Transcript Bell Work

Bell Work
• What would provoke someone to travel to a
new land they have never seen before?
• If you were going on this adventure, what are
some things you would take? Why would you
take them?
• How would you deal with the natives of that
land? Why would you deal with them that
way?
Unit #1
The Europeans Settle North
America
Chapters 2
COLONIAL PERIOD
COLONIZATION IS A NATURAL OUTGROWTH OF
EXPLORATION
MERCANTILISM
(a nation’s power is
directly related to its
wealth )
- COLONIES
EXIST TO
BENEFIT THE MOTHER
COUNTRY
3 MAJOR COUNTRIES TOOK THE LEAD IN
COLONIZING THE NEW WORLD
 SPAIN
FRANCE
 ENGLAND
Section 1
European Settlements in North America
• Treaty of Tordesillasdivided the ocean’s
unknown lands between
Spain and Portugal
–
–
–
–
1494
Portugal
Brazil
Spain
Americas
England, Holland and France
did not accept
SPAIN IN AMERICA
SPANISH OBJECTIVES IN THE NEW WORLD
o SPREAD RELIGION
o POWER & GLORY
GOD
 GLORY
o EXPAND BOUNDARIES
oWEALTH
GOLD
COLONIES LOCATED IN SOUTH AMERICA, CENTRAL
AMERICA & SOUTHERN NORTH AMERICA
Spanish Conquistadors
“God, Glory, Gold”
• Conquistadors- Spanish explorers
– Pioneered the exploration of the “new world”
• Ponce de Leon- looked for gold and the
“Fountain of Youth”
– Landed on the state of Florida in 1513
– 1565 The oldest city in America,
St. Augustine was founded in Florida
Spanish Conquistadors Cont.
• Hernan Cortes- landed in Mexico in
1519 to conquer the Aztec Empire
– Natives thought the Spanish were
Gods
– Crushed the Aztec Empire
– Brought new language and new
religion Christianity
• His success actually inspired others
to search for gold and glory in the
“New World”
Other Conquistadors
• In 1527, about 400 other explorers explored
– Florida, Texas, New Mexico, all the way to the
Pacific Ocean
– All in search of the 7 Golden Cities
• Alvar Nunez Cabeza de Vaca
– Conquered some Pueblo people but found no
gold
• Francisco Vasquez de Coronado
• No explores found much gold, turned to
Mexico for mining
SPAIN IN AMERICA
SPANISH EXPLORERS:
1513 – JUAN PONCE DE LEON – FLORIDA
1513 – VASCO DE BALBOA – PACIFIC OCEAN
1519 – HERNANDO CORTES - CONQUERED AZTECS
1527 – CABEZA DE VACA – 7 GOLDEN CITIES
1541 – HERNANDO DE SOTO – FLA, MISS. RIVER BASIN
1541 - FRANSISCO PIZARRO – CONQUERED INCAS
CONQUISTADOR - CONQUEROR
CHECK POINT
• What were the main goals of Spanish
explorers?
SPAIN IN AMERICA
SPANISH SOCIETY IN THE NEW WORLD
PENINSULARIES
CREOLES
- PURE SPANISH – born in Spain came to
America
- born in America but were of pure Spanish decent
EUROPEAN
MESTIZO - PART SPANISH / PART INDIAN
MULATTO - PART SPANISH / PART AFRICAN
INDIAN
AFRICAN
ZAMBO - PART INDIAN / PART AFRICAN
Missionaries- church members who taught and converted
others to Christianity
Taught Roman Catholic beliefs
Government:
viceroyalties – province by a representative of the
monarch
Spanish Land and Labor
• Native Americans used a laborers
– Encomienda system  landowners received
grants from the king, which gave them the right to
control the people of the certain area
– Haciendas – large estates that use slave
labor
Spanish Land and Labor Cont.
• Pueblo Revolt (1680)
– Where? New Mexico
– Who? Pope- leader of the Pueblo Indians
– What? Revolted against Spanish missionary
system
– Successful  Pueblo Culture survived
SPAIN IN AMERICA
SPANISH GOV’T DOMINATED COLONIAL AFFAIRS
SPANISH WERE SEEKERS OF WEALTH
SPANISH ENSLAVED THE INDIANS
RELIGION (ROMAN CATHOLIC) PLAYS A BIG ROLE
Bell work 09/25/08
• Please read the primary source worksheet
found on your desk.
• On your own, answer the questions on the
back of the worksheet.
England
• Queen Elizabeth I – built England into a powerful
sea nation
– Sir Francis Drake
• Attacked Spanish ships for there gold and silver
• Defeated the Spanish Armada in 1588
– War between England and Spain
• Opened English colonization to the New World
What does this picture of the queen attempt to
convey about her reign and her character?
Look at the details in the picture.
France
• Giovanni de Verrazano in 1524
– Carolinas to Maine
• Jacques Cartier in 1534
– St. Lawrence River and Quebec
Objective
d.
Explain the reasons for the French
settlement of Quebec.
The French Settle Quebec
Early Exploration French explorers claimed areas
along the northeastern Atlantic
seaboard.
 Quebec became the first permanent
French colony in North America.
New FranceFrance established posts around the
Great Lakes extending down the
Mississippi to the Gulf of Mexico.
The French Settle Quebec
Relations with Native Americans-
France established a lasting relationship with Native
Americans due to small numbers of settlers in New
France (c. 70,000 in 1754).
Fur Trade EstablishedDue to many inland rivers and abundant forests, the
French established a solid fur trade with Indians and
many forts in the interior of the continent.
New Netherlands
(Holland/Dutch)
• Large fleet of merchant ships
• Henry Hudson in 1609
– Northwest Passage
– Hudson River and Hudson Bay in Canada
New Netherlands
(Holland/Dutch)
Dutch West Indian Company (proprietor)
– traded fur around Hudson Bay
– Government enforced by proprietor
– Religious freedom
– Patroons –land granted to individuals
• Similar to a feudal system
• Worked as tenants
– New Netherlands drew many settlers
BELL WORK
Please turn to page 46 and complete
the key terms and people.
Bell Work 10/01/08
• Please read the biography of John Rolfe
and answer the questions on the back side.
(This is on the purple worksheet you were
given as you entered the door.)
Section 2
First Colonies
The Lost Colony of Roanoke
What happened to the colonists of Roanoke Island?
Sir Walter Raleigh was an adventurer, a poet, and a favorite of Queen
Elizabeth at court. With her permission, he sent several expeditions
to the Atlantic coast of North America. He named the entire region
Virginia—after Elizabeth, known as the “virgin queen.”
Early attempts at settlement failed, but in 1587 Raleigh sent out a new
expedition of soldiers and more than 100 settlers, mostly families.
The group’s governor, John White, wanted to create a self-sufficient
colony. They settled on Roanoke Island, a three-mile-wide strip of
land off present-day North Carolina, and became friendly with
Manteo, leader of the local Croatoan Indians. Soon after the
colonists landed on Roanoke, White’s granddaughter Virginia Dare
was born. She was the first English child born in North America.
The English settlers had landed too late in the season to plant crops, so
White headed back to England for supplies. What happened next is
one of the great mysteries in American history.
England was at war with Spain, so White had to wait three long
years before obtaining a ship to return to Roanoke. In August
1590 he and his men approached Roanoke Island. They saw a
light in the darkness and rowed toward it, blowing a trumpet
and singing English songs to let the settlers know they were
friends. There was no answer.
In the morning they landed and found the village in ruins,
overgrown with trees and shrubs. The only clue White found
was the word Croatoan carved on a post. The settlers had
buried chests full of pictures, books, maps, and other goods.
These chests now lay strewn about, destroyed.
White hoped to find the settlers, including his family, on nearby
Croatoan Island, but bad weather forced him away. No trace
of the lost colony was ever found.
People have tried to solve the mystery of Roanoke Island ever
since. Perhaps the settlers sought refuge with local Indians, or
were killed by Indians. Maybe they were wiped out by a
violent storm or severe drought. But so far, no one knows the
true fate of the lost colony of Roanoke.
objective
a. Explain Virginia’s development; include the
Virginia Company, tobacco cultivation,
relationships with Native Americans (such
as Powhatan), development of the House
of Burgesses, Bacon’s Rebellion, and the
development of slavery.
Explain Virginia’s Development
RoanokeThe first attempt by the England to settle North America (1585).
– Walter Raleigh was in charge of this expedition
– Failed
– Charter rights were given to the London Company
Explain Virginia’s Development
Cont.
Joint-Stock CompanyA company formed which gathers money from investors for
exploration, settlement, and profit.
– Responsible for governing and maintaining colonies
– In return got most of the colonies profit.
. Plymouth Co. and the London Co. (joint stock companies)
–
responsible for colony and took home the profit from colony
The Virginia Company
(the old London Company)
Jamestown EstablishedIn 1607, the colony was the first permanent
English colony in North America.
Jamestown SurvivesDisease, manual labor, Natives, and
swampland made the first two years difficult.
The Virginia Company
John Smith Due to bad government near chaos, Smith was
eventually elected president of the local council in
September 1608.
 He instituted a policy of rigid discipline,
strengthened defenses, and encouraged farming
with this statement: "He who does not work, will not
eat."
Jamestown, 1607
Bell Work 09/30/08
Please begin to work on the front side of the
worksheet that you were given. Before you
answer the question at the bottom, please
under line these words in the paragraph you
are reading.
Words you need to know for the worksheet:
• Provisions – food and supplies
• Sturgeon – fish
• Palisadoes – plant used for food
• Oppressed- broke our spirits
Tobacco Cultivation
John RolfeSaved Jamestown by planting tobacco.
Pocahontas Married John Rolfe.
 She helped Jamestown colonists plant
tobacco.
Pocahontas
Powhatan
Tobacco Cultivation
cash crop-
A crop grown for profit.
tobacco Became the leading crop of Jamestown after 1612 and
help create wealth for Virginia.
 The tobacco crop helped spawn a new wave of
immigration into the colony.
Virginia’s Relationship with Native
Americans
Chief Powhatan Leader of the Native American tribes in Virginia who
fought the settlers of Jamestown.
 Eventually, Powhatan traded with Jamestown.
Conflict in VirginiaFighting between Virginians and Native Americans
continued throughout the 1620s-1640s.
Virginia continued to grow
headright system- 50 acre grants of land
- each family received one headright for
each family member and servant they had
• Anyone who paid for another person's
passage got an additional headright
• VA. Co. brought artisans and 100 women to
the colony to help it grow and to make it more
stable.
Development of the House of
Burgesses
representative governmentA government in which the people elect their
own officials.
rights of citizensPolitical philosophy in which the people have
rights in which the government cannot take
away.
Development of the House of
Burgesses
“salutary neglect”The British government’s policy of letting the
colonies govern themselves.
House of BurgessesEstablished in 1619 as the first elected
assembly (as part of the governor and
appointed council).
House of Burgesses Cont.
• Only white male land owners could be a member
• Had the Power to raise taxes and make laws
• America’s 1st legislature
Bacon’s Rebellion
Indentured Servant Immigrant from Europe who agreed to work
in exchange for passage to North America.
 Made up a large part of the VA population
 Following Bacon’s Rebellion, the number of
indentured servants decreased
dramatically.
Bacon’s Rebellion
Nathaniel BaconAristocratic leader of the 1676 rebellion in Virginia.
Bacon’s Rebellion Armed conflict over land disputes between settlers
and Native Americans bringing fighting from western
Virginia to Jamestown.
 The result was a large reduction of indentured
servants.
The Development of Slavery
slave system System in which Africans were brought to
the Americas to perform laborious work
(primarily agriculture in the South).
 Following Bacon’s Rebellion (1676), the
number of slaves arriving to the colonies
increased dramatically.
The Development of Slavery
plantation system Large self-sufficient farms used grow one or
more cash crops for profit.
 Found primarily in the Southern Colonies.
The Stuart Dynasty
Religious Dissent Disagreement with an established church.
 Occurred in England during the reign of
the Stuart Kings.
 Many people begin to leave England in
search for religious freedom.
Bell Work 10/06/08
• Please complete the vocabulary builder worksheet
that you were handed as you entered the room.
Section 3
Northern Colonies
objective
b. You will be able to describe the settlement
of New England; including religious
reasons, relations with Native Americans
(e.g. King Philip’s War), the establishment
of town meetings and development of a
legislature, religious tensions that led to
colonies such as Rhode Island, the half-way
covenant, Salem Witch Trials.
Describe the Settlement of New
England
Anglican ChurchEngland’s official church.
Puritans Opposed the rule of the Catholic Stuart Kings.
 Wanted to “purify” the Anglican Church of its
Catholic rituals.
 Wanted simpler services
 Objected to the wealth and power of priests
Describe the Settlement of New
England
Separatists (Pilgrims) more strict Puritans that wanted to remove all traces of
Catholicism from their religious practice
 Wanted total separation from Anglican Church.
 Left for North America and established the Colony of
Plymouth in 1620
 South of Boston, MA.
 William Bradford- leader of the Puritans on the Mayflower
 Governor of Plymouth colony in 1621
 Died in 1657
Describe the Settlement of New
England
Mayflower Compact (1620)First effort of self-government in New England.
• 41 men signed
Plymouth ColonyEstablished by the Pilgrims in 1619
– Present day Massachusetts
– becomes Massachusetts Bay Colony.
Describe the Settlement of New
England
• Very harsh first winter- half died of hunger, cold or
illness
•
Wampanoag Indians helped those who did
survive
•
Following year- corn harvest was successful
•
held feast with Indian friends Thanksgiving
Describe the Settlement of New
England
Jonathan Winthrop Puritan minister
 establish the colony of Massachusetts Bay in 1630.
 a “city upon a hill” to be a model society
 strict Puritan beliefs.
Massachusetts Bay Colony Established in 1630 as a model Puritan society.
 The large immigration of settlers to the colony
 “Great Migration” (1630-1650).
Religion in New England
Puritanism Puritans followed the beliefs of John Calvin
 lead moral lives through thrift, diligence, hard work, and strict
codes.
 In Massachusetts, towns spread rapidly and were led
by local leaders of the Puritan Church.
Religion in New England
Church Leaders Puritan leaders were not tolerant of
outsiders and dissenting opinions of
members.
 Those who dissented were usually
banished form the colony.
Half-Way Covenant
Church MembershipBegan to decline and was challenged by new
generations of Puritan offspring.
Half-Way CovenantEstablished partial membership into the Church
for children and grandchildren of full members
in an effort to keep members and attract new
ones.
Religious Tensions
Roger Williams• Dissenter who disagreed with strict Puritan
Massachusetts.
• Formed Rhode Island
Anne Hutchinson• Major dissenter
• banished from Massachusetts
• helped found Rhode Island.
New England Government
Town Hall Meetings Chose delegates, set taxes, dealt with local issues
 Voting limited to church members and property owners
 Closest thing to a democracy in Colonies
Massachusetts Legislature
Established by the local towns in an effort provide provincial
leadership.

In 1684, Massachusetts lost its charter and a new legislature
was established.

Massachusetts became a royal colony in 1691.
Objective
c.
Explain the development of the midAtlantic colonies; include the Dutch
settlement of New Amsterdam and
subsequent English takeover, and the
settlement of Pennsylvania.
New England Colonies
The Colonies of New
EnglandFour colonies made up
the smallest of the
three regions, but
became one of the
most populous
region.
Salem Witchcraft Trials
Salem Witchcraft Trials In 1692, several young girls claimed to be
possessed by the devil.
 To protect the Puritan faith, trials were held to
set an example and to find guilt for the
accused.
Condemned to DeathEventually, 20 of the accused were condemned
to death.
Relations with Native Americans
Period of PeaceEarly relationships between the first settlers of Massachusetts and
Plymouth were strengthened by peace and cooperation.
Pequot WarWar fought between the Pequot and Puritans over territorial
expansion (1636—1638).
King Philip’s WarThe Wampanoag Indians, led by Metacom (King Philip) in 1675.
-resistance to English settlers
-colonist attacked an burned villages and crops
Section 4
Middle and Southern Colonies
New Era in Colonization
• Parliament wins the Civil war in England and
Oliver Cromwell creates a new government
The Restoration
• Cromwell dies and the new parliament invites
King Charles’s son (Charles II) to be king again
– Repays debts by giving away proprietary colonies
– Grants of land in the new world that were given to
loyal friends
• NY, NJ, Carolina, and PA
The Middle Colonies
Pennsylvania
Why did William Penn settle in
Pennsylvania?
• 1640’s England had a civil war b/w parliament and King
• William Penn’s father was on the parliaments side but
secretly gave money to King Charles I of England
• After the war, Admiral Penn (William Penn’s father) was
owed a lot of money
• Admiral Penn’s son, William was a problem
• William Penn joined a religious group called the Quakers
– Wrote dozens of books and pamphlets criticizing the English
church
– Like other Quakers, was jailed for his beliefs
Why did William Penn settle in
Pennsylvania?
• When William’s father died, the King still
owed him a lot of money
• Even though William clashed with England
they still repaid his family
• William Penn was given a large amt. of
land in N. America
– named this area Pennsylvania or “Penn’s
Woods”
– Became a safe-haven for all Quakers
The Quakers
Called Quakers because they “quaked” during intense
religious practices.
They offended religious & secular leaders in England.
 Refused to pay taxes to support the Church
of England.
 They met without paid clergy
 Believed all were children of God refused
to treat the upper classes with deference.
 Keep hats on.
 Addressed them as commoners  ”thees”/“thous.”
 Wouldn’t take oaths.
 Pacifists- did not want to make or participate in war
William Penn
Aristocratic Englishman.
1660 – attracted to
the Quaker faith.
Embraced Quakerism
after military service.
1681  he received a
grant from king to
establish a colony.
 This settled a debt the king owed his father.
 Named Pennsylvania [“Penn’s Woodland”].
He sent out paid agents and advertised for settlers 
his pamphlets were pretty honest.
 Liberal land policy attracted many immigrants.
Royal Land Grant to Penn
Penn & Native Americans
Bought [didn’t simply take] land from
Indians.
Quakers went among the Indians
unarmed.
BUT…….. non-Quaker Europeans flooded
PA
 Treated native peoples poorly.
 This undermined the actions of the
Quakers!
Penn’s Treaty with the
Native Americans
Government of Pennsylvania
Representative assembly elected by landowners.
No tax-supported church.
Freedom of worship guaranteed to all.
Catholic & Jews could worship freely but could NOT
vote or hold
Death penalty only for treason & murder.
 Compared to 200 capital crimes in England!
Pennsylvanian Society
Attracted many different people
 Religious misfits from other colonies.
 Many different ethnic groups.
No provision for military defense.
No restrictions on immigration.
No slavery!!
“Blue Laws” [sumptuary laws]  against stage plays,
cards, dice, excessive hilarity, etc.
A society that gave its citizens economic
opportunity, civil liberty, & religious freedom!!
Philadelphia & Boston Compared
Urban Population Growth
1650 - 1775
Settling the Middle
[or “Restoration”] Colonies
Objective
Students should understand
* the unusual origins of New York as the
property of a for-profit company whose
citizens insisted on their own government.
* how the Dutch share a legacy in colonial
America with the British.
Bell Work
• Please turn in your vocab builder worksheet
from yesterday. If you were gone yesterday
pick one up from the make up work drawer on
the table.
• Please complete the worksheet you were
given as you walked into class.
• There will be a quiz over the material covered
in section four. This will be you qt. exam.
How New Netherlands became
New York
Old Netherlanders at
New Netherlands
1600s  Golden Age of Dutch
history.
 Major commercial and naval power.
 Challenging England on the seas.
 3 major Anglo-Dutch Wars
 Major colonial power [mainly in the
East Indies].
Henry Hudson’s Voyages
Henry Hudson established
New World claims for the
Dutch in what would become
the New York area, and for
the English in northern
Canada.
New Netherlands
New Netherlands  founded in the
Hudson River area (1623-1624)
 Established by Dutch West India Company
for quick-profit fur trade.
 Company wouldn’t pay much attention to the
colony.
 Manhattan [New Amsterdam]
 Purchased by Company for pennies per
(22,000) acre.
New Netherlands
• New Netherland covered
parts of what are now the
states of MD, DE, PN , NJ,
NY, CN, and RI
• French and English interests
in the northern part lead to the
adjustment of the border
• Capital was New Amsterdam
New Amsterdam Harbor, 1639
Company town
run in interests
of the
stockholders.
No interest in
religious
toleration, free
speech, or democracy.
Governors appointed by the Company were autocratic (selfappointed).
Religious dissenters against Dutch Reformed Church
[including Quakers] were persecuted.
Local assembly with limited power to make laws established
after repeated protests by colonists.
New Amsterdam, 1660
Characteristics of New Amsterdam:
 Aristocratic  patroonships [feudal estates granted to
promoters who would settle 50 people on them].
 Cosmopolitan  diverse population with many different
languages.
New York
Manors &
Land Grants
Patroonships
New Netherlands &
New Sweden
Swedes in New Netherlands
Mid-1600s  Sweden in Golden Age
settled small, under-funded colony
[called “New Sweden”] near New
Netherland.
1655  Dutch under
director-general
Peter Stuyvesant
attack New Sweden.
 Main fort fell after
bloodless siege.
 New Sweden absorbed
into New Netherland.
New Netherlands Becomes a British Royal
Colony
Charles II granted New Netherland’s land to his
brother, the Duke of York, [before he controlled the
area!]
1664  English soldiers arrived.
 Dutch had little ammunition and poor defenses.
 Stuyvesant forced to surrender without firing a shot.
Renamed “New York”
 England gained strategic harbor between her northern &
southern colonies.
 England now controlled the Atlantic coast!
Duke of York’s Original Charter
New Amsterdam, 1664
Dutch Residue in New York
Early 20c Dutch Revival
Building in NYC.
New York
City
seal.
Names  Harlem, Brooklyn
Architecture  gambrel roof
Customs  Easter eggs, Santa Claus, waffles, bowling,
sleighing, skating, kolf [golf].
New Jersey
New Jersey — PA’s Neighbor
1664  aristocratic
proprietors rcvd. the area
from the Duke of York.
Many New Englanders
[because of worn out soil]
moved to NJ.
 1674  West NJ sold to
Quakers.
 East NJ eventually acquired
by Quakers.
1702  E & W NJ combined
into NJ and created one
colony.
Delaware
Delaware — PA’s Neighbor
Named after Lord De La Warr
[harsh military governor of VA
in 1610].
Closely associated with Penn’s
colony.
Very diverse group of people
(religiously and culturally)
1703  granted its own
assembly.
Remained under the control of
PA until the American
Revolution.
Ethnic Groups
The Southern
Colonies
The Carolinas
The West Indies  Way Station to
Mainland America
1670  a group of small English farmers from the
West Indies arrived in Carolina.
 Were squeezed out by sugar barons.
 Brought a few black slaves and a model of the Barbados
slave code with them.
Names for King Charles II.
The King granted Carolina to 8 supporters [Lord
Proprietors].
 They hoped to use Carolina to supply their plantations in
Barbados with food and export wine, silk, and olive oil to
Europe.
Settling the “Lower South”
Colonizing the Carolinas
Carolina developed close economic ties to the West
Indies.
 Many Carolinian settlers were originally from the West
Indies.
 They used local Savannah Indians to enslave other Indians
[about 10,000] and send them to the West Indies [and
some to New England].
1707  Savannah Indians decided to migrate to PA.
 PA promised better relations with whites.
 Carolinians decided to “thin” the Savannahs before they
could leave  bloody raids killed most of them by 1710.
Port of Charles Town, SC
Also named for King Charles II of
England.
Became the busiest port in the
South.
City with aristocratic feel.
Religious toleration attracted
diverse inhabitants.
Crops of the
Carolinas: Rice
The primary export.
Rice was still an exotic
food in England.
 Was grown in Africa,
so planters imported
West African slaves.
 These slaves had a
genetic trait that
made them immune to
malaria.
American Long Grain
Rice
By 1710  black slaves were a majority in Carolina.
Crops of the
Carolinas: Indigo
In colonial times, the
main use for indigo was as
a dye for spun cotton
threads that were woven
into cloth for clothes.
Today in the US, the main
use for indigo is a dye for
cotton work clothes &
blue jeans.
Rice & Indigo Exports
from SC & GA: 1698-1775
Conflict With Spanish Florida
Catholic Spain hated the mass of Protestants on
their borders.
Anglo-Spanish Wars
 The Spanish conducted border raids on Carolina.
 Either inciting local Native Americans to attack or
attacking themselves.
By 1700  Carolina was too strong to be wiped
out by the Spanish!
The Emergence of North Carolina
Northern part of Carolina shared a border with
VA
 VA dominated by aristocratic planters who were
generally Church of England members.
 Dissenters from VA moved south to northern
Carolina.
 Poor farmers with little need for slaves.
 Religious dissenters.
Distinctive traits of North Carolinians
 Irreligious & hospitable to pirates.
 Strong spirit of resistance to authority.
1712  NC officially separated from SC.
Georgia
18c Southern Colonies
Late-Coming Georgia
Founded in 1733.
Last of the 13 colonies.
Named in honor of King
George II.
Founded by James
Oglethorpe.
Georgia--The “Buffer” Colony
James Oglethorpe created Georgia
Chief Purpose of Creating Georgia:
 As a “buffer” between the valuable Carolinas & Spanish
Florida & French Louisiana.
 Received subsidies
from British govt.
to offset costs of defense.
 Export silk and wine.
 A haven for debtors
thrown in to prison.
Determined to keep
slavery out!
 Slavery found in GA
by 1750.
Establishment of Georgia
James Oglethorpe Founded Georgia as a proprietary colony
(colony controlled by investors) for debtors.
 The colony also served as a buffer between
profitable South Carolina and Spanish Florida.
 In 1752, Georgia became a royal colony.
The Port City of Savannah
Diverse community.
 All Christians except Catholics enjoyed religious
toleration.
Missionaries worked among debtors and Indians 
most famous was John Wesley.
The Dutch Settle New
Amsterdam
Charles gives his brother land that the Dutch already claimed
New Amsterdam The colony of New Netherlands was settled by the Dutch.
 In 1625, Dutch traders established New Amsterdam as their
main trading post in 1625.
 The Dutch built a thriving trade system and farms along the
Hudson River.
English Takeover of New
Amsterdam
New York King Charles II ordered the takeover of New
Amsterdam in 1664.
 A small English fleet took the city without a fight from
the Dutch governor, Peter Stuyvesant.
 The colony became a proprietary colony under the
king’s brother (James, Duke of York).
 The colony and city were renamed “New York” in
honor of the Duke.
Explain the Development of the
Mid-Atlantic Colonies
Diversity in the Region The most culturally diverse region
 The region relied on commerce and
farming for $.
 Largest Cities in Colonies
 Philadelphia
 New York
 Closer relationship with Native
Americans
 Inland rivers
 heavy forests
Establishment of the Carolinas
Carolina Colony The colony was founded in 1670 in honor of Charles
II.
 Charles Town was established as the provincial
capital.
 The colony was divided into North and South in 1691
and became profitable selling tobacco, rice, indigo,
and cotton.
 In 1729, the colony became a royal colony.
Establishment of Georgia
James Oglethorpe Founded Georgia as a proprietary colony
(colony controlled by investors) for debtors.
 The colony also served as a buffer between
profitable South Carolina and Spanish Florida.
 Slavery and alcohol were originally prohibited.
 In 1752, Georgia became a royal colony.
Establishment of Georgia
Colonial Savannah
Colonial Savannah
The Settlement of
Pennsylvania
William Penn Quaker whose father was owed a debt by King Charles
II.
 In 1680, land was granted to begin a new colony west of
the Delaware River.
 The city of Philadelphia was established as a capital
and haven for a diversity of religious faiths.
The Settlement of
Pennsylvania
The QuakersA religious faith in which followers sought an
“Inner Light,” were pacifists, tolerant, and
treated women as equals.
New Jersey & Delaware are
Established
New Jersey In 1664, the area between the Hudson and Delaware
rivers was granted colony status as New Jersey.
 The land was divided between Quakers in the south and
Scots-Irish in the north.
DelawareOriginally began as a Swedish colony (1638) and only
prospered for two decades before being taken over by
the Dutch in 1655 (and later, the English).
Maryland Established
• Lord Baltimore
– Landed in Newfoundland, Canada (to cold)
– Kick out at Jamestown (religion)
– Died before King granted land
• Son Cecilius Calvert granted rights in 1632
• Attracted more Protestants than Catholics
– Tolerance Act
• Protected rights of all to practice own religion
Explain the Development of the
Mid-Atlantic Colonies
Maryland Toleration Act (1649) Passed in 1649
 mandating religious toleration.
 The Calverts, who founded Maryland,
needed to attract settlers to make the
colonial venture profitable.
 In order to protect the Catholics from
the immigrating Puritans and
Protestants, the Calverts supported
the Act Concerning Religion.
Chapter 3
Colonial Life
The Development of
Mercantilism and Trans-Atlantic
Trade
MercantilismEconomic system in which nations grow stronger by
exporting more goods to other nations than
importing goods from other nations (a positive
“balance of trade”).
Trans-Atlantic TradeColonies were designed to produce raw materials
which were sent to England to be made into goods.
Navigation Acts (1650—1654)Passed by Parliament in an effort to control trade as
the colonies could only trade with England or pay a
tax.
England’s rule
• Dominion of New England
– Sir Edmund Andros was governor
– On large colony
– Only appointed council
– Strictly enforced Navigation Acts
• New taxes
– Ordered Anglican services in Boston
Glorious Revolution
• King James II
– Wanted Roman Catholic
– Parliament feared Catholic dynasty with birth
of son
• Asked Mary and William of Orange to be co-rulers
of England
• Change of leadership known as the Glorious
Revolution
• Accepted the English Bill or Rights
– Set limits on monarch’s powers; free speech; control of
taxes
Glorious Revolution cont.
• Several colonist opposed Glorious
Revolution
– Small uprising
– Arrested Sir Edmond Andros and other
leaders; sent back to England
• Ended Dominion of New England
• Elected assembly granted to New York
First Government
• Colonist wanted same rights as people in
England
• English Bill of Rights didn’t apply to colonies
• Several formed the United Colonies of
New England
– New England Confederation, in 1643
• Confederation- a group in which each member
keeps control of its own internal affairs
First Government cont.
• Town Meeting
• Parish or county
– Saw elected assembly as a basic rights
• Bicameral (2 houses)
– Governor’s council and lower house
• Each colony had a governor
– Usually rich and influential men
– Veto acts, command military forces, made
treaties, chose minor officials
• Lacked ways to back up power
Section 2
Colonial Economy
Objective
a. Explain the development of mercantilism
and the trans-Atlantic trade.
Northern Colonial Economies
• Farming- influenced by land and climate
– New England- thin, rocky soil; long winters;
short growing season
• Substance farming- grow enough for you family
– Middle Colonies- better land and milder
climate
• Grew wheat to sell as grain and flour; raised cattle
and hogs for export
Northern Colonial Economies
cont.
• Natural Resources– Early settlers most important resources were thick
forests and fur-bearing animals
– Colonist was timber and fish
• Timber sent to England as raw material (planks, shingles and
siding)
– Shipyards were largest single work force in colonies
• Cheaper to make ships in American than in England
• Large amounts of timber
• About 33,000 people
– Whale Industry
• Oils, perfumes, candles, and women’s corsets
Objective
b. Describe the Middle Passage, growth of
the African population, and AfricanAmerican culture.
The Slave Trade
Triangular Trade Routes
The demand for African slaves
increased the number of
slaves in route to the
Americas.

Slaves were brought across
the Atlantic to the Americas.

Ships crossed the Atlantic and
returned to Africa with goods to
be used to purchase slaves.
Trade Routes
The Middle Passage
Middle PassageThe forced
transportation of
African slaves aboard
cramped ships
caused suffering and
inhumane treatment.
African Populations
Growth of Slavery Slavery expanded during the 1600s and
1700s as the demand for plantation
agriculture expanded in the Southern
colonies.
 Many slaves did not share the same
culture (language or religion) creating a mix
of cultures in slave communities.
Slave Culture
The Culture of Slavery The life of slaves was
determined by the colonial
region.
 In the South,
 harvesting crops and
agricultural products.
 In the North,
 worked in cities
 earn an income to pay for
their freedom.
Use of Slaves and Land
• Cash Crop- agricultural products grown to be
sold
• Plantations- a large farm, with hundreds of
unskilled labor that grew cash crops
• Virginia= tobacco
• South Carolina= Rice and Indigo (a blue dye)
• Yeoman= small farms that raised livestock,
grains, fruit, and vegetables
– Exported meat, sold fruit and grain at home market
Slave Rebel
• Plantation owners were scared of a major
rebellion
• Slaves physically resisted and rebelled
• Protested= sabotage to building or tools
• Ran away
– Usually captured and punished or killed
• Stono Rebellion (1739)
– 100 South Carolina slaves stole weapons
from a firearms shop
• Killed several people
Section 3
America’s Emerging Culture
Benjamin Franklin
Ben Franklin Epitomized the colonial spirit of social
mobility and individualism.
 Franklin was a scientist, political statesmen,
printer, and writer of American literature.
 Poor Richard’s Almanac.
Benjamin Franklin
Albany Plan of Union 1754 Attempt made by
Ben Franklin to
organize the colonies
under one government.
 No colony accepted the
terms in the plan fearing
the loss of autonomy.
Social Mobility &
Individualism
Social Mobility The ability to move from one social status to
another.
 In Europe, land was limited and status was well-
defined making social change almost impossible.
 In the Americas, land was plentiful and status was
less defined making social change allowable.
IndividualismThe belief that hard work will bring success.
The Great Awakening
Great Awakening Religious movement which featured
passionate preaching from evangelical
leaders.
 It called on colonists to return to faith and
embraced revivals.
 The “Awakening” encouraged colonists to
think for themselves on religious matters and
ensured the principles of freedom of religion
and the separation of church and state.
The Great Awakening
Jonathan Edwards• Massachusetts religious leader of the Great
Awakening
• fiery sermons
– “Sinners in he Hands of and Angry God”.
George WhitfieldGreat Awakening leader who traveled throughout the
colonies delivering fiery sermons of the Gospel.
Section 4
French and Indian War
1754-1763
The French & Indian War
Land & ResourcesThe competition for
land, resources
which was fueled
by mercantilism
brought the British
and French in
North America into
conflict.
The French & Indian War
Ohio Valley Area was claimed by both by the Colony of
Virginia and the French.
 War was sparked when Colonel George
Washington led a group of Virginia militia
into the region to lay claim to the land.
The French & Indian War
Battle of Fort Necessity (Ohio Valley) The first shot broke out in July 3-4,1754 which
resulted in the death of a French officer sparking
increased tensions.
 Washington surrendered the fort and returned to
Virginia.
Battle of Fort Monongahela (Ohio Valley)Fought on July 9, 1755 which resulted in a British
retreat and the death of British General Edward
Braddock.
The French & Indian War
French & Indian War (1754-1763)War fought for dominion of North
America between the French and the
British, their Native American Allies,
and colonists.
Allies-
Both the British and French had
developed a network of Native
American allies.
The French & Indian War
The French & Indian War
Early French VictoriesFrance won early victories against British forts
and outposts in New York.
British VictoriesUnder the leadership of William Pitt and King
George III, the British assembled a large
army and defeated the French at Montreal
and Quebec City.
The French & Indian War
Treaty of Paris of 1763Officially ended the war
and granted Britain
claim to Canada.
Result of the WarBritain’s victory came
with a high cost of the
war and managing
new territorial gains in
Canada.
Before and After War
•
•
•
•
•
Green= British
Yellow= French
Purple= Spanish
Pink= Deputed
Red line= Proclamation
of 1763
Chapter 4
English Ideas about
Government
Magna Carta (1215) A document in which English nobles forced King
John to sign.
 It limited the king’s ability to tax, it made him seek
consent of the nobles to levy new taxes, and
guaranteed due process.
English “Common Law”The compiling of laws over time which has
established tradition and the rules to govern
England and its colonies.
English Ideas about
Government
Parliament Britain’s bicameral (two-house) legislature
which makes law.
 The House of Commons originally was
designed to represent the majority of people
(poor and middle classes).
 The House of Lords originally represented
the interests of the wealthy aristocracy.
English Ideas about
Government
Glorious Revolution
In 1688, the English King James II
abdicated (gave up) his thrown and fled to
France.

The new Protestants monarchs agreed to
sign the English Bill of Rights which
restated many rights granted by the Magna
Carta.
English Ideas about
Government
Enlightenment Period in European history in which reason and logic
were used to figure problems and answer questions
about life.
 It was led by political thinkers such as John Locke
who believed that individuals were destined to be
free.
 In the American colonies, Ben Franklin professed the
same beliefs.
Post-War Politics
Whig Ideology The “Whigs” were those who opposed King
James II and championed Parliamentary
government.
 Following the end of the French & Indian War,
Whig ideology became complacent and
ineffective.
Parliament Action
Sugar Act of 1764 Lowered the tax on sugar.
 Authorized “custom” officials and courts to
prosecute smugglers.
Stamp Act of1765 Taxed all paper products - legal documents,
business records, etc.
 Specified that taxes be paid in "hard money” and
would drain all coinage from the colonies.
Parliament Action
Currency Act of 1764Prohibited the use of paper money in all the
colonies.
Quartering Act of1765 Law requiring the housing of British troops in
the colonies.
 The act was aimed at New York which housed
the military leadership and nearly 10,000
soldiers.
Colonial Response
John Adams Massachusetts lawyer and political writer
who opposed the taxes and regulation of
Parliament in colonial affairs.
 Eventually rose to become a delegate to
the First Continental Congress.
Colonial Response
Patrick HenryVirginia representative who wrote the Virginia
Resolves in 1765 which argued that only
colonial assemblies could tax, not
Parliament.
Colonial Response
Non-Importation
AgreementsThe boycott of British
consumer goods by
colonists who opposed
the Stamp tax.
BoycottOccurs when consumers
refuse to buy goods.
Townshend Duties
Townshend Acts of1767 Levied taxes on goods such as lead, paint, glass,
paper, and tea.
 Suspended New York Assembly.
 Created a Board of Customs Commissioners.
 Set up additional Vice-Admiralty Courts in the
Colonies.
 The duties would collect taxes for the Crown and
increase regulation in Colonies.
The Sons of Liberty
Sons of Liberty-
Political action group made up of colonists opposed all
new taxes and regulations by the British.
Sam AdamsBostonian and political agitator who led the Sons of
Liberty.
John HancockBusinessman and smuggler of goods into New England
who led the Sons of Liberty.
Reactions to the Townshend
Acts
“Boston Massacre”In March of 1770, a group of colonists provoked
British soldiers who fired into a crowd killing five
colonists.
Committees of Correspondence-
Organized by Sam Adams as a communication
network between the colonies promoting
cooperation and unifying colonists.
Colonial Crisis
Gaspee Affair A British revenue schooner that had been
enforcing unpopular trade regulations, ran
aground in shallow water, on June 9, 1772 off
the coast of Rhode Island while chasing the
packet boat Hannah.
 In an act of defiance, the ship was attacked,
boarded, stripped of valuables and torched by
American patriots.
Colonial Crisis
“Boston Tea Party” Parliament’s continued support for the
monopoly on British tea forced further
boycotts.
 On December 16, 1773, members of the
Sons of Liberty boarded three British East
India ships and dumped tea into Boston
Harbor.
The “Intolerable” Acts
Coercive Acts of 1774Parliament passed as the Coercive Acts:
 Closed the port of Boston.
 Instituted a military governor of Massachusetts
(General Thomas Gage).
 Initiated martial law in Boston.
 Disallowed town meetings.
 Allowed for a strict enforcement of the Quartering
Act.
The Colonies Meet
First Continental Congress Representatives from the colonies met in
Philadelphia (September, 1774) to discuss
the crisis in Massachusetts as a result of
the Intolerable Acts.
 Congress wrote to the king that they had a
right to government themselves since they
were not represented in Parliament.
Preparing for War
MilitiaCitizen-Soldiers trained to fight.
MinutemenMilitia ready to fight at a moments-notice.
March on Concord-
Gage sent troops to: (1) capture Hancock and
Adams, and (2) capture stock piles of weapons
and munitions.
The Battles of Lexington &
Concord
April 19, 1775
Americans were told of a secret march to Concord.

Three men (including Paul Revere) rode into the night
to warn of the march.

The British marched and confronted 70 minutemen on
Lexington “Green.”
The Battles of Lexington &
Concord
LexingtonFighting broke out when a “shot ‘heard round
the world” sparked a war.
ConcordThe British arrived at Concord and began
burning the town and began to march back
to Boston.
The Battles of Lexington &
Concord
The Return March to Boston
As soldiers marched back to Boston,
Minutemen (using the trees for cover) began
firing into British lines.

Orderly soldiers began to run back to Boston
and nearly 200 were killed or wounded.

The American Revolution began and would
last eight years.