Transcript ICT per il miglioramento del processo conservativo - Lirias

I contributi presentati al convegno restituiscono un’articolata
panoramica di riflessioni e di casi studio, in cui emerge come filo
conduttore la capacità di esprimere una visione di lungo periodo
e di proporre una virtuosa integrazione fra strategie, spesso
innovative, di conservazione e di valorizzazione.
PPC Conference 2014 è una delle attività di comunicazione e
divulgazione previste dell’ambito dei Distretti Culturali “Monza
e Brianza” e “Le Regge dei Gonzaga”, esperienze che testimoniano
come il patrimonio storico architettonico costruito possa ricoprire
un ruolo nuovo e determinante nelle dinamiche di sviluppo locale.
I volumi:
1
La strategia della Conservazione programmata.
Dalla progettazione delle attività alla valutazione degli impatti.
2
Sguardi ed esperienze sulla conservazione del patrimonio
storico architettonico.
3
Protezione dal rischio sismico.
4
Metodi e strumenti per la prevenzione e manutenzione.
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ICT per il miglioramento del processo conservativo.
ICT per il miglioramento del procosso conservativo
Proceedings of the International Conference
Preventive and Planned Conservation
Monza, Mantova - 5-9 May 2014
A cura di Stefano Della Torre
Curatela editoriale Maria Paola Borgarino
€ 25,00
ICT per il
miglioramento
del processo
conservativo
A cura di Stefano Della Torre
Curatela editoriale Maria Paola Borgarino
NARDINI EDITORE
ISBN 978-88-404-0318-2
Proceedings of the International Conference
Preventive and Planned Conservation
Monza, Mantova - 5-9 May 2014
NARDINI EDITORE
5
Proceedings of the International Conference
Preventive and Planned Conservation
Monza, Mantova - 5-9 May 2014
Proceedings of the International Conference
Preventive and Planned Conservation
Monza, Mantova - 5-9 May 2014
ICT per il miglioramento del processo conservativo
Proceedings of the International Conference
Preventive and Planned Conservation
Monza, Mantova - 5-9 May 2014
Comitato scientifico
Carlo Blasi, Università di Parma, Italy
Federico Bucci, Politecnico di Milano, Italy
Fausto Cardoso Martinez, University of Cuenca, Ecuador
Angelo Ciribini, Università di Brescia, Italy
Nigel Dann, University of the West of England, United Kingdom
Stefano Della Torre, Politecnico di Milano, Italy
Sasa Dobričič, University of Nova Gorica, Slovenia
Xavier Greffe, Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne, France
Massimo Montella, Università di Macerata, Italy
Elena Mussinelli, Politecnico di Milano, Italy
Christian Ost, ICHEC Brussels Management School, Belgium
Ana Pereira Roders, University of Eindhoven, Holland
Pietro Petraroia, Eupolis Lombardia, Italy
Mario Santana Quintero, Carleton University, Canada
Koenraad Van Balen, UNESCO Chair for PRECOMOS, KU Leuven, Belgium Minja Yang, RLICC, KU Leuven, Belgium
Rossella Moioli, Distretto Culturale Monza e Brianza, Italy (coordinamento)
ICT per il
miglioramento
del processo
conservativo
A cura di Stefano Della Torre
Curatela editoriale Maria Paola Borgarino
Segreteria scientifica del convegno:
Maria Paola Borgarino, Stefania Bossi
Politecnico di Milano, Dipartimento ABC - Architecture, Built Environment and Construction Engineering
Atti a cura di Stefano Della Torre
Curatela editoriale: Maria Paola Borgarino
Impaginazione e collaborazione alla revisione dei testi: Cristina Boniotti
Politecnico di Milano - Dipartimento ABC - Architecture, Built Environment and Construction Engineering
Fondazione Cariplo, progetto Distretti Culturali
Distretto Culturale Evoluto di Monza e Brianza - Provincia di Monza e della Brianza
Distretto Culturale Le Regge dei Gonzaga
Con il patrocinio della
@ 2014 Politecnico di Milano e Nardini Editore
Tutti i diritti sono riservati
Copertina Ennio Bazzoni
Stampato per Nardini Editore
NARDINI EDITORE
4
Indice
LA METODOLOGIA BIM A SOSTEGNO DI UN APPROCCIO INTEGRATO AL PROCESSO
CONSERVATIVO
Angelo Ciribini, Silvia Mastrolembo Ventura, Michela Paneroni . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
pag.
1
PLANET BENI ARCHITETTONICI. UNO STRUMENTO PER LA CONSERVAZIONE
PROGRAMMATA DEL PATRIMONIO STORICO-ARCHITETTONICO
Elvio Benatti, Maria Paola Borgarino, Stefano Della Torre . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
”
13
SICAR E LA CONSERVAZIONE PROGRAMMATA: ESPERIENZE SUL CAMPO E PROSPETTIVE
FUTURE
Francesca Fabiani, Cristian Prati, Raffaella Grilli . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
”
31
THE INFORMATION SYSTEM GECOB TO SUPPORT THE PROJECT OF PRESERVATION:
THE CASE OF THE MONUMENTAL STAIRCASE OF VILLA DELLA PORTA BOZZOLO
AT CASALZUIGNO (VA), ITALY
Paola Candiani, Pietro Angelo Invernizzi, Francesca Paola Turati . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
”
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THE “ALBERGO DEI POVERI” IN GENOVA: CONSERVING AND USING IN THE
UNCERTAINTY AND IN THE PROVISIONAL
Stefano Francesco Musso, Giovanna Franco . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
”
51
A VALUE-BASED MONITORING SYSTEM TO ENHANCE THE PREVENTIVE AND PLANNED
CONSERVATION PROCESS
Verónica Heras, Aziliz Vandesande, Fausto Cardoso, Koen Van Balen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
”
63
TECNOLOGIA GIS PER LA MANUTANZIONE PROGRAMMATA DEI BENI CULTURALI
Laura Baratin, Sara Bertozzi, Elvio Moretti . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
”
73
IL BIM PER LA CRONOLOGIA DELLE ARCHITETTURE STORICHE
Carlo Argiolas, Donatella R. Fiorino, Caterina Giannattasio, Emanuela Quaquero . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
”
85
SURVEY AND HBIM OF THE BASILICA DI COLLEMAGGIO IN L’AQUILA FOR MANAGING
AND PLANNING CONSERVATION ACTIVITIES
Raffaella Brumana, Daniela Oreni, Luigi Barazzetti, Fabrizio Banfi, Fabio Roncoroni,
Mattia Previtali, Riccardo Valente . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
”
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AREE ARCHEOLOGICHE E BIM: PROVE DI COMPATIBILITÀ. DOCUMENTAZIONE
E PROTEZIONE DELLE AREE ARCHEOLOGICHE
Cristiana Achille, Nora Lombardini, Massimo Valentini . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
” 113
segue
segue
Indice
OPEN STANDARDS FOR CULTURAL HERITAGE. THE TREE-DIMENSIONAL MANAGEMENT
Zaira Joanna Peinado Checa, Alberto Peinado Checa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
” 125
BUILDING INFORMATION MODELLING APPLIED TO BUILT HERITAGE: A STRUCTURAL
ANALYSIS PERSPECTIVE BASED ON THE INTEROPERABILITY
Giuliana Cardani, Grigor Angjeliu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
” 135
THE YARDS OF THE MILAN CATHEDRAL: TRADITION AND BIM
Cristiana Achille, Francesco Fassi, Alessandro Mandelli, Benigno Moerlin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
” 147
ONTOLOGIES AS AN INTEGRATION TOOL FOR PREVENTIVE HERITAGE CONSERVATION
Olga Zalamea, Verónica Heras, Diederik Tirry, Thérèse Steenberghen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
” 157
PREVENTIVE AND PLANNING CONSERVATION: THE MULTIDIMENSIONAL DATABASE
FROM THE RESTORATION TO AUGMENTED REALITY. THE CASE OF THE MOSAIC
PERISTYLE IN CIMITILE
Pasquale Argenziano, Saverio Carillo, Ilaria Minini . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
” 167
A DIGITAL PROCESS FOR CONSERVATION TO TRADITIONAL STONE HERITAGE
Isabella Bianco, Carlo Caldera, Matteo Del Giudice, Andrea Maria Lingua, Anna Osello,
Paolo Piumatti, Pablo Angel Ruffino, Marco Zerbinatti . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
” 179
BIM FOR ARCHAEOLOGY. USE OF BIM PROCESS AND PARAMETRIC MODEL IN
A TEMPORARY SHELTER ADAPTABLE TO THE DIVERSE NEEDS OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES
Giuseppe Parello, Marco Imperadori, Carmelo Bennardo, Salvator-John A. Liotta, Yuta Ito, Andrea Vanossi
” 191
MIGLIORARE LA CONOSCENZA E LA GESTIONE DEL PATRIMONIO COSTRUITO STORICO
ATTRAVERSO BIM E ONTOLOGIE
Danilo Di Mascio, Pieter Pauwels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
” 201
A MULTIDISCIPLINARY APPROACH TO THE CONSERVATION OF AN HISTORICAL
BUILDING IN MANTUA
Gaia Barbieri, Luigi Biolzi, Massimiliano Bocciarelli, Luigi Fregonese, Laura Taffurelli . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
” 213
ICT IN THE DATA MANAGEMENT. ANALYSIS OF THE WOODEN ROOF OF
SANTA MARIA ASSUNTA DELLA PIEVE (NOVI LIGURE)
Simonetta Acacia, Marta Casanova, Alessia Dal Bo’ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
” 223
PPC Conference 2014
A VALUE-BASED MONITORING SYSTEM TO ENHANCE
THE PREVENTIVE AND PLANNED CONSERVATION
PROCESS
Verónica Heras*, Aziliz Vandesande**, Fausto Cardoso*, Koen
Van Balen**
* University of Cuenca
** Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Raymond Lemaire International Centre for Conservation
Abstract
The main aim of this paper is to propose a value-based monitoring system
to enhance the regular maintenance and continuous monitoring of World
Heritage cities. In order to produce a consistent and clear paper the researchers
opted to first present an integrated conservation approach based on preventive
and planned conservation, and its requirements for a practical implementation.
Next, the paper introduces the characteristics and advancements of Geographic
Information System (GIS) technology as it entails a particular opportunity in
monitoring the historic urban environment. The paper then introduces a
conceptual framework for the continuous monitoring of World Heritage cities
based on GIS technology, combined with multi-criteria decision-making tools
and draws on an integrated conservation approach based on preventive and
planned conservation. Following, the potential of this conceptual framework
will be described for the Historic Centre of Santa Ana de los Ríos de Cuenca, a
World Heritage city in Ecuador. Finally, the paper concludes with a brief
summary on the general arguments of the paper.
The Convention concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and
Natural Heritage - generally referred to as the World Heritage Convention
(WHC) - was adopted in 1972 to establish “an effective system of collective
protection of the cultural and natural heritage of outstanding universal value,
organized on a permanent basis and in accordance with modern scientific
methods”. (UNESCO 1972: préambule). In this context, the paper presents a
conceptual framework for the continuous monitoring of World Heritage cities
and in accordance with modern scientific methods. The framework is based on
geographic information system (GIS) technology, combined with multi-criteria
decision-making tools and draws on an integrated conservation approach based
on preventive and planned conservation.
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Considering the growing amount of World Heritage properties located
within urban settlements, the scope of this framework is the historic urban
environment, rather than single built heritage properties. In line with this, the
potential of this conceptual framework will be described for the Historic Centre
of Santa Ana de los Ríos de Cuenca, a World Heritage city in Ecuador.
The research presented in this paper is conducted within context of the
Flemish Interuniversity Council in Belgium (VLIR) funded research project
“World Heritage City Preservation Management” (vlirCPM) at the University of
Cuenca and represents a five-year interdisciplinary and multi-actor growth
process within the UNESCO Chair on Preventive Conservation, monitoring
and maintenance of monuments and sites (PRECOM³OS), in collaboration
with the Raymond Lemaire International Centre for Conservation (University
of Leuven) in Belgium and the Universidad de Cuenca in Ecuador.
An integrated conservation approach based on preventive and
planned conservation
The concept of an integrated conservation approach became a sine qua non
in the built heritage field during the last decades. Through the adoption of the
WHC in 1972 and the European Architectural Heritage Year in 1975, it was
given an impetus on the international research and policy agenda. The
concluding document of the Architectural Heritage Year, the Declaration of
Amsterdam (CoE 1975a) defined the concept of integrated conservation, as an
integration of the values of traditional urban fabric into the urban planning
process. Moreover, the importance of recognizing of the architectural diversity
in the urban environment is stressed (Jokiletho, 2009).
Interesting to note is that also additional messages can be observed from
the discussions that took place during the European Architectural Year. The
ideas were quite innovative at the time and well represented in the European
Charter of the Architectural Heritage (ECAH, 1975) that was adopted by the
Council of Europe. The researchers will shortly put forth 3 concepts, which are
important in context of this paper. The first, entails awareness of the historic
urban environment as a resource of cultural, social and economic capital for
society. (CoE, 1975b: §3) This concept found large resonance by different
researchers the built heritage field (to name some: Tiesdell et al., 1996; Stubbs,
2005) and was more recently endorsed by international policy in context of the
expanding definition of sustainable development (UNCSD, 2012; UNESCO,
2012). The second, recognizes that law and norms alone do not guarantee
protection of the historic urban environment and that integrated conservation
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cannot succeed without the awareness and cooperation of the general public
(CoE, 1975b: §9). This concept is very much reflected in changing perception
of heritage values over time through different mechanisms (Vandesande, 2012).
From the 1990s, an increased focus on community participation (Smith et al.,
2003) and the inclusion of intangible values have entered the discourse of built
heritage protection (Brown, 2005). The third and final concept embodies the
PPC approach as “In the course of history the hearts of towns and sometimes
villages have been left to deteriorate and have turned into areas of substandard
housing. […] Because of this, conservation must be one of the first
considerations in all urban and regional planning” (CoE, 1975b: §7). Whereas
the principles of PPC are undoubtly covered thoroughly by different authors in
this publication, it is opted to not go in detail on the matter but attest that in
this paper the focus will be on the monitoring aspect.
This integrated conservation approach based on preventive and planned
conservation sounds very good in theory and has - with a certain extend of
variations - become custom for the built heritage field at large. How to best
comply with this approach in practice is however still a very much debatable
matter. The researchers state that such an approach entails the systematic and
continuous collecting and analyzing of information about the diversity of the
historic urban environment, to identify both values and risk and to provide
responsible stakeholders with adequate information to make the right decisions
at the right time in order to appropriately balance between a value-centred
approach, minimum intervention and risk management of this resource.
Because of the obvious complexity, this approach demands a conceptual
planning framework that should be supported by management tools such as
monitoring systems and multi-criteria decision-making tools. Moreover,
keeping in mind the diversity of built heritage on an urban scale and the
transitory nature of heritage values, the approach requires the availability of
accurate information on the different types of transitory values present at
different scales and levels of detail, and different studies which determine
indicators of degradation (disturbances), potential damages, treats and agents of
deterioration affecting the identified values.
GIS advancements in the built heritage field
To deal with this knot work, the development of information and
communication technology (ICT) increasingly more offers new opportunities in
the built heritage field. Undoubtly the digital representation of single
architectural objects has caused a revolution in the management and
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monitoring of built heritage. Its wide application entails enormous
advancements and possibilities, ranging from advanced historic or design
analysis, risk assessment and dissemination (Santana Quintero, 2011) to the
development of Historic Building Information Modelling (HBIM) (Murphy et
al., 2013).
However, it should be stressed that these advancements are not transmitted
from the architectural to the urban scale. Considering that the historical urban
environment is faced with a changing context of urbanisation and marketdominant forces, together with the increasing focus of international policies on
the sustainable management of this landscape - not in the least through the
recent HUL recommendation (UNESCO, 2011) - the use of Geographic
Information System (GIS) technology provides a particular opportunity.
GIS is a computer-based technology facilitates the inventory, evaluation,
and preservation of heritage properties and sites. The first GIS became widely
used from the late 1970s onwards, but only in the 1990s the use of GIS was
picked up by the heritage research field.
The most obvious applications of GIS in the heritage field are related to
listing purposes and planning purposes. Initially this resulted in the
inventorying and the mapping of architectural and archaeological heritage in
combination with a ‘dots-on-the-map’ approach. Over time these applications
are adopted worldwide in a variety of heritage projects including the modeling
of archaeological sites and tourism impacts, urban planning effects on heritage,
heritage trail analysis etc. (Petrescu, 2007). Recently, the widespread need for a
web based, open source software system that incorporates international
standards to build inventories and help manage all types of immovable cultural
heritage was answered by Arches - Heritage Inventory & Management System.
Arches is a new open-source geospatial software system for cultural heritage
inventory and management, developed jointly by the Getty Conservation
Institute (GCI) and World Monuments Fund (WMF). Next to these ‘locate,
document and identify’ applications, a GIS can assist in interpreting and
analyzing heritage properties and sites. A very straightforward but illustrative
example is the Risk Assessment GIS that was drafted in context of risk
assessment project on the World Heritage Site Petra Archaeological Park. The
overall aim of the project is to adopt a risk management approach as part of the
management of PAP to avoid possible damage and reduce costly restoration
measures (Paolini et al., 2012). In order to visualize the findings of the risk
management field work, a Risk Assessment GIS was created. The GIS helped
to obtain a suitable and clear presentation of the pilot area’s risks.
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Three dimensional data models
In the late 1990s a new trend emerges in the GIS technology field, several
authors call for the development of 3D models (Raper, 1989; Sheppard, 1999).
During the last years, several computational tools arose allowing the users to fly
interactively over realistic simulations of the terrain using DTM, aerial pictures
and satellite data. Today, the importance of 3D city models is still increasing.
Applications such as noise propagation simulation and mapping, disaster
management (Zlatanova et al., 2010), indoor navigation (Becker et al., 2009) or
decision supporting analysis requirements from municipal or national
government agencies are constantly demanding the use of 3D city models.
Standard data models such as: the Unified Modelling Language (UML) or as in
the case of web tools the development of the eXtensible Markup Language
(XML) have allowed the management and representation of different elements.
The wide reach achieved by these object-oriented languages has also lead the
birth of specific XML based languages to deal with 2D or 3D representations,
for instance the Geographic Markup Language (GML) or the city based
standard CityGML (Costamagna and Spano, 2012). The CityGML data model
represents the geometrical, semantic and visual aspects of 3D city models. This
provides an open data model for 3D city representation and is focused on the
semantic aspects of model components.
The 3D digital model create new possibilities - but also challenges - in
analyzing the geospatial data, opening doors to new uses of GIS (HudsonSmith and Evans, 2003). In this context, the researchers will introduce a valuebased monitoring system that draws upon the advancements of GIS in the built
heritage field and the opportunities of 3D GIS to enhance the PPC process.
Value-based monitoring system
The conceptual framework for the proposed value-based monitoring
system serves as the core element of the PPC process of a WH city. This
conceptual framework states the concepts of authenticity and integrity at the
core of the heritage monitoring system. Moreover, the monitoring system is
conceived as a tool to support decision making for intervention and
maintenance planning, beyond the mere purpose of inventorying or generating
alerts. Therefore, the proposed monitoring system deals with two essential
aspects: 1) Heritage values as the features to be monitored in WH cities; and, 2)
A wide range of information, dealing with heritage objects documented with
high geometrical and semantic precision.
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Heritage values as features to be monitored
In order to determine the elements to be monitored by the system, this
research started from the Outstanding Universal Value (OUV) statement and
the OUV criteria of the WH city of Cuenca (Ecuador). The identified values
were structured in the Nara-Grid which supported the valuable features
determination. The Nara-Grid was an appropriate tool to integrate the
identified values and the valuable features into a coherent structure for the
monitoring system.
Once the heritage values and their attributes were established, the relation
with other data sets such as disturbances, threats or agents of deterioration,
constituted a fundamental step towards the identification of the data that needs
to be modeled in a preventive conservation data model, as shown in table 1.
Heritage Values
Cuenca is a vivid and
tangible experience of
the urban planning
principles and territorial strategies, developed during the
renaissance and used
for the creation of the
colonial cities in the
American territory.
Valuable
features
Street
width
Size of the
building
blocks
Shape and
height of
the
building
blocks
Represented
Disturbances
0D 2D 3D 4D
x
Development
and similar
impacts
Site management and
similar impacts
x
x
Site management and
similar impacts
x
Development
and similar
impacts
Site management and
similar impacts
Threats
Site management and
similar
impacts
Site management and
similar
impacts
Site management and
similar
impacts
Agents of Deterioration
Natural
Human
Mismanagement
Fire
Mismanagement
Earthquakes
Fire
Mismanagement
Earthquakes Physical forces
Table 1 - Heritage values and valuable features to be monitored by the monitoring system.
Data model for a PPC application
The second aspect of the monitoring system is the data model. In the
present research the CityGML standard was used to design the monitoring
system. The proposed data model extend the CityGML standard by creating
two new feature classes: Threats and Disturbances. Both classes are related to the
site; the large scale element in the system. This relation determines that other
classes and their components inherit the threat and disturbances properties and
these properties can be modelled in lower scales such as building(s) or building
parts (Fig. 1).
Figure 1, also illustrates the predefined attributes of the CityGML data
model, particularly in the AbstractBuilding feature class, which contains the
following attributes: class, function, usage, construction and demolition years,
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roof types, stories and height of building above and underground. However,
for the planned and preventive conservation application other attributes related
to cultural heritage were added. The additional attributes are the following:
OwnershipType, DomainType, TypeOfImplantation, CourtyardNumber,
OrchardNumber and MonumentProtectionStatus. The CityGML data model
also allows the addition of External References to each city object in order to link
them with the corresponding objects in external information systems.
From the CityGML data model to a three dimensional GIS
The CityGML standard become the linking tool between Computer Aided
Design Information (CAD) and GIS. For the case of Cuenca this relation is
essential, because most of the produced 3D data were designed in a CAD environment. With the addition of topology and semantic information, different
complex analysis and 3D spatial queries can be carried out in a GIS environment. Figure 2 illustrates an example of a topological analysis that aims to identify spatial relationships of elements that interact and are located within 2m of a
crack.
The result indicates the features that beyond the crack, need to be periodically monitored due to their spatial relation with the existing disturbance
(crack). From a PPC perspective the possibility to spatially locate features in a
3D environment allows a better understanding of the spatial relations and support heritage management decisions.
Conclusions
The design of a data model for a heritage monitoring system based on the
CityGML standard has a high potential for the development of a monitoring
tool to support PPC practices in World Heritage cities. The WH city of Cuenca
illustrates the potentials of relating ICT tools and heritage monitoring requirements. In addition, the CityGML data model provides a quite robust and at the
same time flexible conceptual model which can easily be adapted to heritage
requirements. The research reveals that the CityGML data model used for PPC
purposes has the potential to be adapted to different scales. The incorporation
and use of the third dimension in the value based monitoring system overcomes problems related to different analyses that only can be understood in 3D
environment.
Nevertheless, the proposed monitoring system cannot to be considered
finished at this time/stage. The designed data model also showed that a
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number of challenges still need to be overcome in order to elaborate a fullyfledged preventive conservation tool.
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ICT per il miglioramento del processo conservativo
Fig. 1 - CityGML data model and the proposed extension for the PPC application
(white boxes belongs to the CityGML data model / gray boxes correspond to the extension).
Fig. 2 - 3D buffer analysis performed in a commercial GIS.
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