 50%savings potential due to efficacy, source size, spectrum,…

Solid State Lighting Initiative



Goal: Efficient Replacement for General lighting

 Government/Industry partnership for 5-10 yr effort to achieve

20-50 fold improvement in performance, i.e.“light out/unit cost”

 Existing industrial base for solid state displays and niche lighting (e.g. traffic lights) is >$2B/year sales 

DOE/Industry Support for Technology Roadmap LEDs OLEDs

Light Emitting Diodes

Space Conditioning

Generator-Absorber Natural Gas Heat Pump Desiccant Air Conditioning

Thermal Distribution R&D



Basic Understanding



Field Measurements



Simulation Tools



Technology Development

 

Measurement Technologies Retrofit and New Construction Technologies



Home designs to minimize impacts



Codes and Standards



Measurement Standards



Building Codes



Commercialization

 

Energy Service Companies HVAC Business Opportunities

Thermal Distribution Systems

Residential Ducts: “Well-Known” Problems; 10%-30% losses 

Leakage and Insulation



Location



Capacity and Comfort



> $10B Savings Potential

Technology Development

Duct Wall Snapshot of Aerosol Sealing Process 2-D Slot Particle Build-up 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 0 5 10 15 20 Elapsed Time [min] 25 30 35

Commercial Building Duct Systems

 Light Commercial Duct Systems 

Very much like residential (5-15% fan power)



Insulation/Air-Barrier Location

 Large Commercial Duct Systems  

Fan-Power Dominated (35-50%) Large Potential Fan Power Savings

Large Commercial Systems

Impacts of Thermal Losses



Thermal losses (supply leakage and conduction) to a return plenum essentially short-circuit the fan



Fan power goes with the cube of the flowrate



20% thermal losses translate into large fan-power increases

(>60%)

Current R&D Directions



Residential



Comfort Performance of Duct Systems



Low-Energy Low-Demand HVAC Systems



Duct Materials Performance



Commercial



National Stock Characterization



Yardstick for Thermal Distribution Efficiency



Demonstrate Potential of Large Commercial Duct Improvements

Solar Technologies

1980 Massachusetts Solar Home Transpired Solar Collector

Advanced Refrigeration

1 kWh/day Refrigerator Vacuum Panel Refrigerator

Water Heating

Residential Heat Pump Water Heater Combined Space/Hot Water Heater

Mandatory Appliance Standards as a Driver for Product Innovation

U.S. Energy Efficiency Standards Apply to Most Primary Energy Used by Buildings

Appliance Standards Improve Efficiency Dramatically

2000 1800 1600

Average Energy Consumption for New Refrigerators (kiloWatt-hours/year)

1972, first oil price shocks (1726 kWh/a) 1400 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0 1960 Average 1961 approximately 12 model cu.ft.

had of capacity, used 1015 kWh/a and used fiberglass insulation.

1965 1970 1975 Average 1980 model had 19.6 cu.ft. of capacity, used 1278 kWh/a and used CFC-blown foam insulation.

1980

Year

1985

1990 Standard (976 kWh/a) 1993 Standard (686 kWh/a)

1990 1995 By 2001, a typical model has 20 cu.ft. of capacity, features more through-the-door services like ice and water, uses about 63% less energy (476 kWh/a) than the 1980 models and uses ozone- friendly foam insulation.

2001 Standard (476 kWh/a)

2000 2005

Energy Savings Outweigh Added Initial Cost of More Efficient Products

U.S. Standards for Refrigerators and Refrigerator-Freezers

2015 2020 2025 2030

6

1990

5

1995 2000 2005

Energy Bill Savings Initial Cost for More Efficient Technology Net Economic Impact

2010

4 3 2 -1 -2 1 0

Analysis Shows Variability in Consumer Impacts

Example: Clothes washers in year 2004

 Updated standard reduces energy for clothes washing 22% from baseline.  Range of impacts is from $808 savings to $126 cost per household.

 Mean = $103 savings (6%). (Projected average baseline LCC = $1633.) 

90% of households have net savings, 10% have net cost.

Consumer Life Cycle Cost

Life-Cycle Cost for Clothes Washers Discount Rate = 6.1%, Lifetime = 14 years, Elec Price = $0.077/kWh

$1,650 $1,600 $1,550 $1,500 $1,450 $1,400 $1,350 0.8

2004 Standard MEF=1.04

0.9

1 2007 Standard MEF=1.26

1.1

1.2

MEF

1.3

1.4

1.5

1.6

1.7

Standby Power Losses

AUDIO BATTERY HOME KITCHEN OFFICE SET-TOP TELEPHONY TV-VCR WHITE GOODS Portable Stereo Compact system Component System DVD Player Radio, Clock Battery Charger Power Tool Vacuum Cleaner Garage Door Opener Security System Breadmaker Microwave Oven Rice Cooker Computer Modem, digital Printer, Ink/B ubbleJet Cable Box, Analog Cable Box, Digital DT V D ecoder Satellite System Answering Machine Cordless Phone DT V Television VCR Range Standby Power (Watts) Minimum, Average and Maximum 0 10 20

New washing machine draws 5 W in standby Note: 1W = 9 kWh/year

Redesign to Cut Standby

Power consumption of this internet appliance could be cut 90% by replacing circuitry, enabling power management (already present in chips), and using a switching power supply.

Whole Buildings - Research Areas



Codes and Standards



Design and Simulation Tools



Residential Buildings R&D



Commercial Buildings R&D



Building Life-cycle perspective (information technology)



Performance Metrics and Benchmarking

 

Integrated design strategies Design -> Commissioning -> Operations



Sustainable design- broadens perspective from energy



High Tech Buildings



Grid Responsive, On-site Power

Approach to Improving Building Energy Efficiency

# of Units Appliance and Building Standards Market Transformation - Information - Incentives - Outreach Leadership R&D Energy Efficiency (Metrics)

Codes and Standards: Energy Policy Act of 1992

 Codes and standards define how a building should be built to save energy.

 EPACT requires states to:  Consider adopting provisions that meet or exceed CABO Model Energy Code (1992 version) for residential buildings  Adopt provisions that meet or exceed ASHRAE Standard 90.1-1989 for commercial buildings  EPACT requires DOE to:  Determine whether or not new versions of CABO Model Energy Code save energy for residential buildings  Determine whether or not new versions of ASHRAE Standard 90.1 save energy for commercial buildings

States that Met Commercial EPAct Requirements: 2000 Commercial EPAct Requirements in 2000 Met Requirements Almost Met Requirements

Actual Performance vs. Code

 How does a building that meets code actually perform?

 How to encourage owners and designers to “beat”the code?

 Rating and Labeling Buildings  Energy: Energy Star  Environmental Performance:  US Green Buildings Council  LEED ratings  Predictions ??

 Operations ??

Creating New Buildings: The Role of Computer Tools

Issues:

 Appropriateness  To design task  To user skill level  Accuracy and/or sensitivity  Usability  Interfaces  Support  Flexibility  Interoperability

Types of Tools

Phase  Architectural Design  Engineering Analysis  Operations/Facilities Management Domain  Building Energy Performance  Component performance, e.g. Lighting  Non-Energy, e.g. CAD, Cost estimate

Many Functions for Tools

 Code compliance  Rating  Policy development  Energy services  Design assistance  Research  Education  Many limitations….

Simulation Tools



DOE-2

:   “Widespread” use; documented savings; 25 year old “spaghetti code” - hard to adapt to new needs 

EnergyPlus

:

new capabilities, new users

      Models non-traditional HVAC strategies Models thermal comfort Model realistic building controls @ small time steps Suitable for studying building response to real time price signals for load management Integrate performance of distributed generation - PV, fuel cells with waste heat use,...

Basis for real time building emulator for operations and optimization

EnergyPlus

Building Description

EnergyPlus

Simulation Manager Window 5 Calcs COMIS Air Flow Ground Ht Transfer Future Modules Heat and Mass Balance Simulation Zone Building Systems Simulation Conditions Update Feedback SPARK TRNSYS Pollution Models Future Modules Calculation Results Describe Building Third-Party User Interfaces Display Results

Importance of Early Design Intervention

Ability to influence cost Cumulative cost Investment Costs over Life Cycle $$ Design

Construction Operations

Tools for Conceptual Design

 Many attempts, few successes  Difficult “tool design” tradeoffs  Ease of Use vs. Comprehensiveness  Simplicity vs. Accuracy  Single purpose vs. Whole Building  Perceived value: Cost- benefits  Training - Education  A/E, Owners  Linkages to conventional design tools, e.g. CAD

Building Design Advisor:

A tool for architects in conceptual design

Designer “automatically” creates a building data model while using CAD; immediately available to various simulation engines

The Information Challenge

Current practice built on numerous “one-on-one” customized data exchanges

site planning architecture lighting engineering electrical structural program ming HVAC fire protection catalogues facilities management civil cost estimating value engineering simulation codes and standards wiring commis sioning construction procure ment

Common Data Model for Buildings

site planning architecture lighting engineering electrical structural program ming HVAC fire protection catalogues facilities management Common object data model civil cost estimating value engineering simulation wiring codes and standards commis sioning construction procure ment

Interoperability

 Business Logic: designers will rarely have time and resources for “new” energy tools with associated costs, e.g. data entry  Opportunity: Link energy tools seamlessly to existing “primary” design tools, e.g. CAD  Requirement: An extensible, “complete”, object oriented data model 

International Alliance for Interoperability, IAI

 9 chapters, 600 members, IFC model, initial tools

Time/Cost Savings with Data Model

debugging SIMULATION coding (manual import of geometry) thermal zoning (manual) line drawings automatic import of simulation-ready geometry zoning (CAD overlay) CAD file automatic acquisition SIMULATION

AUTOMATIC ACQUISITION OF GEOMETRY

manual (current) loss of time/cost no longer necessary

CURRENT METHOD (PREDOMINANTLY MANUAL) TIME/COST TO SIMULATION OF GEOMETRY

TIME/COST

BILD-IT Project: Data Paths

CAD application

other application * .ifc

file

SMOG

IDF BS client

CFD

ODF

B S P r o

non IFC data IDF BS client

S e r v e r

ODF BS client

RIUSKA E+

Structural Design Electrical System Design Thermal Simulation Construction Specifications Robobat Alpi Rocca Client Brief to Space Plan HVAC System Design Computational Fluid Dynamics qPartners Architecture Design Fukui Arch & Structure Design Progman Kozo Architecture Design Architecture Design Architecture Design Fujitsu BricsNet Graphisoft IFC Model Viewer VTT IFC Model Viewer BBS Building Design Microsoft HVAC System Design Desi gn AEA Thermal Simulation LBNL Thermal Simulation Olof Granlund Energy BS Pro Server Olof Granlund IFC Model Viewer CSTB CISRO Design Spell Checking Solibri Util itie s IFC Toolbox Eurostep BSD Product Catalogs NEC QualiSTEP CSTB IFC R2.0

Models P21 / XML Code Checking Code Checking CSIRO Promote VTT Architectural Desktop Autodesk IFC R1.5.1

Models Model Conversion CSIRO IAI Cost Estimating ost Cost Estimating Tocoman Cost Estimating Sumitomo M IFC Server Secom Quantity Takeoff Bernard Info qPartners Con fac stuc tu ri Construction Planning ti ng on/ FM Cost Estimating Financial Managmenet Muli-Mgmt.

YIT 4D Design Modeler Disney/CIFE Life Cycle Cost Olof Granlund legacy format PHAROS Truss Manufacturing Construction Management Gangnail Facilities Management Microsoft Japan BS software Alplan FT Nemetschek BLIS Project AEC/FM Software Interoperability . Legend .

Apps Tool sets R2 - Now R2 - Planned R1.5.1 - Now Legacy - Now BLIS Partnership IFC-based AEC-FM Developments

High Performance Computing: Impact on Building Simulation?

 How might advances in high performance computing fundamentally change building design and operations?

 Central facilities with networking vs distributed computing?

 Challenges/Opportunities:  Natural ventilation, Daylighting, Controls modeling, Optimization NERSC, National Energy Research Supercomputing Center, ESNET

Photorealistic Visualization

Radiance: Backward Raytracing Simulation

Simulating Reality in “Real Time” Dynamic Walkthroughs

Radiance: Lighting and Daylighting simulation tool

Houses: the Problem

 Houses are Field Assembled  Components vs. system  House Performance?

 Inspection vs. diagnostic tests  Codes Do Not Deliver Maximum Value  Expectation (design?) vs. operational reality

Overall Residential Goals



Address House as a System

 Metrics – Energy, health, comfort, safety, $   Norms – Acceptable values for metrics Diagnostics – Evaluation of metrics 

Demonstrate Value of Commissioning

  New construction – Compliance, QA/QC Existing houses – Retrofit, sale, O&M 

Production Builders: Building America

 Partner with major builders to promote innovative solutions that can be widely replicated

Commissioning

 Audit & Diagnostics  Go/no-go checklists, performance tests  Tuning & Tweaking  Adjust system to match expectations  Maximize System Performance  Identify improvement opportunities

Commissioning: Areas of Concern

 Building Envelope  Insulation, windows  Tightness, moisture  Distribution System  Duct leakage, insul.

 Airflow  Cooling System  Charge, airflow  Efficiency, capacity  Combustion Systems  Backdrafting, spillage  Safety  Indoor Air Quality  Source control  Ventilation  Control Systems  Heat pump strip heat  Zone controls

Optimal Ventilation Strategies

Exhaust Heat Recovery Natural Ventilation

Building America

New Residential Building R&D

 A private/public partnership to accelerate the development and integration of energy efficiency solutions into production houses by developing and demonstrating systems engineering.

 Utilizing a system-engineering approach:    Produce homes on a community scale that use 30% to 50% less energy for heating & cooling.

Reduce construction time & waste as much as 50%.

Increase productivity & generate new product opportunities.

Zero Energy Homes

 New DOE projects supporting demonstrations  Highly efficient homes with solar water heating and photovoltaics  Net metering - sell power to utilities  Not “cost effective” but offered by some homebuilders in California Photovoltaics

Communities

Neighborhood Center at Civano Addressing energy and resource issues at the community level

COMMERCIAL BUILDINGS R&D

Weather Station for

Predictive/adaptive Control

Electrochromic Glazing Integrated with Thermal and Daylight Systems Using

Advanced Controls Flexible, reconfigurable interior structure and services

Dimming Ballasts with Efficient Fixtures and

Advanced Controls

VAV boxes with

Intelligent Diagnostics and

Communications link for

automated electricity reliable, long lived, wireless sensors purchasing Wireless, Multi-

and management of multiple buildings

component, Smart, Air Quality Sensors Personalized, Localized, Environment Distributed, Modular Micro-Heat Pumps Smart Daylighting & Lighting Controls

Power Source

Fuel Cell Integrated, Wireless, Plug ‘n Play, Controls with Real-Time Performance Tracking, Control, Optimization, and Fault Detection & Diagnostics Smart Structural Materials

Efficient Boiler with Heat Recovery

What costs $100M and holds 500 people?

20k sqm Class A Office Building B-777 ( or, why can’t we make buildings like airplanes?)

Commercial Building Sector Design and Operations

 Buildings do not perform as intended because...

   

large & fragmented industry driven by least first cost integrated design is complex critical information lost from design to operations

 

controls not fully programmed or documented minimal monitoring of “as operated” performance

 Information Technology issue  Business management issue

Cost per Sq. Ft./Year Energy Cost $2.00

Maintenance $3.00

Rent $50.00

Productivity $300.00

Building Life-Cycle Performance View

Metric-Tracker Life cycle Info systems Retrofit Tools

Design

Automated Diagnostic Tools Building Data Model Design Tools

DOE 2 EnergyPlus Spark

Construction Operations

Information Monitoring & Diagnostic System Commissioning Tools & Active Tests

Commissioning

High Performance Commercial Building Systems

Assuring Affordable Energy Efficiency and Environmental Quality

( Integrated Systems and Life Cycle perspectives)

Information Technology: Turning Data into Actionable Knowledge 75% savings

New Construction

50% savings

Retrofit

20% savings

O&M Tune Ups

• • •

Existing Buildings, O&M Tune-ups: Existing, retrofits: New Construction:

Continuous Commissioning Commission, Invest in improved controls,etc Heavy emphasis on design optimization and systems integration for life-cycle operations

Information Monitoring and Diagnostic System (IMDS)

• • • •

High quality sensors (power, flows, temps) Data visualization tools High frequency data (1 minute) Automated diagnostic prototype IMDS On-Site Archive Internet ISDN Connection IMDS Remote Archive

• •

On-Site Electric Eye Software Real-time Remote Web Browser

IMDS Evaluation Results

Key Benefits of IMDS  

Dramatic improvement in controls & automation Better comfort & reduced complaints



Extended equipment life



Energy Savings (12%, $6/sq.m)

40 20 60 12 0 10 0 80 20 0 18 0 16 0 14 0 Desire for New Technology 

Continuous archive



Real-time graphical analysis



Web-based remote access

0 Oscillations begin after incorrect tuning

Chilled Water Temperatures

(Degree F)

Chiller Load

(Tons)

Chiller Power

(kW) 06:0 0 12:0

Time of Day

(18 Aug 1999) 18:0 0 Inlet vane control problem 24:0 0

Utility and EMCS Data Analysis

OFB: Peak Day Load Profile (6/14/00)

5000 4500 4000 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 0 0 2 4 6 8 10 12

Time (hour)

14 16 18 20 22

Delay HVAC start time to save $20,000.yr

Whole Building Chillers

Demand Savings at Oakland Federal Building July 3 - Energy Use & Temperature

3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 0 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22

Time of Day (15-min increment)

100 80 60 40 20 0

New Directions: Improved Building Operations

Achieving 10% savings for the entire commercial sector ($10B/yr)

Today (2001)  From Single Buildings  From Human Expert Use  From On-Site Operators  From Costly Demos  From Limited Accuracy  Tomorrow (2015)  To Multiple Buildings  To Automated Diagnostics  To Remote Analysts  To Low-Cost Standard Practice  To Accurate, Low-Risk Investments

How can social science R&D improve energy efficiency in commercial buildings?

 By doing a better job of marketing existing technologies?

 By changing consumer behavior?

 By identifying more attractive technologies?

 By reshaping the technical R&D agenda?

 By understanding what energy consumption and conservation means in the context of workplace and design environments?

Special Building Types

 Focus is “typical” or “average” buildings  New Interest in “Special Building Types”  Exhibition Centers  Transport Centers, e.g. Airports  Hi-Tech Buildings  Clean rooms  Data Centers  Need new data and new tools

Hi-Tech Buildings

 Highly Energy Intensive: can be 100 x normal buildings  Important to local economy  Enormous opportunity for savings

Cleanroom Energy Benchmarking

•

Many industries have Cleanrooms

Cleanrooms in California

Automotive 3% Aerospace 6% Semiconductor Supplier 3% Electronics 9% Food 3% Hospital 4% Medical Device 7% Semiconductor 58% Pharmaceutical 7%

Process Water Pumping 4% DI Water 5% Support 3% Nitrogen Plant 7% Exhuast Fans 7%

Energy Use Breakdown Production Cleanroom

Process Tools 34% Chillers and Pumps 21%

•Ability to compare performance regardless of process •Focus on system efficiency rather than production efficiency •Define key metrics

Recirc and Make-up Fans 19%

that drive performance •Benchmark best practice

Data Centers



Myth vs. Reality

 500W/sq. m.??

 Growing demand to overwhelm the grid??

 Reality: significant loads for computers but building averages are approx. 100W/sq.m

 Likely impact by 2003 is .1% - .5% of US grid

New Opportunities



Managing Multiple Buildings

 Not economically feasible for all buildings to have on-site facility managers  Economic incentive with real time pricing  Deregulated energy markets give advantage to owners with greater purchasing power  District heating/cooling not widely used 

On-Site Generation

 On-site generation: e.g. microturbines, fuel cells  Combined heat and power  Renewables: e.g. building integrated PV

G

SA

E

NERGY

M

ANAGEMENT

NET

WORK

On-Site Power

Fuel Cell at Pittsburgh Airport Residential Prototype Fuel Cell (Plug Power LLC)

New Information Resources

 Web-based technologies  Data sources: “buyer beware”  chat lines, list servers  manufacturers’ data  On-line tools  Drowning in data; where is the critical information to guide decisions?

 New Information Delivery mechanisms  Wireless, real-time,...

 Impact on Building Management Systems

Contact Information:

Stephen Selkowitz Building Technologies Department Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Building 90-3111 Berkeley, CA 94720 USA Phone: (510) 486-5064 Fax: (510) 486-4089 E-mail: [email protected]