Transcript ISS-detectors

ISS-detectors
Missions:
“Evaluate the options for the neutrino detection systems
with a view to defining a baseline set of detection
systems to be taken forward in a subsequent
conceptual-design phase”
“Provide a research-and-development program
required to deliver the baseline design 
Funding request for four years of detector R&D
“2007-2010” (but more likely “2008-2011”)
The nice thing with neutrino beams is that one can have more
than one detector on the same beam line!
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Organization
Detector ‘council’ (i.e. steering group)
role: ensure basic organization, and monitors progress wrt objectives
Alain Blondel (Geneva)
Alan Bross (Fermilab)
Kenji Kaneyuki (ICRR)
Paolo Strolin (INFN)
Paul Soler (Glasgow)
Mauro Mezzetto (Interface with physics)
http://dpnc.unige.ch/users/blondel/detectors/detector-study.htm
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Water Cerenkov Detectors
Working groups
Kenji Kaneyuki, Jean-Eric Campagne
Magnetic Sampling Detectors
Jeff Nelson --> Anselmo Cervera
http://dpnc.unige.ch/users/blondel/detectors/magneticdetector/SMD-web.htm
TASD Malcolm Ellis
Large Magnet Alan Bross
Liquid Argon TPC
http://www.hep.yorku.ca/menary/ISS/
Scott Menary, Andreas Badertscher, Claudio Montanari,
Guiseppe Battistoni (FLARE/GLACIER/ICARUS’)
Emulsion Detectors
http://people.na.infn.it/~pmiglioz/ISS-ECC-G/ISSMainPage.html
Pasquale Migliozzi
Near Detectors
http://ppewww.ph.gla.ac.uk/~psoler/ISS/ISS_Near_Detector.html
Paul Soler
Detector Technology will be associated with detector type for now
dedicated detector technology session at ISS2
in KEK Jan06.
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ISS detector mailing list (78)
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Executive summary: I. baseline detectors
beam
Far detector
R&D needed
sub-GeV
BB and SB
(MEMPHYS, T2K)
Megaton WC
photosensors!
cavern and
infrastructure
1-2 GeV
BB and SB
(off axis NUMI, high
g BB, WBB)
no established baseline
TASD (NOvA-like)
or
Liquid Argon TPC
or Megaton WC
Neutrino Factory
(20-50 GeV,
2500-7000km)
~100kton magnetized
iron calorimeter (golden)
photosensors and
detectors
long drifts,
long wires, LEMs
straightforward
from MINOS
simulation+physics
studies
+ ~10 kton
non-magnetic ECC (silver) ibid vs OPERA
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Executive summary
II. beyond the baseline,
(but should be studied)
beam
Far detector
R&D needed
sub-GeV
BB and SB
(MEMPHYS, T2K)
Liquid Argon TPC
(100kton)
clarify what is the
advantage wrt
WC?
1-2 GeV
BB and SB
(off axis NUMI, high
g BB)
no established baseline
Neutrino Factory
(20-50 GeV,
2500-7000km)
platinum detectors!
large coil around
TASD
Larg
ECC
ISS-detectors
engineering study
for magnet!
simulations and
physics evaluation;
photosensors,
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Alain Blondel
long drift,
Executive summary:
III: near detector, beam instrumentation
beam
BI, ND
R&D needed
sub-GeV BB and SB
(MEMPHYS, T2K)
concept
simulations
T2K example…. CONCEPT
for precision measurements? theory
1-2 GeV BB and SB
(off axis NUMI, high g
BB)
NOvA example..
CONCEPT for
precision measurements?
Neutrino Factory
(20-50 GeV,
2500-7000km)
beam intensity (BCT)
beam energy +polarization
beam divergence meast
shielding
leptonic detector
hadronic detector
ISS-detectors
ibid
need study
-need study
need concept
simul+study
simul+study+
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R&DBlondel
FAR SITES
Without calling specifically for candidate far detector sites we received
two contributions of far sites that would welcome a neutrino factory beam
1. Pihäsalmi Finland (Juha Peltoniemi)
2. INO Indian Neutrino Observatory (PUSHEP at Tamilnadu) Naba Mondal
we also know of Canary Islands
This is a subject that will need to be pursued
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Highlights
1. WATER CHERENKOV
-- First cost estimate of Frejus Megaton detector
-- T2KK idea
2. MAGNETIZED IRON CALORIMETER
-- realistic design and cost estimate
-- revision of golden analysis ==> much better efficiency at low Energy
3. LARGE MAGNETIC VOLUME
-- a new concept
-- MECC detector could demonstrably do platimum channel
4. Liquid Argon
-- impressive R&D efforts (long drift, long wires)
5. systematic related discussions
-- matter effect for NUFACT
-- nuclear effects for Low Energy beam
6. Began first simulations of NuFACT near detectors
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review of far detector options
-- Water Cherenkov
-- Liquid argon (non magnetic)
-- magnetized iron calorimeter
-- ECC
-- large magnetic volumes
-- for TASD
-- for ECC
-- for liquid argon
-- detector technology
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Water Cerenkov
-- can be made in very large volumes (already SK =50kton)
-- very well known technology
-- other applications: proton decay, low energy natural neutrinos,
atmospheric, solar and SN neutrinos, Gadzook, etc…
-- cannot be magnetized easily
-- pattern recognition limited to 1 ring events (--> sub GeV neutrinos)
-- baseline detector for sub-GeV neutrinos.
-- three projects around the world: HK, UNO, MEMPHYS
-- community organized and coordinated in its own
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The MEMPHYS Project
65m
CERN
130km
65m
Water Cerenkov modules at Fréjus
Fréjus
4800mwe
CERN to Fréjus
Neutrino Super-beam and Beta-beam
Excavation engineering pre-study has been done for 5 shafts
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Possible experimental set-up
Total cost must
be similar to the
baseline design.
2.5 deg. off axis
2.5 deg. off axis
Distance from
the target (km)
JPARC
2.5deg.off-axis beam @Kamioka
Off-axis angle
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MEMPHYS: Main results of the preliminary study
Best site (rock quality) in the middle of the mountain, at a depth of 4800 mwe
Cylindrical shafts feasible:  = 65 m and a height h = 80 m (≈ 250 000 m3)
 215 000 tons of water (4 times SK)
- 4 m from outside for veto and fiducial cut 146 000 tons fiducial target
3 modules would give 440 kilotons Fid. (like UNO) BASELINE
estimated excavation cost ≈ 80 M€ X Nb of shafts
this number should be >~ doubled for photo-detectors, electronics and other
infrastructure
(--> >~500 M€ for three shafts = 440 kton fiducial)
-- >~G€ for a megaton --
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NB about 300 Oku-Yen should be included for the beam upgrade
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-- Liquid Argon TPC:
This is the particle physics equivalent of superstrings:
DOE (detector of everything)
it can do everything, can it do anything BETTER?
(than a dedicated standard technique)
to be quantitatively demonstrated case by case.
impressive progress from ICARUS T600
recent highlights
-- effort at FERMILAB (FLARE)
-- 2 efforts in EU ICARUS and GLACIER
-- observation of operation in magnetic field
-- programme on-going to demonstrate long drift, or long wires
talks by Badertscher, Menary, Rubbia
INFN ICARUS were contacted and added to mailing list with no further result.
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considerable noise reduction can be obtained
by gas amplification
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height is limited by high voltage
1kV/cm  2 MV for 20m…
field degrader in liquid argon tested 
(Cockroft-Greinacher circuit)
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NEUTRINO FACTORY DETECTORS
An ideal detector exploiting a
Neutrino Factory should:
Identify and measure the charge of the muon (“golden
channel”) with high accuracy
Identify and measure the charge of the electron with
high accuracy (“Platinum channel”)
Identify the  decays (“silver channel”)
Measure the complete kinematics of an event in order
to increase the signal/back ratio
Migliozzi
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-- Magnetic segmented detector:
this is a typical NUFACT detector for En>>1.5 GeV
ne  nm
GOLDEN CHANNEL
experience from MINOS &NOvA
designs prepared for Monolith and INO
iron-scintillator sandwich with sci-fi + APD read-out
proposed straightforward design 90kton for ~175M$.
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Magnetized Iron calorimeter
(baseline detector, Cervera, Nelson)
B = 1 T  = 15 m, L = 25 m
t(iron) =4cm, t(sc)=1cm
Fiducial mass = 100 kT
Charge discrimination down to 1 GeV
Event rates for 1020 muon decays (<~1 year)
Baseline
732 Km
3500 Km
nm CC
ne CC
108
2 x 108
4 x 106
7.5 x 106
nm signal (sin2 q13=0.01)
3.4 x 105
3 x 105
(J-PARC I SK = 40)
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Multi-Pixel-Photon-Counter
Operation
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at 3000 km,
1st max is at 6 GeV
2d max is at 2 GeV
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New analysis (Cervera)
OLD:
Pm> 5 GeV
NEW: Lm > Lhad + 75cm
(shown for three different
purity levels down to << 10-4 )
new analysis
old analysis
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 trigger and locate the neutrino interactions
 muon identification and momentum/charge measurement
ECC emulsion analysis:
Electronic detectors:
Target
Trackers
Pb/Em.
target
Vertex, decay kink e/g ID, multiple
scattering, kinematics
Spectrometer
Pb/Em. brick
Link to muon ID,
Candidate event
8m
Basic “cell”
Extract selected
brick
Brick finding, muon ID, charge and p
8 cm
Pb Emulsion
p/pISS-detectors
< 20%
1 mm
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LARGE MAGNETIC VOLUME
Observing the platinum channel
or the silver channel for more decay channels
requires a dedicated Low Z and very fine grained detector
immersed in a large magnetic volume
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1.2 Totally Active Scintillation Detector
Camilleri, Bross
10 solenoids next to each other. Horizontal field perpendicular to beam
Each: 750 turns, 4500 amps, 0.2 Tesla. 42 MJoules . 5Meuros.
Total: 420 MJoules (CMS: 2700 MJoules)
5 turns
Coil: Aluminium (Alain: LN2 cooled).
Possible magnet schemes for TASD
n

Problem: Periodic coil material every 15m:
Increase length of solenoid
along beam?
rd
How thick?
3 International Scoping Study Meeting
Rutherford Appleton Laboratory
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Cost Extrapolations for Baseline NF Detector
ONE Magnet
 Cost via stored energy


Stored energy  340 MJ
From Green and Lorant

C(M$)  0.5(340)0.662  24M$
 Cost via Magnetic Volume

From Green and Lorant

C(M$)  0.4(.5 X 3400)0.635  45M$
 Reference Point – CMS Solenoid


C(M$)  0.5(2700)0.662  93M$ (Stored energy)
C(M$)  0.4(4 X 370)0.635  41M$ (Magnetic volume)
 Most Optimistic Extrapolation

Use stored energy and conclude formula overestimates by factor
of 1.7 (93/54) based on CMS case

Then NF magnet extrapolated cost – 14M$
 Most Pessimistic Extrapolation

Use magnetic volume and conclude formula underestimates by a
factor of 1.3 (54/41) based on CMS case

Then NF magnet extrapolated cost – 60M$
conventional SC magnet:
X 10 Magnets
=140-600M$
8
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x ~ a few X0=14cm….
B > 0.5 T
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Magnetized ECC structure
target
4.5 cm, 2 X0
spectrometer
shower absorber
Electronic det:
e//µ separator
&
“Time stamp”
35 stainless steel plates emulsion films
Rohacell® plate
We have focused on the “target + spectrometer” optimization
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µ end electron momentum resolution:
3 gaps (3cm thick) and 0.5 T
µ
electron
For the electron only hits associated to the primary electrons used in the
parabolic fit (Kalman not used)
Given the non negligible energy loss in the target, the electron energy is taken
downstream for the comparison of true against reconstructed
FIRST CONVINCING DEMONSTRATION THAT THE PLATINUM CHANNEL COULD
BE USED!
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SYSTEMATICS - related topics
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A revealing comparison:
A detailed comparison of the capability of observing CP violation was performed
by P. Huber (+M. Mezzetto and AB) on the following grounds
-- GLOBES was used.
-- T2HK from LOI: 1000kt , 4MW beam power,
6 years anti-neutrinos, 2 years neutrinos.
systematic errors on background and signal: 5%.
-- The beta-beam 5.8 1018 He dk/year 2.2 1018 Ne dk/year (5 +5yrs)
The Superbeam from 3.5 GeV SPL and 4 MW.
Same 500kton detector
Systematic errors on signal efficiency (or cross-sections) and bkgs are 2% or 5%.
--NUFACT 3.1 1020 m+ and 3.1 1020 m+ per year for 10 years
100 kton iron-scintillator at 3000km and 30 kton at 7000km (e.g. INO). (old type!)
The matter density errors of the two baselines (uncorrelated): 2 to 5%
The systematics are 0.1% on the signal and 20% on the background, uncorrelated.
all correlations, ambiguities, etc… taken into account
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What do we learn?
1.
matter effect for NUFACT
Both (BB+SB+MD) and NUFACT outperform e.g. T2HK on most cases.
2. combination of BB+SB is really powerful.
3. for sin22q13 below 0.01 NUFACT as such outperforms anyone
4. for large values of q13 systematic errors dominate.
Matter effects for NUFACT, cross-sections for low energy beams.
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This is because we are at first maximum or above,  CP asymmetry is small!
Errors in density
ISS-3 at RAL Warner
location
length
“a priori”
“best”
Continental
2500 km
4.7%
2.9%
Oceanic
2500 km
2.6%
1.7%
Continental
9000 km
2.0%
1.7%
Oceanic
9000 km
1.8%
1.5%
Errors are ~2 sigma
(errors not really Gaussian)
Recommendations
Avoid:
• Alps
• central Europe
• thick crust (e.g. Fenoscandia)
• Europe to Japan
Recommendations
Best profiles:
• Western Europe to Eastern US
• Atlantic Islands (Canaries, Maderia,
Azores) to Portugal, western Spain, NW
France, southern Ireland, western
England
Such a study,
in collaboration with geophysicists
will be needed for candidate LBL sites
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-- Near detectors and flux instrumentation
-- flux and cross-section determinations
-- other neutrino physics
a completely new, yet essential aspect of
superbeam, beta-beam and neutrino factory
NO PERFORMANCE EVALUATION SHOULD BE TAKEN
SERIOUSLY UNTIL THE NEAR DETECTOR CONCEPTS HAVE
BEEN LAYED DOWN!
Soler, Sanchez tomorrow
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near detector constraints for CP violation
ex. beta-beam or nufact:
P(nenm) - P(nenm)
P(nenm) + P(nenm)
= ACP a
sind sin (m212 L/4E) sin q12 sin q13
sin2 q13 + solar term…
ne diff. cross-section*detection-eff *flux and ibid for bkg
BUT: need to know nm and nm diff. cross-section* detection-eff
Near detector gives
with small (relative) systematic errors.
knowledge of cross-sections (relative to each-other) required
knowledge of flux!
interchange role of
ne
and
nm for superbeam
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experimental signal= signal cross-section X efficiency of selection + Background
 sig     + B
need to know this:
ne
nm
ne
nm
 sig /  sig
 sig /  sig
this is not a totally trivial quantity as
there is somethig particular in each of
these cross-sections:
for instance the effects of muon mass
as well as nuclear effects are different for
neutrinos and anti-neutrinos
while e.g. pion threshold is different for
muon and electron neutrinos
and of course the fluxes… but the product flux*sig is measured in
the near detector
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3.5 GeV SPL
g  1 b-beam
-- low proton energy:
no Kaons  ne background is low
--region below pion threshold
(low bkg from pions)
but:
low event rate and
uncertainties on cross-sections
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 (n m )
 (n e )
DR 
 (n m )
 (n e )
at 250 MeV (first maximum in Frejus expt) prediction varies from 0.88 to 0.94
according to nuclear model used. (= +- 0.03?)
Hope to improve results with e.g. monochromatic k-capture beam
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FLUX in NUFACT will be known to 10-3
see NUFACT YELLOW REPORT
this was studied including
-----
principle design of polarimeter, and absolute energy calibration
principle design of angular divergence measurement
radiative corrections to muon decay
absolute x-section calibration using neutrino – electron interactions
nee
(event number etc… considered)
this is true for
ne
nm
ne
nm
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Near
detector
and beam
instrumentation
5. Near
Detector
Beam
Spectra at NUFACT



Near detector(s) are some distance (d~30-1000 m)
from the end of straight section of the muon storage ring.
Muons decay at different points of straight section: near detector is
sampling a different distribution of neutrinos to what is being seen by the
far detector
If decay straight is L=100m and
Different far detector baselines:
?
?
?
730 km, 20 m detector: q~30 mrad
2500 km, 20 m detector: q~8 mrad
7500 km: 20 m detector: q~3 mrad
Cherenkov
BCT
shielding
Polarimeter
storage ring
d
d =30 m, at 8 mrad, lateral
displacement of neutrinos is
0.25-1.0mm to subtend same angle.
the charm and DIS detector
the
leptonic detector
International Scoping Study
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UC Irvine, 21 August
2006
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CONCLUSIONS -I
The ISS detector task assembled in a new fashion a range of
activities that are happening in the world.
A number of new results were obtained and baseline detectors
were defined.
For low energy beams, the Water Cherenkov can be considered as
baseline detector technology at least below pion threshold. An
active international activity exists in this domain.
1Mton~(0.5-1) G€
For medium energy (1-2 GeV) there is comptetiton and it is not
obvious which detector (WC, Larg or TASD) gives the best
performance at a given cost.
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CONCLUSIONS II
For the neutrino factory a 100 kton magnetized iron detector can
be built at a cost of <~200 M$ for the golden channel.
New analysis of low E muons should improve sensitivities.
An non magnetic Emulsion Cloud Chamber (ECC) detector for tau
detection can straightforwardly be added with a mass of >~5 kton
There is interest/hope that low Z detectors can be embedded in a
Large Magnetic Volume. At first sight difficulties and cost are
very large. However this should be actively pursued. Electron sign
determination up to 10 GeV has been demonstrated for MECC, and
studies are ongoing for Liquid Argon and pure scintillator detector.
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CONCLUSIONS III
Near detector, beam instrumentation and cross-section measurements are
absolutely required. The precision measurements such as CP constitute a
new game wih respect to the present generation.
For the super-beam and beta beam the near detector and beam diagnostic
systems need to be invented.
There is a serious potential problem at low energy due to the interplay of
muon mass effect and nuclear effects. A first evaluation was made at the
occasion of the study.
NUFACT flux and cross sections should be calibrated with a precision of
10-3. An important design and simulation effort is required for the near
detector and diagnostic area. (shielding strategy is unknown at this point)
Finally matter effects were discussed with the conclusion that a
systematic error at 2% seems achievable with good collaboration with
geologists.
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CONCLUSIONS IV
The next generation of efforts should see a first go at the
design effort and R&D towards the design of precision neutrino
experiments
There is a motivated core of people eager to do so and this
activity should grow.
THANKS!
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Alain Blondel