PERIOD THREE EXAM REVIEW

Please use these with the idea that they are student generated and may be missing some information. Use they and ask yourself the following question, “Is all the information that I need here and correct?”

#1 Leader of Young Italy

•Giuseppe Mazzini •Most effective speaker •Founded Young Italy in 1831 •Goal of Young Italy was to transform Italy into an independent sovereign state •According to Mazzini the nation state (political organization consisting of one nationality rather than several nationalities) was very important

2.Reasons for end of Bismarck reign in Prussia

• Bismarck disagreed with Prussian rule and left out of his own choice.

• Prussia united to Germany shortly after

3. Nationalism

Nationalism is the pride in one’s own nation; desire for independence.

1.

national spirit or aspirations.

2.

devotion and loyalty to one's own nation; patriotism.

3.

excessive patriotism; chauvinism.

4.

the desire for national advancement or independence.

4.) Garibaldi

• Giuseppe Garibaldi [1807-1882] – The foremost popular hero and military figure in Italian unification known as the Risorgimento.

5, Bismarck

• Chancellor of Russia.

• Created the Three Emperors League during World War I.

• Purpose was to isolate France.

#6 Triple Entente

•Countries that were part of it: France, Great Britain, and Russia.

•Is a friendly understanding between two nations that, at the same time, lacks the binding commitments of a full fledged alliance.

7.Triple Alliance

• The alliance between Germany Austria and Hungary. They all attacked France together during this alliance.

Serbia, Russia, France, Belgium, British Empire, Japan, Italy, Romania, Cuba, China, Bulgaria The Allied countries were the countries at war with the central powers.

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9.) Central Powers

• Germany • Austria-Hungary • The Ottoman Empire • Bulgaria

#10 Nationalism

• Pride in one’s own nation; a desire for independence • Austria-Hungary, nationalism was creating the most violent tensions in Europe • Germany, RealPolitik • Unified Germany and was rapidly becoming popular in France

#11 The Schlieffen Plan

• Alfred Von Schlieffen came up with plan in 1905.

• He believed the Germans could reach Paris and defeat French in six weeks and then move onto the Eastern Front.

(12) Reasons for US Entry

• Zimmerman Note • Germany wanted Mexico to invade the US, infuriated the US • Unauthorized German submarines on US coast • Sinking of the Lusitania

13. Result of Bolshevik revolution

• The results of U.S. action toward the Bolsheviks and the Soviet Union created an anti-Soviet attitude in America. This attitude, along with the Soviet's anti-capitalism ideals, created a hostility that would remain strong through out the rest of the century. World War II proved to be the highlight of Soviet-U.S. relations, which would quickly drop off after the war. Journalist Harry Schwartz sums it up in his article in the July 7, 1963

New York Times

, "Soviet-United States relations since the 1917 Bolshevik Revolution have gone through almost all possible phases from warm comradeship in arms to the deepest hostility."

14.) Date of American Entry Into WWI

• America entered world war 1 on April 2,1917. President Woodrow Wilson went before a joint session of Congress to request a declaration of war against Germany.

• • • • • •

#15 Peace Conference following Armistice Day

Named Paris Peace Conference (pg. 763) Worked out 5 peace treaties, known as the Peace of Paris No opposition was invited Treaty of Versailles – Reduced Germany’s military (weapons and army) – Reduced Germany’s size – Loss of German colonies – Reparations, Germany also received blame Other settlements created a loss of Central Power controlled land As a result, Germany became bitter, leading to WWII

#16 Treaty of Versailles Participants

• Reduced size of Germany • Germany vs. Allied Powers (Russian Empire, United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, Italy, Empire of Japan, and the U.S.

Provisions of the Treaty of Versailles (17)

– The treaty ended the war. It gave many provisions. Germany lost all land taken during the war and was weak and in dept. Russia gained land. Japan gained a few small islands. Italy gained some land. Germany, Italy and Japan not happy with the provisions. Eventually led to ww2.

18. Assassination of Franz Ferdinand

•Franz Ferdinand was assassinated by a group of Serbian terrorist called the Black Hand.

• There were multiple attempts to assassinate Franz Ferdinand. The first attempt occurred by terrorist plotting to throw a grenade under his car. However, there were too many people around the car was moving extremely fast and the plan failed. •On the second attempt, one of the terrorist threw a grenade at the car but missed and it went under the car that was following Franz Ferdinand’s car. So, the people in the car were injured.

•After a visit to city hall, Franz Ferdinand wanted to visit with the people who were injured in the car accident. On his way to the hospital, his driver took a wrong turn. When the driver realized that he took a wrong turn, he stopped to reverse the car in the process a terrorist named Gavrilo Princip shot Franz Ferdinand in the neck and his pregnant wife in the stomach.

•Franz Ferdinand, his wife and their unborn child were assassinated.

19.) WWI Timeline of Events

06.28.1912- Austrian Archduke Francis Ferdinand & wife, Sofia, assassinated at Sarajevo.

07.23.1914- Austria demands that Serbia: close down anti-Austrian newspapers, stop teaching anti-Austrian ideas in schools, & allow Austrian police into Serbia. All must be agreed to in 48 hours.

07.25.1914- Serbia gives in to most of the demands. German is satisfied with Serbia’s answer, but Austria declares that Serbia must agree to all of the demands. England suggest a conference to settle the dispute.

07.27.1914- France & Italy agree to England’s idea of a conference. Germany rejects the idea [they do not want conference to dictate Austria]. Russia also rejects the conference [afraid conference will allow Austria to push Serbia around. 07.28.1914- Austria declares war on Serbia 07.29.1914- Russia mobilizes her troops.

07.31.1914- Germany asks France what she will do & demands that Russia stop mobilizing her troops within 24 hours.

08.01.1914- France mobilizes her troops. Germany declares war on Russia.

08.03.1914- Italy declares neutrality. Germany declares war on France.

08.04.1914- England declares war on Germany.

08.06.1914- France declares war on Austria.

08.12.1914- England declares war on Austria.

08.23.1914- Japan declares war on Germany.

#20 Characteristics of the Western Front

• France, UK, United States • Part of the Allied Powers (Entente Powers) • Fought against Germany • Battles usually took a long time, through methods of trench warfare • Battle of Somme is an example

#21 Kellogg-Briand Pact

• 1928 • Treaty between the United States and other Powers providing for the renunciation of war as an instrument of national policy.

Militarism (22)

Militarism- The use of military to take over and rule lands.

Countries such as Germany, Russia, Austria- Hungary used this.

Military expanded into lands such as Austria-Hungary, France, Belgium, Luxemburg, Prussia.

24.) Reason for Russia’s Entry into WW1

• Russia had to protect the Slavs in Serbia from Austria-Hungary, seeing as they had failed to protect Serbia in the past and failing to do so now would cause the Slavs to hate Russia.

#25 Reason why Italy remained neutral

Even though they were part of the triple alliance with Austria-Hungary and Germany, they said that Austria-Hungary and Germany were acting aggressively, not defensively, against Serbia, Belgium, Russia, France and Great Britain, and remained neutral.

#26 Purposes for Propaganda in WWI

-Propaganda was used in WWI as ideas and rumors used to harm an opposing cause.

-Governments used slogans to catch the attention of young adults, so they would enroll in the army.

-Propaganda was also used to portray the enemy because making peace with the enemy seemed unthinkable.

-Used to gain soldiers for a strong military.

-Propaganda was a popular tool used in WW1 to change the opinions of the masses. -Most propaganda was negative and/or misleading and lead to feelings of anger or sadness by using blackmail and over exaggeration about another country and or leader.

24.) Reason for Russia’s Entry into WW1

• Russia had to protect the Slavs in Serbia from Austria-Hungary, seeing as they had failed to protect Serbia in the past and failing to do so now would cause the Slavs to hate Russia.

28. War of Attrition

 Was a limited war fought between Israel and forces of Egypt and the Palestein Liberation Organization  It was from 1967 to 1970  It was initiated by Egypt as a way to force Israel to negotiate on favorable terms the return of the Sinai Peninsula, which had been captured by Israel in the 1967 Six Day War.

29.) How Russia Ended WWI

• Bolshevik Revolution – 1917 Bolshevik’s Stage a coup d’etat in petrograd – Claim absolute power and declare Russia a communist state • Civil War – Reds and Whites • Reds, Leon Trotsky, defend communist state • Whites, defeat reds quickly and return to WWI

#30 Leader responsible for Russian withdraw from WW1

• Lenin, leader of the Bolsheviks.

• Russia wanted to worry about their own country before continuing conflict in the world war • Russia's withdrawal from the war was offset by the entry of the united states into the conflict.

#31 The Sinking of the Lusitania

• Sunk on May 7, 1959 • At 2:10 p.m., Watlther Schwieger, the commander of a German sub U-20 fired a single torpedo at the Lusitania.

(32) Zimmerman Note (Telegraph)

• February 1917, German Subs will attack • US had to stay neutral • Germany wants Mexico to attack southern US states if US attacks • Telegraph decoded by Britains and sent to US when sent from Germany

33. Difference between Marxism and Russian communism

•

Marxism

is the political philosophy and practice derived from the works of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. Marxism is an economic political theory by which law is considered an instrument of oppression and control, and which the ruling class uses against the working class. • • And in actual fact

Russian Marxism

, since it had risen in a country still not industrialized and with no developed proletariat, was bound to be torn by a

moral self-contradiction

conscience of many Russian socialists.

which weighed upon the

Communism

, a theory and system of social and political organization that was a major force in world politics for much of the 20th century. As a political movement, communism sought to overthrow

capitalism

through a workers’ revolution and establish a system in which property is owned by the community as a whole rather than by individuals

34.) Wilson’s 14 Points

• A peace plan that included – freedoms of the sea – Limitation on arms – End to secret trade alliances – Just settlements of colonial claims – Creation of a “general assembly of nations”

35, Great Britain and France’s goals for Germany following WW1

• France and Great Britain demanded reparations from Germany for costs and damages.

• Wanted to reduce Germany militarily.

• France wanted Germany to return Alsace-Loraine.

• France and Great Britain also wanted Germany to accept blame for causing the war.

#36 Declarations of War that began WW1

• Austria declares war on Serbia- July 28 • Germany declares war on Russia- August 1 • Germany declares war on France & invades Belgium- August 3 • Britain declares war on Germany for invading Belgium- August 4

37.Reasons why Britain entered WWI

• Britain was allied with Belgium when WWI occurred.

• As the Germans pushed into Belgium Britain was pushed to war.

38. Causes of WWI

• The first world war began in August 1914. • It was directly triggered by the assassination of the Austrian archduke, Franz Ferdinand and his wife, on 28th June 1914 by Bosnian revolutionary, Gavrilo Princip. • This event was, however, simply the trigger that set off declarations of war. • • Click on the topics below to learn more about what caused World War One.

Alliances Crises Imperialism Militarism Nationalism

39.) Powder Keg of Europe

• In Europe, tensions between nations were high and they were willing to go to war. All Europe needed was something to ignite its “powder keg”.

40, Technological advances

In WWI there were many technological advances that made killing people in the war easier.

Examples were, •Machine guns were invented •Poison gas and gas masks were invented •Military air planes were invented •Flame throwers were invented

# 41Characterizes of the Eastern Front

• 1941-1945 • a theatre of war between the German Reich and the Soviet Union

Battles of Verdun and Somme (42)

• The battle of Somme introduced the tank and many weapons while. Somme and Verdun were both defeats to the Germans. Victors are the French and British

43. Reasons for totalitarian rulers after WWI

• (totalitarian rulers have less restrictions on implementing quick and descisive policies on issues like economic crises), political instability caused by deep divides between conservatives (some anti-democratic) and socialists (some communist) creating a desire for order at whatever cost, a belief of racial superiority transformed into a belief of national superiority, and an intellectual climate disillusioned with the limits of liberal democracies and capitalism.

44.) Total War

• When nations use all their available resources to completely destroy their enemies. The enemy’s agriculture, industry, and population are all targets.

#46 Causes of WW

II • Treaty of Versailles • War Guilt Clause • Reparations • Disarmament • Territorial Clauses • Hitler's Actions • Failure of Appeasement • Failure of the League of Nations

48. Militarism in Japan

• • The military had a strong influence on Japanese society from the Meiji Restoration. Almost all leaders in Japanese society during the Meiji period.

Domestic issues within early Meiji Japan also called for a strong military.

• •

49.) Weakness of Weimer Republic

The Weimar Republic faced many problems. The greatest danger was probably 'the weakness within' - the constitution gave the President, the states and the army too much power, while proportional voting meant that the Reichstag was divided and weak. In 1919–1923, extremists on both the Left [especially the Spartacist revolt] and the Right [especially the Kapp Putsch] tried to overthrow the government.

The worst crisis occurred in 1923, when the French invaded to try to force Germany to pay reparations. This led to hyperinflation and a number of rebellions [particularly Hitler's Munich Putsch].

• One of the main problems for the Weimar government was the Right-Wing Dolchstosslegende - the claim that the Army had been 'stabbed in the back' by the government [whom the Right called 'the November criminals’].

# 51 Countries upset with the Treaty of Versailles

• Germany • Austria • Hungary • Bulgaria • Ottoman Empire

53. Beginning of the Great Depression

The

Great Depression

was a worldwide economic downturn starting in most places in 1929 and ending at different times in the 1930s or early 1940s for different countries.It was the largest and most important economic depression in the 20th century, and is used in the 21st century as an example of how far the world's economy can fall. The Great Depression originated in the United States; historians most often use as a starting date the stock market crash on October 29, 1929, known as Black Market.

54.) Soviet Communism Under Lenin

• Lenin created a socialist state that practiced war communism, which took direct control of industry and distributed the food with force.

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There was disorder in the Bolshevik revolution which made it easy for him to take over. Since people will accept communism in desperate times and it made it easy for him to provide a buffer zone around the soviet union.

59.) Stalin’s Reforms

• Stalin stayed in power was by implementing modernity into a society that had previously been stuck in a traditionalized environment. Stalin reformed the soviet union. Stalin’s production of more factories led to the increase in the work force. Along with the increase in size, the work force became more diversified with the addition of women. Stalin caught the Soviet Union up to speed with the rest of the western world.

63

•Between the Soviet Union and Germany •Was supposed to be neutral territory and the Germans wanted it for liebenschwam (living space).

•Ordered by Hitler, the German Army entered the Rhineland March 7 1936.

•Breaking the terms of versailles

64.) Appeasement

• The policy of granting concessions to a potential enemy in order to maintain peace.

65. Fascism

• Fascist rulers include Benito Mussolini and Hitler. In a fascist government the people have very little say in what goes on in government. The Government controls most of the aspects of its citizens life's

68. Spanish Civil War

• The

Spanish Civil War

was a major conflict that devastated Spain from 17 July 1936 to 1 April 1939.

#71 Churchill

• Delivered the “Blood Sweat and Tears” speech on May 13, 1940.

• On May 10, 1940, King George VI summoned Churchill to Buckingham Palace and asked him to form a new government.

• Churchill is now the Prime Minister

72. Stalin

• The leader of Germany till 1953, a cruel and brutal yet affective leader. Led soviets to dominance.

73. Truman

•

Harry S. Truman

(May 8, 1884 – December 26, 1972) was the 33rd President of the United States (1945 – 1953). As the 34th vice president , he succeeded Franklin D. Roosevelt , who died less than three months after he began his fourth term • Authorizes the use of the Atomic Bomb

74.) Mussolini

• Benito Mussolini (1883-1945) over the course of his lifetime went from Socialism to the leadership of a new political movement called "fascism" [after "fasces", the symbol of bound sticks used a totem of power in ancient Rome].

• Mussolini came to power after the "March on Rome" in 1922, and was appointed Prime Minister by King Victor Emmanuel.

• “Il Duce” • In 1932 Mussolini wrote (with the help of Giovanni Gentile) and entry for the Italian Encyclopedia on the definition of fascism.

Hiroshima (77)

On August 6 Hiroshima was hit by an atomic bomb. Over 60,000 people died and thousands more injured and sick with radiation poisoning.

78. Advantage of the blitzkrieg

•

Blitzkrieg

is "a headline word applied retrospectively to describe a military doctrine of an all-mechanized force concentrating on its attack on a small section of the enemy front then, once the latter is pierced, proceeding without regard to its flank.“ • As British military historian Sir John Keegan has noted, it was an idea which owed its creation to soldiers of several nations: the British theorists of tank warfare Major General J.F.C. Fuller, who pioneered the first massed tank offensive at Cambria in 1917, German generals Heinz Guderian and Oswald Lutz, and the French general who, independently of the British, had invented a tank in 1915.

83. Hitler’s plan for the Jews

• Hitler plans for the Jews was to kill every single one of them.

• he thought they were the big problem Germany

84.) Reasons for Hitler’s decision on invade the USSR

• The decision to prepare for an invasion of the USSR was made about the time France fell. The process by which this decision was made is uncertain but it was given far more attention than any plan for invading the UK since OKH took responsibility for planning Barbarossa.

87.Last German Offence

• String of attacks along the western front in WW1 • Failed attack causing them to retreat.

88. D-day

• June 6, 1944, 160,000 Allied troops landed along a 50-mile stretch of heavily-fortified French coastline to fight Nazi Germany on the beaches of Normandy, France. General Dwight D. Eisenhower called the operation a crusade in which “we will accept nothing less than full victory.” More than 5,000 Ships and 13,000 aircraft supported the D-Day invasion, and by day’s end on June 6, the Allies gained a foot hold in Normandy. The D-Day cost was high more than 9,000 Allied Soldiers were killed or wounded -- but more than 100,000 Soldiers began the march across Europe to defeat Hitler.

90.) Final Solution

• Hitler's propose plan to kill all Jews.

92.Reasons For Cold War Not Hot War

• The fear of nuclear war, both countries knew if they had a conflict then it would result in a world altering event possibly leading to the end of the human race as we know it.

96.) Iron Curtain

• Iron Curtain" is a term used to describe the boundary that separated the Warsaw pact countries from the NATO countries from about 1945 until the end of the Cold War in 1991. The Iron Curtain was both a physical and an ideological division that represented the way Europe was viewed after World War II. To the east of the Iron Curtain were the countries that were connected to or influenced by the former Soviet Union. This included part of Germany (East Germany), Czechoslovakia, Poland, Hungary, Bulgaria, Romania, and Albania (until 1960 when it aligned with China). While Yugoslavia was communist politically it was not considered to be a part of the Eastern Bloc or behind the Iron Curtain. The other countries to the west of the Iron Curtain had democratic governments.

• The term "Iron Curtain" was made popular by Winston Churchill, who first used it in a public speech in March of 1946.

Why was the Security Council debating (97)

• The security council was known as a debating society because the countries of Russia and The United States constantly debated and argued and never got along

98. How was USSR influenced Eastern Europe

• Although the term Eastern Europe was largely defined during the Cold War , and used more or less synonymously with

Eastern Bloc

and

Second World

, it still remains much in use.

[1] However, two decades after the demolition of the connotations that suggest alienating Iron Curtain , many feel that the term is becoming increasingly outdated due to its Cold War era context of Central Europe , the label stereotypes of Western Europe merge into a single 'Europe Soviet

Eastern European

-style economic, political and cultural development. Therefore, in the is now regarded as inappropriate. "Capitalism against Communism can no longer be used to clarify difference; instead vague and imprecise definitions exist. These too, are slowly being eroded as Eastern and

102.NATO

• NATO was the allied forces that apposed Russia's communist way in a goal to conquer their intensions and turn them to democracy.

103. Nato countries

• The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) is a military alliance that consists of 28 member states from North America and Europe. It was established at the signing of the North Atlantic Treaty on 4 April 1949.

• Belgium, Canada, Denmark, France, Iceland, Italy, Luxemburg, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, United Kingdom, United States, Greece, Turkey, Germany, Spain, CZ, Hungary, Poland, Bulgaria, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Albania, Croatia

De-Stalinization (107)

• Kruschev imposed a policy of De Stalinization which eliminated Stalin’s policies such as the secret police and he allowed artistic freedom. He kept collective farms and the 5 year plane

108. Events that increased tensions between the USSR and US during the Cold War.

• The little nuclear war but never shot at missile at each other.

• The USSR satellite over USA saying it was weather satellite.

• Missile in Cuba and Turkey.

112.Resolution to the Missile Crisis

• During the Cuban missile crisis the US solved the problem by withdrawing the nuclear weapons from turkey and also agreeing to never invade communist Cuba.

113. Josip Tito

• Josip Broz (Tito) was born in in Croatia in 1892. He came from a poor family and worked as a mechanic before being conscripted into the Austro-Hungarian Army in 1914. While fighting In the First World War he was captured by the Russian Army. Broz became converted to communism and took part in the Russian Revolution in 1917.

• Broz returned to the new Yugoslavia and became active in politics. The royalist government outlawed the communists and in 1928 Broz was arrested and given a five year prison sentence. On his release he went to live in the Soviet Union and in 1934 began working for the Comintern. Soon afterwards he obtained the nickname Tito.

114.) Red Guard and the Little Red Book

• The Red Guard were young volunteers who passionately worked for Mao, and they used Mao’s Little Red Book to spread their radical communist message.

117. History of Korean Peninsula

• The Korean peninsula divided into North and South Korea. N.Korea was communist while S. Korea was democratic. They faced many conflicts involving nuclear weapons. Eventually this leads to war.

118. Division of North Korea and South Korea today

• With mistrust growing rapidly between the formerly allied United States and Soviet Union, no agreement was reached on how to reconcile the competing provisional governments. The U.S. brought the problem before the United Nations in the fall of 1947. The USSR opposed UN involvement.

•

123. Us decision to end Cuban missile crisis

A

t midday, and again in the early evening of October 16, 1962, John F. Kennedy called together a group of his closest advisers at the White House. Late the night before, the CIA had produced detailed photo intelligence identifying Soviet nuclear missile installations under construction on the island of Cuba, some ninety miles off the Florida coast; now the president and his men confronted the dangerous decision of how the United States should respond. .

• Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara outlined three possible courses of action for the president: "the political course of action" of openly approaching Castro, Khrushchev, and U.S. allies in a gambit to resolve the crisis diplomatically, an option that McNamara and others considered unlikely to succeed; "a course of action that would involve declaration of open surveillance" coupled with "a blockade against offensive weapons entering Cuba"; and "military action directed against Cuba, starting with an air attack against the missiles." Much of the conversation that day centered on the military option and the hazardous unknowns of Soviet retaliation, including the possibility of nuclear escalation. "I don't believe we have considered the consequences," McNamara told the president. "I don't know quite what kind of a world we live in after we've struck Cuba, and we, we've started it.... How, how do we stop at that point?"

124.) Reason for Division of Germany after WWII

• The east of Germany went to the Soviet Union and the west of Germany went to United States, France and Great Britain.

128. Great Leap Forward

• Mao announced a second Five Year Plan to last from 1958 to 1963. This plan was called the Great Leap Forward.

#129 Deng Xiaoping’s Changes in China

• Deng Xiaoping, party general secretary, led a group called the Pragmatists. The Pragmatists wanted practical reforms. In response to this rising opposition, Mao launched the Cultural Revolution, a time of disorder and paranoia.

132.Event Starting Korean War

• North Korea forced invasion upon south Korea causing the Korean war.

• The outcome was fatal to both sides.

134.) Glasnost

• Gorbachev introduced “Glasnost”, meaning openness in English, letting people criticize the government without consequence.

138. Rwanda Genocide

• The Rwanda Genocide was in 1994.

• This was when thousands of people were killed.

• This was over a course of 100 days.

133

•Argued to be one reason for the fall of communist political forces in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe.

• Also known to be the end of the cold war.

•Was the political and economic reforms.

•Introduced in June 1987.