Transcript Document 7181891

What characterized the
first permanent English
settlements in N. Amer?
Business enterprises
Initially few profits
Few efforts to blend English society with that of
the natives
Almost nothing worked out as they had planned
American society very quickly began to develop
its own habits and institutions
Colonies differed from one another
Agricultural, but growing merchant class
Jamestown, Virginia
1607
John Smith
Investors wanted
quick return
Disease, hunger (more interested in
searching for riches than farming)
No women—no sense of society
Smith held colony together—forced farming
Jamestown, Virginia
Smith injured; returned to England
1609—on verge of famine
Sir Thomas Dale’s decision
Private ownership and cultivation of
land
Owners repay company with parttime work and contributions of
grain
Jamestown, Virginia
Arrival of new colonists and development
of tobacco as a cash crop
saved the colony
By late 1620s, > 1.5 million
pounds of tobacco exported
to England. Very valuable crop
that transformed the colony
Problem: Required large tracts of farmland;
encroached more on Native American territory
Jamestown, Virginia
New immigrants came to grow tobacco.
Many were indentured servants
Headright System
50-acre grants of land:
Each new settler—encouraged family units
Also additional headrights if paid for
someone else’s passage
Example: Ma and
Pa Perrone =
100 acres and. . .
…their children = 250 acres
For a total of 350 acres
Jamestown, Virginia
100 Englishwomen: bought for 120 lbs of tobacco
=
1619—first Africans arrived but were not
slaves
Eventually, colonists demanded more
land for tobacco, other crops and
living space
Jamestown, Virginia
July 30, 1619: first meeting House of Burgesses
First legislative assembly in America
Make local laws that could be vetoed by either
the governor or the Board of Directors in
England
Jamestown, Virginia
War with Powhatan people—when English
defeated a people, they drove them off
the land
Brutal fighting—many slain
Pocahontas married John Rolfe—
uneasy truce
To maintain income from
tobacco, British sent more
troops and colonists
Calvert: Maryland—speculative venture
in real estate and retreat for Catholics
First Lord
Baltimore
Native Americans befriended; worried about
rival tribes. Calvert encouraged immigration of
Protestants & religious toleration; frequent
violence between Protestants & Catholics
Jamestown, Virginia
By 1670s, one-quarter of free white men
in Virginia were former indentured
servants
Lived on western outskirts of colony
Constant battles
with native peoples
Gov. Wm Berkeley—
no help; Bacon’s
Rebellion—
foreshadowing of future West-East conflict
Leyden, Holland
Received informal assurances that the king would
Not molest them in Virginia. Opened up English
American to dissenting Protestants
New England
Puritans—wanted to
reform Church of
England (too Catholic)
Some puritans: separatists
Hid from James I.
Pilgrims fled to
Holland then to America. Founded
Plymouth Plantation in 1620. Second
Colony in America.
New England
Mayflower Compact became an
important landmark in the
development of American
democracy.
Later 1620s, other Puritans
came to this region-- John Winthrop
obtained a royal charter for a joint-stock
enterprise called the Massachusetts Bay
Colony
Better planned, more successful than
Jamestown
New England
The Great Migration: 20,000 immigrants
between 1630 and 1640
Boston became thriving capital
Other towns spread
outward from Boston
A Puritan colony
New England
Puritans—belief in a special
covenant with God
“We shall be as a City Upon A Hill;
the eyes of all people are on us.”
John Winthrop
The concept of liberty was collective, not
individual
All male Puritans could vote
Taxes supported Puritan Church;
the law required church attendance
Concept of a theocracy
New England
Puritans intolerant of dissenters
Roger Williams
Claimed English settlers had no
rightful claim to land unless they
bought it from Native American peoples
Government officials had no business
punishing settlers for religious beliefs—
people should be free to worship
according to conscience.
New England
Williams tried by General Court
Ordered to be returned to England
Escaped and fled Massachusetts;
went to Narragansett Bay
Founded the colony of
Providence (later Rhode
Island) guaranteeing
separation of Church &
state & religious freedom
New England
Anne Hutchinson—Puritan
taught that worshipers did not
need the Church or its ministers
to interpret the Bible.
Tried, convicted and banished—moved
to Rhode Island
Resulted in Massachusetts Bay Colony
increasing restrictions on women’s
activities.
New England
Settlers moved into western
Massachusetts Bay and into
new colonies of New Hampshire
and Connecticut
Initially, Native Americans
helped settlers
Many Native Americans killed by
European diseases; disputes erupted
over land
New England First major conflict:
Connecticut in 1637—
Pequot Nation
Massacre of Pequot people
at a fort on Mystic River
1675—King Philip’s War
Wampanoag chief Metacomet
Throughout New England
Brutal and bloody
N.A. finally beaten by war,
disease, hunger
Restoration Colonies
Northern Carolina:
 backwoods farmers
 isolated
 meager existence
 no aristocracy or slaves
Southern Carolina:
fertile lands
Charles Town a good harbor
More prosperous economy & more aristocratic
Flourishing trade
Close ties with Barbados
Middle Colonies
1609—Henry Hudson (Englishman
employed by Dutch) sailed up river
now named for him. Claimed
area for the Netherlands
Established trading posts at
Fort Orange and Manhattan
Island
Dutch government allowed
Dutch West India Company to colonize
New Amsterdam (NYC) became capital
Middle Colonies
Dutch took over New Sweden in 1655
Friendlier relations with
native peoples—more
interested in trading
than taking land
New Netherland included
people from several
European nations: Dutch, Germans, French
Scandinavians, other Europeans and
several Africans (free and slaves)
Religious tolerance—people all faiths
Middle Colonies
1644—English took
over colony without a
fight
Duke of York (later King
James II) owner:
renamed New York
Gave two friends a portion
of his land; later named
New Jersey
Middle Colonies
In England, Charles II became
king following
a civil war—
The Restoration.
Charles II owed a debt to
father of William Penn. So
as payment, gave land in
New World.
Middle Colonies
Penn: Society of Friends (Quakers)
Radical religious beliefs for time
No ministers—people free to speak as
the Spirit moved them in services
Dressed plainly
Would not defer to rank
Opposed war—would not serve in army
Penn wanted society based on Quaker
ideals of equality, cooperation & toleration
Middle Colonies
Penn guaranteed
every adult male 50 acres
of land and right to vote.
Govt: Representative
Assembly
Freedom of religion
Capital: “City of Brotherly Love”
Today called: Philadelphia
Assured Native Americans were paid for
land used by settlers; set up trade with NA
Middle Colonies
Penn recruited immigrants:
several from Germany
Quakers eventually became a minority
Slavery introduced in late 1600s
But, Penn’s principles of equality,
cooperation, & religious tolerance
became fundamental American values.
Middle Colonies
Three southern counties of
Pennsylvania resisted
Penn’s absolute power
Charter of Liberties
Own representative
assembly
Became Delaware
Restoration Colonies
Georgia:
 philanthropic &
military motives
 military barrier
against Spanish lands
 Refuge for poor (new start)
 Excluded Africans and
Catholics
 Strictly regulated trade with Native Americans
Restoration Colonies
James Oglethorpe
Good, but ultimately
unsuccessful
Lost grip
Trustees removed
limitations on individual
landholdings and the
ban on slavery and rum
Eventually became a
royal colony
Mercantilism
A nation could increase its wealth
and power by:
Obtaining gold and silver
Establishing a favorable
balance of trade
Goal: self-sufficiency
How did the colonies aid in mercantilism?
Provided raw materials & other products
Mercantilism
Navigation Acts (1651 on)
All trade—on English or colonial ships
All ships: crews at least ¾ English or
colonial
Colonies export certain commodities
only to England (tobacco, sugar, rice
molasses and furs)
Almost all goods traded between
America and Europe, unloaded first
at an English port
William & Mary
Mary Stuart and William of Orange became
co-rulers of England 1689
Glorious Revolution—turning point in
English constitutional history.
With monarch’s power limited by the
Parliament, a constitutional monarchy
How did the colonies benefit from
the Glorious Revolution?
Revived representative assemblies
Successfully thwarted the plan for colonial
unification
Legitimized the idea that colonists had some
rights within the empire—that the English
government needed to consider their views
in making policies that affected them
Colonial Governments
Governor appointed by monarch
Advisory council appointed by governor
Local assembly elected by landowning
white males
Governor appointed judges and oversaw
the colony’s trade
Local assembly raised taxes and initiated
and passed laws
Colonies liked self-government