Transcript National Association for the Education of Homeless Children and Youth

National Association for the Education of Homeless Children and Youth
22nd Annual Conference
November 2010
Houston, TX
1
Our Agenda
Background and context
 Liaisons
 Identification
 School stability, including transportation
 School enrollment
 School success
 Focus on Title I, Part A
 Focus on unaccompanied youth
 Focus on young children

2
Causes of Homelessness

Lack of affordable housing
 Foreclosures

Poverty
 Economic recession
 Unemployment

Health problems
 Lack of health insurance
 Addiction disorders
 Mental health



Domestic violence
Natural and other disasters
Abuse/neglect (unaccompanied youth)
3
Stories and Statistics
A new multisite study by UCLA and
RAND Corp. researchers and
colleagues has found that 7 percent
of fifth-graders and their families
have experienced homelessness at
some point in their lives and that the
occurrence is even higher — 11
percent — for African American
children and those from the poorest
households.
Am. J. Pub. Health, 8/09
Diego Sepulveda, a 22-year-old political science
major, is the first in his family to attend college.
His full-time Subway job wasn’t quite cutting it,
and then he lost that job. Sepulveda would rotate–
a night at the library, the next two nights on
friends’ couches. His other part-time home was
the Student Activities Center, where there’s a pool,
a locker room, and showers.
“I would shower, and it would give me at least
some sense of being clean,” he says.
NPR, 7/27/10
Parents are losing their jobs, their homes and their
vehicles, but they don't want their children to lose out
on an education. Desiree Vigil is one Denver parent
trying to make sure her kids get to school, even though
the family doesn't know where they will sleep at night.
"It kills me inside. It hurts because I feel like I'm not
providing for my kids the way I should be," Vigil said.
FOX News Denver, 5/20/10
Nearly 1 million homeless
students attended public
schools in 2008-09, a 41%
increase over the previous
two years and another sign of
how broadly the economic
recession has struck America.
USA Today, 7/31/10
4
How many children and youth
experience homelessness?

10% of all children living in poverty over the course
of a year.

1.6-1.7 million youth run away each year.

51% of all children in HUD-funded shelters are under
the age of 6.

Nationwide, 956,914 homeless students identified
by public schools in the 2008-09 school year; 41%
increase over previous 2 years.
5
Barriers to Education for
Homeless Children and Youth



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Enrollment requirements (school records, health
records, proof of residence and guardianship)
High mobility resulting in lack of school stability and
educational continuity
Lack of awareness; under-identification
Lack of transportation
Lack of school supplies, clothing, etc.
Poor health, fatigue, hunger
Prejudice and misunderstanding
6
Importance of Education
“For almost all of my life, I have never had a place to
call home. I have questioned why I have to struggle
so hard to succeed while others do not have to
question whether they will go to college.
However, there is one thing I have never questioned:
My education.”
Khadijah Williams, Harvard University Class of 2014
7
McKinney-Vento
Homeless Assistance Act
 Reauthorized 2002 by NCLB
 Main themes:
 School stability
 School access
 Support for academic success
 Child-centered, best interest decision making
8
Local Homeless
Education Liaisons
Every LEA must designate a liaison for students in
homeless situations.
 Responsibilities Ensure that children and youth in homeless
situations are identified.
 Ensure that homeless students enroll in and have
full and equal opportunity to succeed in school.
 Link with educational services, including preschool
and health services.
 Resolve disputes and assist with transportation.

9
Eligibility—Who is Covered?

Children who lack a fixed, regular, and adequate
nighttime residence—
 Sharing the housing of others due to loss of
housing, economic hardship, or similar reason
[66% of identified homeless students in 20082009]
 Living in motels, hotels, trailer parks, camping
grounds due to lack of adequate alternative
accommodations
[Motels: 6% of identified homeless students in
2008-09]
10
Eligibility— Who is Covered?

Children who lack a fixed, regular, and adequate
nighttime residence—
 Living in emergency or transitional shelters
[23% of identified homeless students in 2008-09]
 Living in a public or private place not designed for
humans to live
 Living in cars, parks, abandoned buildings,
substandard housing, bus or train stations, or
similar settings
 Migratory children living in above circumstances
 Awaiting foster care placement
11
McKinney-Vento Definition:
Why So Broad?
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Shelters are often full; shelters may turn families and
youth away, or put them on waiting lists.
Shelters do not exist in many suburban and rural areas.
Eligibility conditions of shelters often exclude families
with boys over the age of 12, or unaccompanied minors.
Motels may not be available, or may be too expensive.
Youth on their own may fear adult shelters.
Shelters often have 30, 60, or 90 day time limits.
Families/youth may be unaware of alternatives, fleeing
in crisis, living in over-crowded, temporary, and
sometimes unsafe environments.
12
Determining Eligibility
Case-by-case determination
 Get as much information as possible (with sensitivity
and discretion)
 Look at the MV definition (specific examples in the
definition first, then overall definition)
 Shared housing considerations:

 Where would you go if you couldn’t stay here?
 What led you to move in to this situation?

NCHE’s Determining Eligibility brief is available at
http://www.serve.org/nche/downloads/briefs/det_elig.pdf
13
Identifying Eligible
Children and Youth
 Identification is critical.
 It affects state and local funding.
 It’s the law.
 It affects students’ eligibility for a wide
variety of services.
14
Identification Strategies

Provide awareness activities for school staff
(registrars, secretaries, counselors, nurses, teachers,
tutors, bus drivers, security officers, drop out
prevention specialists, administrators, etc.).
 http://www.naehcy.org/training.html
 http://center.serve.org/nche/web/online_tr.php

Coordinate with community service agencies, such
as shelters, soup kitchens, public assistance and
housing agencies, and public health departments.
15
Identification Strategies (cont.)

Post outreach materials and posters in all schools
and where there is a frequent influx of low-income
families and youth in high-risk situations, including
motels, campgrounds, libraries, youth centers.
 http://center.serve.org/nche/pr/er_poster.php#paren
t
 http://center.serve.org/nche/pr/er_poster.php#youth

Use enrollment and withdrawal forms to inquire
about living situations.
 www.utdanacenter.org/theo/downloads/factsheets/R
P14_SRQ.doc
16
Identification Strategies (cont.)




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Make special efforts to identify preschool children,
including asking about the siblings of school-aged
children.
Develop relationships with truancy officials and/or
other attendance officers.
Enlist youth to spread the word.
Make sure data entry and database managers know
how to enter, maintain and report information.
Avoid using the word "homeless” with school
personnel, families, or youth.
17
Research on School Stability

Demonstration project in WA showed that school
stability for homeless students increases assessment
scores and grades.

Mobility also hurts non-mobile students; study
found average test scores for non-mobile students
were significantly lower in high schools with high
student mobility rates.

Students who changed high schools even once
during high school were less than half as likely as
stable students to graduate, even controlling for
other factors.
18
Research on School Stability (cont.)
Recent study published in the Archives of Psychiatry
found that youth aged 11 to 17 were twice as likely
to attempt suicide if their families moved three or
more times compared to those who had never
moved.
 Victoria, TX adopted a “One Child, One School, One
Year” policy.

 ADA increased $1.6 million.
 TAKS scores increased significantly.
19
School Stability— Key Provisions
Students can stay in their school of origin for the
duration of homeless and until the end of the school
year when they find permanent housing, as long as
that is in their best interest.
 School of origin—school attended when
permanently housed or in which last enrolled.
 Best interest—keep homeless students in their
schools of origin, to the extent “feasible”, unless this
is against the parents’ or guardians’ wishes.
 Can always also choose the local school (any school
others living in the same area are eligible to attend).

20
Feasibility— USDE Criteria




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
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A child-centered, individualized determination
Continuity of instruction
Age of the child or youth
Safety of the child or youth
Likely length of stay in temporary housing
Likely area where family will find permanent housing
Student’s need for special instructional programs
Impact of commute on education
School placement of siblings
Time remaining in the school year
21
Transportation—Key Provisions
1.
LEAs must provide transportation to and from their
school of origin, at a parent’s or guardian’s request
(or at the liaison’s request for unaccompanied
youth).
 If crossing LEA lines, they must determine how to
divide the responsibility and share the cost, or
they must share the cost equally.
22
Transportation—Key Provisions
2. LEAs also must provide students in homeless
situations with transportation services comparable
to those provided to other students.
3. LEAs must eliminate barriers to the school
enrollment and retention of students experiencing
homelessness (including transportation barriers).
23
Transportation Strategies






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Develop close ties among local liaisons, school staff,
pupil transportation staff, and shelter workers.
Use school buses (including special education,
magnet school and other buses).
Develop formal or informal agreements with school
districts where homeless children cross district lines.
Use public transit where feasible.
Use approved carpools, van or taxi services.
Reimburse parents and youth for gas.
Hire a homeless transportation coordinator
24
School Stability Resources

School of origin vs. Local school:
http://center.serve.org/nche/downloads/briefs/sch
_sel_checklist.pdf

Transportation:
http://center.serve.org/nche/pr/incr_sch_stab.php
www.utdanacenter.org/theo/downloads/factsheets/
RP33b_Transportation_Rural.pdf
25
School Enrollment— Key Provisions
If remaining in the school of origin is not feasible,
children and youth in homeless situations are
entitled to immediate enrollment in any public
school that students living in the same
attendance area are eligible to attend.
 The terms “enroll” and “enrollment” include
attending classes and participating fully in school
activities.

26
Enrollment— Key Provisions (cont.)
Enrollment must be immediate, even if students
do not have required documents, such as school
records, health records, proof of residency or
guardianship, or other documents.
 If a student does not have immunizations, or
immunization or medical records, the liaison
must immediately assist in obtaining them, and
the student must be enrolled in the interim.

27
Enrollment— Key Provisions (cont.)
Enrolling schools must obtain school records
from the previous school, and students must be
enrolled in school while records are obtained.
 Schools must maintain records for students who
are homeless so they are available quickly.
 SEAs and LEAs must develop, review, and revise
policies to remove barriers to the enrollment and
retention of children and youth in homeless
situations.

28
Immediate Enrollment— Strategies

Request all records from the previous school
immediately, including immunization records.
 Parental signature is not required for transfer students (FERPA).
 The vast majority of students have been enrolled in school
before and have received immunizations.
Speak with parents and youth about the classes the
student was in, previous coursework and special
needs.
 Call the counselor, teachers or principal at the
previous school for information.
 Ensure enrollment staff on every campus are aware of
the law and procedures.

29
School Enrollment Resources

Immediate enrollment without documents:
 http://center.serve.org/nche/downloads/briefs/ass
essment.pdf

Immediate enrollment without parent/guardian:
 http://center.serve.org/nche/downloads/briefs/gua
rdianship.pdf

Immediate enrollment without immunizations:
 http://www.naehcy.org/dl/elders_memo.pdf
30
School Enrollment
Resources (cont.)
 Full participation in school activities:
 http://center.serve.org/nche/downloads/briefs/extr
a_curr.pdf
 Ensuring credit accrual and recovery:
 http://center.serve.org/nche/downloads/briefs/cre
dit.pdf
31
Resolution of Disputes—
Key Provisions




Every state must establish dispute resolution
procedures.
When a dispute over enrollment arises, the student must
be admitted immediately to the school of choice while
the dispute is being resolved.
The parent or guardian must be provided with a written
explanation of the school’s decision, including the right
to appeal.
The school must refer the child, youth, parent, or
guardian to the liaison to carry out the dispute
resolution process as expeditiously as possible.
32
Support for Success

Students who experience homelessness must have
access to educational services for which they are
eligible, including special education, programs for
English learners, gifted and talented programs,
voc./tech. programs, and school nutrition programs.

Undocumented children and youth have the same
right to attend public school as U.S. citizens and are
covered by the McKinney-Vento Act to the same
extent as other children and youth (Plyler v. Doe).
33
Support for Success (cont.)

Homeless students are automatically eligible for free
school meals.

USDA policy permits liaisons and shelter directors to
obtain free school meals for students immediately
by providing a list of names of students experiencing
homelessness with effective dates.

http://www.naehcy.org/guidance.html
34
Support for Success (cont.)

The 2004 reauthorization of IDEA included
amendments that reinforce timely assessment,
inclusion, and continuity of services for homeless
children and youth who have disabilities.
 http://education.wm.edu/centers/hope/publicatio
ns/infobriefs/documents/qa.pdf
 http://center.serve.org/nche/downloads/briefs/id
ea_qa.pdf
 http://www.naehcy.org/idea.html
35
Support for Success (cont.)
Title I and Homelessness
A child or youth who is homeless is automatically
eligible for Title IA services, regardless of whether his
or her school is a Title IA school.
 LEAs must reserve (or set aside) the funds necessary
to serve homeless children who do not attend Title
IA schools, including educationally related support
services.
 Funds may be used for children attending any
school in the LEA.

36
Strategies for Determining the
Title IA Set-Aside Amount
Review needs and costs involved in serving homeless
students in the current year and project for the
following year.
 Multiply the number of homeless students by the
Title IA per pupil allocation.
 For districts with subgrants, reserve an amount
greater than or equal to the McKinney-Vento
subgrant funding request.
 Reserve a percentage based on the district’s poverty
level or total Title IA allocation.

37
USED Guidance on Using Title IA
Funds for Homeless Students
 Title I funds may be used for services not
ordinarily provided to other Title I students.
 Services must be reasonable and necessary to
enable homeless students to take advantage of
educational opportunities.
 Funds must be used as a last resort when services
are not reasonably available from another public
or private source.
 An individual paid in whole or in part with Title IA
funds may also serve as a homeless liaison.
38
USED Guidance (cont.)
 Examples of Uses of Title IA funds:
 Items of clothing, particularly if necessary to meet
a school’s dress or uniform requirement
 Clothing and shoes necessary to participate in
physical education classes
 Student fees that are necessary to participate in
the general education program
 Personal school supplies such as backpacks and
notebooks
 Birth certificates necessary to enroll in school
 Immunizations
 Food
39
USED Guidance (cont.)

Uses of Title IA funds (cont.):










Medical and dental services
Eyeglasses and hearing aids
Counseling services
Outreach services
Extended learning time
Tutoring services
Parental involvement
Fees for AP and IB testing
Fees for SAT/ACT testing
GED testing for school-age students
40
Title I Part A Resources
 http://center.serve.org/nche/downloads/b
riefs/titlei.pdf
 http://www.ed.gov/policy/gen/leg/recover
y/guidance/titlei-reform.pdf
41
How Many Young Children
Experience Homelessness?


In 2008-2009, 52% of all children in HUD homeless
shelters were under the age of 6.
33,433 homeless children ages 3-5 (not kindergarten)
were identified and enrolled in public preschool in
2008-2009.
 Represents only 3.5% of students identified as
homeless by public schools.

Head Start and Early Head Start served 38,918
homeless families in 2010 (roughly 3% of Head Start’s
total enrollment).
 Up from 31,808 in 2009 and 25,969 in 2008.
42
Impacts on Young Children

Higher rates of developmental delays:
 Infants who are homeless start life needing
special care four times more often than other
babies.
 Homeless toddlers show significantly slower
development than other children
Higher rates of chronic and acute health
problems.
 Higher exposure to domestic and other types of
violence.

43
Head Start Findings
Compared to non-homeless children served by Head
Start (1999 HS demonstration programs), homeless
children have:




Greater developmental delays (language)
More learning disabilities
More health and mental health problems
Higher frequency of withdrawal, shyness,
separation anxiety, short attention disorder, flat
affect, aggression, hoarding, anxiety in response to
changes in environment or staff absences, concern
over getting enough food, and sharing toys
44
McKinney-Vento Provisions
Liaisons must ensure that families and children have
access to Head Start, Even Start, and other public
preschool programs administered by the LEA.
 State McKinney-Vento plans must describe
procedures that ensure that homeless children have
access to public preschool programs.

45
Head Start Provisions
Homeless children are categorically eligible for Head
Start programs
 Head Start programs are required to identify and
prioritize homeless children for enrollment; allow
homeless children to enroll while required
paperwork is obtained; and coordinate with LEA
liaisons
 OHS Information: http://eclkc.ohs.acf.hhs.gov

46
Strategies for Accessing
Public Preschool



Identify the existing public preschool programs within
your district: classrooms for 3, 4 and 5 year olds;
preschool special education programs; other federally
funded projects and community/district collaborations.
Connect with key public early childhood and elementary
school staff to build relationships, share data,and create
awareness of the impact of homelessness on young
children to work toward future partnerships.
Advocate for slots for homeless children within those
existing preschool programs.
47
Strategies for Accessing
Public Preschool (cont.)




Include homelessness in the list of criteria for priority
enrollment, classify homelessness as an “at risk” factor,
and/or include homelessness specifically as a criterion for
"most in need.”
Designate a “homeless contact” at each Head Start program
in your community; make sure each contact is trained and
hold regular meetings.
Designate a “young child” contact at each homeless service
program; ensure that this contact is knowledgeable about
Head Start, child development, etc.
Explore funding support from Title I, Part A, ARRA, and grants
sources such as United Way.
48
Young Children Resources
http://www.naehcy.org/early.html
 http://www.horizonsforhomelesschildren.org
 http://www.familyhomelessness.org

49
Unaccompanied Youth-Who Are They?
Definition: child or youth who meets the definition
of homeless and is not in the physical custody of a
parent or guardian.
 Some youth become homeless with their families,
but end up on their own due to lack of space in
temporary accommodations or shelter policies that
prohibit adolescent boys.

 60% of homeless mothers live apart from at least one of
their minor children; 35% live apart from all their children.
 93% of homeless fathers live apart from all their children.
50
Who Are They? (cont.)
Studies have found that 20 to 50 percent of
unaccompanied youth were sexually abused in their
homes, while 40 to 60 percent were physically
abused.
 Over two-thirds of callers to Runaway Hotline report
that at least one of their parents abuses drugs or
alcohol.
 Over half of youth living in shelters report that their
parents either told them to leave, or knew they were
leaving and did not care.

51
Who Are They? (cont.)



20-40% of homeless youth identify as gay, lesbian,
bisexual, or transgender (compared to 3-5% of the
overall population).
At the end of 2005, over 11,000 children fled a foster
care placement and were never found; 25-40% of youth
who emancipate from foster care will end up homeless.
Many youth have been thrown out of their homes due to
pregnancy.
 48% of street youth have been pregnant or impregnated
someone.
 10% of currently homeless female teens are pregnant.
52
Unaccompanied Youth—
Key Provisions
Liaisons must help unaccompanied youth choose
and enroll in a school, after considering the youth’s
wishes, and inform the youth of his or her appeal
rights.
 School personnel must be made aware of the
specific needs of runaway and homeless youth.

53
Unaccompanied Youth—Strategies



Develop clear policies for enrolling unaccompanied
youth immediately, whether youth enroll themselves,
liaisons do enrollment, caretakers enroll youth in their
care, or another procedure is in place.
Train local liaisons and all school enrollment staff,
secretaries, counselors, principals, school security staff,
attendance officers, and teachers on the definition,
rights, and needs of unaccompanied youth.
Coordinate with youth-serving agencies, such as shelters,
soup kitchens, drop-in centers, street outreach, child
welfare, juvenile courts, law enforcement, legal aid, teen
parent programs, public assistance,
gay/lesbian/bisexual/transgender youth organizations,
mental health agencies…
54
Unaccompanied Youth—Strategies
(cont.)
Offer youth an adult and peer mentor.
 Establish systems to monitor youth’s attendance and
performance, and let youth know you’ll be checking
up on them.
 Help youth participate fully in school (clubs, sports,
homework help, etc.)
 Build trust! Be patient, and ensure discretion and
confidentiality when working with youth.

55
What about parental disapproval /
school liability?

Liability is based on the concept of negligence, or a
failure to exercise reasonable care.
 Following federal law and providing appropriate services
are evidence of reasonable care.
 Violating federal law and denying services are evidence of
negligence.

Don’t hide children from their parents, but do enroll
youth in school immediately, do engage parents and
youth with school counselors and/or family
mediation services, and do involve child welfare when
necessary.
56
Unaccompanied Youth and
Higher Education: The FAFSA


Youth who meet the definition of “independent student”
can complete the FAFSA without parental income
information or signature.
Unaccompanied youth are automatically considered
independent students.
 Must be verified as unaccompanied and homeless during the
school year in which the application is submitted.

Youth who are unaccompanied, at risk of homelessness,
and self-supporting are also automatically considered
independent students.
 Must be verified as such during the school year in which the
application is submitted.
57
FAFSA (cont.)

Verification must be made by:
 a McKinney-Vento Act school district liaison,
 a HUD homeless assistance program director or their
designee,
 a Runaway and Homeless Youth Act program director or
their designee, or
 a financial aid administrator.

Youth who have been in foster care at any time after
age 13 are also automatically independent.
58
Unaccompanied Youth Resources






http://www.naehcy.org/higher_ed.html
http://www.naehcy.org/letendre_ab.html
http://center.serve.org/nche/ibt/sc_youth.php
http://www.1800runaway.org/
http://www.youtube.com/user/itgetsbetterproject
http://www.thetrevorproject.org/
59
Why It Matters
“I have lived in many homes and shelters. Just in this past year, I
have lived in twelve different homes. I have lived with
classmates, teachers, friends, and strangers. Anybody who
would accept me was better than the street. I knew that
education and God were the only ways to get out of this cycle.
I stayed in school and made good grades because I knew with
an education I could go far. I have always dreamed of being
free. I want the freedom to know where I am going to sleep,
the freedom to know where my belongings are, and the
freedom to know that I won’t be asked to leave in the morning
or at the end of the week.”
Naomi Caren Fairbanks - 2007 LeTendre Scholarship Recipient
60
General Resources
National Association for the Education of Homeless Children and
Youth
http://www.naehcy.org
National Center on Homeless Education
http://www.serve.org/nche
National Law Center on Homelessness & Poverty
http://www.nlchp.org
National Network for Youth
http://www.nn4youth.org
HEAR US - DVD for awareness-raising
http://www.hearus.us
61
Contact Information
Barbara Duffield, Policy Director
NAEHCY
Phone: 202.364.7392
Email: [email protected]
Patricia Julianelle, Legal Director
NAEHCY
Phone: 202.436.9087
Email: [email protected]
62