Transcript The Enlightenment

The Enlightenment
Chapter 5 Section 1 Reading
Focus
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How did scientific progress promote trust in
human reason?
How did the social contract and separation of
powers affect views on government?
How did new ideas affect society and the
economy?
Chapter 5 Section 1
Vocabulary
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Natural Law: rule or law that governs human nature
Social Contract:
Natural right: right that belong to all humans from
birth
Philosophe: enlightened thinkers who used science
to improve society
Physiocrat: enlightened thinker who searched for
natural laws to explain economics
Laissez Faire: policy allowing business to operate
with little or no government interference.
Chapter 5 Section 2 Reading
Focus
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What roles did censorship and the salons
play in the spread of new ideas?
How did philosophes influence enlightened
despots?
How did the Enlightenment affect arts and
literature?
Why were the lives of majority unaffected?
Chapter 5 Section 1
Vocabulary
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Censorship: restriction on access to ideas
and information.
Salon: informal gathering where ideas and
information were exchanged.
Enlightened Despot: absolute ruler who used
their power to bring about change.
Baroque: ornate style of art and architecture.
Rococo: elegant style of art and architecture.
What Was the Enlightenment?
The Enlightenment was an intellectual movement in
Europe during the 18th century that led to
a whole new world view.
According to the 18thcentury philosopher
Immanuel Kant, the
“motto” of the
Enlightenment was
“Sapere aude! Have
courage to use your own
intelligence!” (Kant,
“What Is Enlightenment?”
1784)
Immanuel Kant
Enlightenment Principles
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A meeting of French Enlightenment thinkers
Religion, tradition,
and superstition
limited independent
thought
Accept knowledge
based on
observation, logic,
and reason, not on
faith
Scientific and
academic thought
should be secular
Enlightenment Thinkers
René Descartes (1596–1650)
• French philosopher and
mathematician
• Questioned the basis of
his own knowledge
• “Cogito ergo sum”
The French Salon and the
Philosophes
• Madame de
Pompadour
• Salons: gatherings for
aristocrats to discuss
new theories and
ideas
• Philosophes: French
Enlightenment
thinkers who
attended the salons
Madame de Pompadour
Voltaire (1694–1778)
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Most famous philosophe
Wrote plays, essays,
poetry, philosophy, and
books
Attacked the “relics” of the
medieval social order
Championed social,
political, and religious
tolerance
The Encyclopédie
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Major achievement of
the philosophes
Begun in 1745;
completed in 1765
Frontspiece to the
Encyclopédie
The Encyclopédie (continued)
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Encyclopédie editor Denis Diderot
Denis Diderot and
Jean Le Rond
d’Alembert
Banned by the
Catholic Church
Thomas Hobbes (1588–1679)
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Applied rational analysis to
the study of government
Attacked the concept of
divine right, yet supported a
strong monarchy
Believed that humans were
basically driven by passions
and needed to be kept in
check by a powerful ruler
John Locke (1632–1704)
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The “State of
Nature”
Tabula rasa
Locke
(continued)
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Treatises of
Government
Rights
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
(1712–1778)
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Philosophized on the
nature of society and
government
The Social Contract
Baron de Montesquieu
(1689–1755)
• French noble and
political philosopher
• The Spirit of the Laws
Montesquieu (continued)
• Separation of
powers
• Constitutional
monarchy
Frontspiece to The
Spirit of the Laws
Women and the Enlightenment
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Mary Wollstonecraft
Changing
views
Role of
education
Equality
Olympe de Gouges
Mary Wollstonecraft
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Declaration of the
Rights of Man
A Vindication of the
Rights of Women
Wollstonecraft (continued)
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Education
Women’s rights
movement
Title page of
Wollstonecraft’s
Thoughts on the
Education of
Daughters
Olympe De Gouges
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Criticized the French
Revolution
The Rights of Women
“Declaration of the
Rights of Woman and
the Female Citizen”
Executed in 1793
“Enlightened Monarchs”
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Most of Europe ruled by
absolute monarchs
Receptive to Enlightenment
ideas
Instituted new laws and
practices
Enlightened Monarchs
• Frederick II, Prussia
• Catherine the Great, Russia
• Maria Theresa, Austria
• Joseph II, Holy Roman Empire
• Gustav III, Sweden
• Napoleon I, France
Frederick the Great
(ruled 1740–1786)
• Prussian ruler
• Had a strong interest in
Enlightenment works
• Induced Voltaire to come
to Prussia
Frederick the Great (continued)
• Wanted to
make
Prussia a
modern state
• Reforms
Painting titled “Frederick the Great and Voltaire.”
Catherine the Great
(ruled 1762–1796)
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Russian ruler
Well-versed in
Enlightenment works
“Westernizing” Russia
Catherine the Great
(continued)
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Domestic reforms
Peasant revolt
Maria Theresa (ruled 1740–1780)
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Austrian ruler
Government reforms
The serfs
Son—Joseph II
Joseph II (ruled 1765–1790)
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Ruled as coregent
with his mother
until 1780
Joseph’s reforms
• Religious
toleration
• Control over the
Catholic Church
• Abolition of
serfdom
Gustav III (ruled 1771–1792)
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Swedish ruler
Read French
Enlightenment works
Reforms
Absolutism
Napoleon I
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French ruler
Military career
Rise to power
Napoleon I (continued)
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Reforms
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Education
Law
Chapter 5 Section 3 Reading
Focus
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What influences spurred Britain’s rise to
global power?
How did the growth of constitutional
government reflect conditions in politics and
society.
How did George III reassert royal power?
Chapter 5 Section 3
Vocabulary
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Constitutional Government: government
whose powered is defined and limited by law.
Cabinet: parliamentary advisors to the king
who originally met in a small room, cabinet.
Prime Minister: head of the cabinet in a
parliamentary government; usually the leader
of the largest party in the legislature.
Oligarchy: government in which ruling power
belongs to a few people.
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Grab a textbook before the bell rings
and open to page 154
Rise to Global Power
Geography
 Success in War
 A Favorable Business Climate
 Union with Scotland
 Ireland
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Constitutional Government
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Political Parties
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Torres
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landed aristocrats who liked tradition.
Supported broad royal power
Supported Anglican Church
Whigs
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Favored the Glorious Revolution- controlled Monarch
Business backers
Tolerate of religion
Favored Parliament over the Monarch
Constitutional Government
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The Cabinet System
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George I- German Protestant- inherited the throne
Established advisors for decisions
Members are part of the majority party in the
House of Commons
Remained intact unless the House of Commons
voted against them
Constitutional Government
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Prime Minister
Leader of the majority party
The Enlightenment and the
American Revolution
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Thomas Jefferson
Influence of Locke,
Montesquieu
The Declaration of
Independence
Politics and Society
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Land owners “Natural ruling class”
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Wealthy land owners and Business leaders
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Held seats in the House of Commons
Controlled cities and elections
Voting Right
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Male property owners
Votes bought and sold openly
Politics and Society
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Commoners
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Meager lives
Wealthy bought up farm land
Drifted to the towns
Middle Class
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Merchants and Manufacturers
Controlled towns and city affairs
George III Reasserts Royal
Power
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Born in England
Friends in high places
Dissolve the cabinet
Charge colonies for their defense
Mental illness lead to restoring the cabinet
Prime Minister gains leadership power during
Napoleon’s conquests.
The U.S. Constitution
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Separation of
powers
Checks and
balances
Painting depicting the Constitutional Convention
The Enlightenment and the
French Revolution
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The American
Revolution
The Estates
General
The Marquis de Lafayette
The Declaration of the
Rights of Man
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Adopted by National
Assembly in 1789
“Liberté, Egalité,
Fraternité”
The Legacy of the Enlightenment
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Government
Society
Education
The signing of the U.S. Constitution