10 ── 動態定價 e-Auctions

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Transcript 10 ── 動態定價 e-Auctions

10
e-Auctions ──
動態定價
中央大學.資訊管理系
范錚強
mailto: [email protected]
http://www.mgt.ncu.edu.tw/~ckfarn
2007.05
中央大學。范錚強
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Learning Objectives
1. Define the various types of e-auctions and list
their characteristics.
2. Describe the processes involved in conducting
forward and reverse e-auctions.
3. Describe the benefits and limitations of eauctions.
4. Describe some unique e-auction models.
中央大學。范錚強
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Learning Objectives
5. Describe the various services that support eauctions.
6. Describe the hazards of e-auction fraud and
discuss possible countermeasures.
7. Describe bartering and negotiating.
8. Describe e-auction deployment and
implementation issues.
9. Analyze future directions of mobile e-auctions.
中央大學。范錚強
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動態定價和電子化拍賣的基礎
dynamic pricing
Prices that are determined based on supply and
demand relationships at any given time
auction
Market mechanism by which buyers make bids and
sellers place offers; characterized by the competitive
and dynamic nature by which the final price is
reached
electronic auctions (e-auctions)
Auctions conducted online
中央大學。范錚強
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交易的
交易的成交價
成交價
靜態
標價
動態
議價
拍賣/招標
交易價格
拍賣
標價
雙邊拍賣
單邊拍賣
英式拍賣
荷式拍賣
密封投標
維式拍賣
...
議價
報價制
標單制
混合制
集合拍賣
複式拍賣
混合拍賣
瓦拉斯拍賣
搜尋拍賣
K值拍賣
線應規劃拍賣
呼喊式拍賣
GloBex拍賣
投標式拍賣
單價複式拍賣
雙荷蘭鐘拍賣
萬式拍賣
...
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動態定價的基本理論
賽局理論 Game Theory
相關諾貝爾經濟獎
1991 Coase
1959主張政府採用拍賣處理公共財
1994 Nash, Selton, Harsanyi
賽局均衡理論
1950 Nash博士論文(27頁,22歲)--「Nash均衡」
1996 Vickery
維氏拍賣
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動態定價的種類
協商
招標
拍賣
撮合
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拍賣
古羅馬時代拍賣奴隸
民間標會
美國國庫券、油田
公共工程
電影權、葡萄酒
1995~1998美國3G頻道拍賣230億美金
2002台灣3G頻道拍賣400多億台幣
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Fundamentals of
Dynamic Pricing and E-Auctions
One Buyer, One Seller
Popular in B2B
Each party can use negotiation 談判,
bargaining 議價, or bartering 以物易物
The resulting price will be determined by:
Bargaining power
Supply and demand in the item’s market
Business-environment factors
中央大學。范錚強
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One Seller, Many Potential Buyers
forward auction
An auction in which a seller offers a product to many
potential buyers
sealed-bid auction
Auction in which each bidder bids only once; a silent
auction, in which bidders do not know who is placing
bids or what the prices are
Vickrey auction
An auction in which the highest bidder wins but pays
only the second-highest bid
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Types of Forward Auctions
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One Buyer, Many Potential Sellers
reverse auction 逆拍賣、招標
Auction in which the buyer places an item for
bid (tender) on a request for quote (RFQ)
system, potential suppliers bid on the job,
with the price reducing sequentially, and the
lowest bid wins
used mainly in B2B and G2B e-commerce
中央大學。范錚強
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One Buyer, Many Potential Sellers2
B2B Reverse Auctions
C2C Reverse Auctions
“Name-Your-Own-Price” Model
Auction model in which would-be buyers
specify the price (and other terms) they are
willing to pay to any willing seller; a C2B
model, pioneered by Priceline.com
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相關名詞
Bid: 出價
Tender: 遞送標單
RFQ: Request for Quotation 詢價、訪價
購買標的產品的細部規格已經確定
尋求出價──依價格購買
RFP: Request for Quotation 邀請建議提案
購買標的的功能性規格已經確定,已有可行方案
尋求提出產品規格和價格──依規格和價格購買
RFI: Request for Information
購買標的的功能性需求,但不確定有可行方案
尋求提出可能的解決方案和價格──參考 RPI 的提案,提出
RFP 或 RFI
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常見的拍賣方式
參與者
封閉
僅受邀者有資格參加
公開
開放參加參加
出價
出價公開
英式拍賣
荷式拍賣
出價保密
密封投標(最高價)
維式拍賣
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英式拍賣
價格公開
成交
多次出價、價格往上
$
★ 買家 A 出價
● 買家 B 出價
■ 買家 C 出價
▲ 買家 D 出價
★
●★
■▲
▲■
★●
★■
▲
底價
time
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荷式拍賣
價格公開
成交
多次出價、價格往下
賣價
賣價
賣價
賣價
賣價
賣價
賣價
賣價
$
★ 買家 A 出價
● 買家 B 出價
■ 買家 C 出價
▲ 買家 D 出價
★
▲
■
★
底價
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密封投標(最高價)
一次出價
底價 =100
買方 出價
密封投標
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
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89
112
100
87
65
104
成交
18
維式拍賣 Vickery auction
改良式密封投標
最高價者得標,但以次高的價格成交
底價 =100
成交價
成交者
中央大學。范錚強
買方
出價
A
110
B
89
C
112
D
100
E
87
F
65
G
104
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一些選用機制
底價
最少需要高過這個價錢才賣
最少需要低過這個價錢才買
時間限制
兩小時?燒一根蠟燭?
直接交易定價
直接以一個賣方接受的價格購買
跳過拍賣流程
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拍賣的特點
買賣雙方的心理因素
密封式的投標,沒有第二次機會,可能會出較
高價錢(可能圍標)
英式拍賣,如果有興趣的人不多,可能會以低
價標出;但如多人競爭,可能會有更高價錢
Spy vs. Spy
選用機制,增強心理壓力
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Many Sellers, Many Buyers
複式拍賣、撮合
Buyers and their bidding prices are
matched with sellers and their asking prices
based on the quantities on both sides and
the dynamic interaction between the buyers
and sellers
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集合拍賣
以成交量最大化原則
共有8對成交
(A,8)、(B,7)、(C,6)、
(D,5)、(E,4)、(F,3)、
(G,2)、(H,1)。
以價格統一化原則
可以定其成交價格為21.25元
共有5對成交
(A,1)、(B,2)、(C,3)、
(D,4)、(E,5)。
中央大學。范錚強
賣方
賣價
買方
買價
A
10
1
30
B
11
2
28
C
15
3
26
D
17
4
24
E
20
5
22
F
21.5
6
21
G
25
7
20
H
26
8
18
9
17
10
15
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Benefits, Limitations, and
Strategic Uses of E-Auctions
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Benefits of E-Auctions
Benefits to Sellers
Increased revenues
Optimal price setting
Removal of expensive intermediaries
Better customer relationships
Liquidation
Lower transaction costs
Lower administrative costs
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Benefits of E-Auctions
Benefits of E-Auctions to Buyers
Opportunities to find unique items and
collectibles
Lower prices
Entertainment
Anonymity
Convenience
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Benefits of E-Auctions
Benefits to E-Auctioneers
Higher repeat purchases
A stickier Web site
Expansion of the auction business
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Limitations of E-Auctions
Possibility of fraud
Limited participation
Security
Auction software
Long cycle time
Monitoring time
Equipment for buyers
Order fulfillment costs
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Strategic Uses of Auctions and
Pricing Mechanisms
Through dynamic pricing, buyers and
sellers are able to adjust pricing strategies
and optimize product inventory levels very
quickly
Suppliers can quickly flush excess inventory
and liquidate idle assets
Buyers may gather the power to procure
goods and services at the prices they desire
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The “Name-Your-Own-Price”
C2B Model
Enables consumers to achieve significant
savings by naming their own price for
goods and services
Same concept as C2B reverse auction, in
which vendors bid on a job by submitting
offers and the lowest priced vendor or the
one that meets the buyer’s requirements
gets the job
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The E-Auction Process
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Phase 1: Searching and
Comparing
Finding When and Where an Item Will Be
Auctioned
Auction Aggregators
Companies that use software agents to visit Web
auction sites, find information, and deliver it to users
Browsing Site Categories
Basic and Advanced Searching
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Phase 2: Getting Started at an
Auction
Registration and Participants’ Profiles
Listing and Promoting
Pricing
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Phase 3: Bidding
Bid Watching and Multiple Bids
sniping
Entering a bid during the very last seconds
of an auction and outbidding the highest
bidder (in the case of selling items)
Proxy Bids
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Phase 4: Post-auction Follow-Up
Post-auction activities
Bidding notifications
End-of-auction notices
Seller notices
Postcards and thank-you notes
User communication
Chat groups
Mailing lists
Message boards
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Phase 4: Post-auction Follow-Up
Feedback and ratings
Invoicing and billing
Payment methods
P2P transfer service
Escrow service
Credit card payment
Shipping and postage
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Additional Terms and Rules
vertical auction
Auction that takes place between sellers and
buyers in one industry or for one commodity
auction vortals
Another name for a vertical auction portal
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Double Auctions,
Bundle Trading, and Pricing Issues
single auction 單邊
Auction in which at least one side of the market consists of a
single entity (a single buyer or a single seller)
double auction 複式
Auction in which multiple buyers and sellers may be making
bids and offers simultaneously; buyers and their bidding prices
and sellers and their asking prices are matched, considering the
quantities on both sides
bundle trading 集合
The selling of several related products and/or services together
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Prices in Auctions: Higher or
Lower?
Pricing Strategies in Online Auctions
Sellers have the option to use different
auction mechanisms, such as English, Dutch,
sealed-bid first price, and sealed-bid second
price
Buyers should develop a strategy regarding
how much to increase a bid and when to stop
bidding
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Types of E-Auction Fraud
bid shielding
Having phantom bidders bid at a very high
price when an auction begins; they pull out at
the last minute, and the bidder who bid a
much lower price wins
shilling
Placing fake bids on auction items to
artificially jack up the bidding price
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Types of E-Auction Fraud
Fake photos and misleading descriptions
Improper grading techniques
Bid siphoning
Selling reproductions as originals
Failure to pay
Failure to pay the auction house
中央大學。范錚強
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Types of E-Auction Fraud
High shipping costs and handling fees
Failure to ship merchandise
Loss and damage claims
Fake escrow services
Switch and return
Other frauds
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escrow
履約保證機制
在「長」交易時需有履約保證
國際買賣的「押匯」
購買房子,在付款、過戶的灰色地帶,由
銀行擔保
需要有「公正」的第三者
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E-Auction Fraud and Its
Prevention
Protecting Against E-Auction Fraud
User identity verification
Authentication service
Grading services
Feedback forum
Insurance policy
Escrow services
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E-Auction Fraud and Its
Prevention
Protecting Against E-Auction Fraud
Nonpayment punishment
Appraisal services
Physical inspection
Item verification
Other security services
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Bartering Online
bartering
The exchange of goods and services
electronic bartering (e-bartering)
Bartering conducted online, usually by a
bartering exchange
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Negotiation and Bargaining
online negotiation
A back-and-forth electronic process of
bargaining until the buyer and seller reach a
mutually agreeable price; usually done by
software (intelligent) agents
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Technologies for Electronic
Bargaining
1. Search
2. Selection
3. Negotiation
4. Continuing selection and negotiation
5. Transaction completion
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Issues in E-Auction
Implementation
Using Intermediaries
The following are some of the popular thirdparty auction sites:
General sites
Specialized sites
B2B-oriented sites
Using Trading Assistants
Auction Rules
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Issues in E-Auction
Implementation
Strategic Issues
Auctions in Exchanges
Infrastructure for E-Auctions
Building Auction Sites
Auctions on Private Networks
Pigs in Singapore and Taiwan
Livestock in Australia
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Integrated Auction Business Model
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Managerial Issues
1. Should we have our own auction site or
use a third party site?
2. What are the costs and benefits of auctions?
3. What auction strategies would we use?
4. What about support services?
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Managerial Issues
5. What would we auction?
6. What is the best bartering strategy?
7. How can we promote our auction?
8. Should we combine auctions with other
models?
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Summary
1. The various types of auctions and their
characteristics.
2. The processes of forward and reverse
auctions.
3. Benefits and limitations of auctions.
4. Unique auction models.
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Summary
5. Services that support auctions.
6. Hazards of e-auction fraud and
countermeasures.
7. Bartering and negotiating.
8. Auction deployment and implementation.
9. Future directions and the role of mobile
auctions.
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打造台中魚市場新氣象
台中魚市場股份有限公司
日據時期(1945年)創立的傳統拍賣市場
全國第二大消費魚市場
人工拍賣爭議不斷
如何在清晨3:00~5:30有限時間內完成
10,000件交易量,1,300萬元交易額
(2003年1月29日,除夕前)
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台中魚市場背景
承銷人及供應人結構複雜,對電腦拍賣
大多持反對態度。
傳統拍賣是即時作業,不容許實施電腦造
成誤點
75位員工,對電腦不熟,對電腦拍賣沒信
心,看不到遠景
2001年7月15日~2003年5月1日歷經五任
總經理
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魚 的 物 語
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拍賣流程
貨
主
卸
貨
承
銷
人
分
場
領
取
競
價
器
理
貨
磅
稱
競
價
器
測
試
電
腦
拍
賣
信
用
額
度
承
銷
人
取
貨
中央大學。范錚強
後
承銷人繳款
台
貨主貨款
電
交易資訊
腦
行情披露
作
會計帳務
業
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無線拍賣系統特色~拍賣鐘面
多媒體拍賣鐘外觀精緻,鐘面設計色彩豐富、美觀大
方,並可依拍賣需求調整增減所需呈現的各項資訊,
以利拍賣交易進行。
拍賣鐘面依不同魚貨(大尾魚、冰凍養殖魚、養殖活
魚、保麗龍裝魚貨、沿近海魚塑膠籠)之拍賣特性,
進行不同開放性設計。
拍賣鐘面以顏色區分場區,以利承銷人辨識。
鐘面200cm×250cm 為傳統拍賣鐘四倍,可依場地大小
需求調整尺寸。
採用珠光碧幕175度觀看無死角。
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無線拍賣系統特色~競價機制
競價模式依據農產品批發市場管理辦法第九條
規定出價最高者為應買人。
拍賣員可依現場買氣,決定拍賣鐘每格下價、
上價速度如(0.2秒/元、0.15秒/元等無段式調
整速度)及成交時間(例如等待0.5秒或0.4秒
或0.3秒無段式調整),無人應價即以上次最
高價成交。
承銷人看的系統拍賣鐘與拍賣員操作的拍賣機
的現價數字絕對同步,防止拍賣糾紛。
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無線拍賣系統特色~
線上即時傳真系統
依該貨主該班拍賣完成後,即時傳真貨
主交易清單
原有規定:每位貨主魚貨拍賣完成後30分
鐘內
漁貨主在第一時間了解其魚貨拍賣資料
由那些承銷人成交、交易筆數、單價、應
納管理費、冷凍費、保麗龍回收費及實領
金額
中央大學。范錚強
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無線拍賣系統特色~無線無限
競拍過程中,承銷人以射頻(RF)無線
手機競價。
交易資訊佈建光纖無線網路傳輸。
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導入上線流程改造~作業改善
為提高單位時間拍賣成交之魚貨重量,
低單價之魚貨採8公斤以上為一件,理貨
拍賣,並調整理貨勞務費(由以件計算
改為以重量計算),達到貨主及理貨人
員雙贏,順利推動電腦化。
為落實魚貨分級,將魚貨分級為8個級數,
理貨時由理貨人員輸入,拍賣員依理貨
級數分級分批拍賣。
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導入上線流程改造~
嚴謹的競價器管理系統及制度
競價器於拍賣前承銷人必須以鑰匙打開保管箱,取出
競價器輸入密碼,並完成開機設定才可以參加競價。
前日如有欠款停牌者,必須先繳納前欠金額後,由電
腦取消停牌設定才能開啟競價器,避免呆帳發生。
競價器需於當日拍賣完後八點鐘前交回競價器管理室
保管,如忘記繳回必須與管理員聯絡,並停止使用三
天。未繳回,並且未主動通知管理員,則處以7日停
用競價器之罰責。
競價器是生財工具,統一有效管理,確保交易的正常
化及公平。
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e化後附加價值量化分析
交易零糾紛
增加交易金額 5%
節省人力支出30%
人力互調靈活度提高 20%
拍賣員、 理貨員、資訊人員可靈活調動
供應人取得交易資料提早約三小時
因不使用傳票每年可節省約 50萬元
中央大學。范錚強
66
e化成果
2001年7月19日第一條線導入上線成功
其後大尾魚保麗龍吳郭魚近海魚陸續上線
2002年5月1日第七條線導入上線成功
平均一天,拍賣2,500多筆,5,000多件漁貨
足以應付尖峰交易
2003年1月29日除夕前,在清晨3:00~5:30完成10,000件交
易量,1,300萬元交易額
縮短拍賣人員訓練時間
成功進用二位女性拍賣員
拍賣員作業中及作業後皆無困擾並在輕鬆的心情下完
成拍賣工作,引以為傲
中央大學。范錚強
67