Transcript The United Nations System And Third World Development
The United Nations System And Third World Development
A presentation at the Dept. of Political Science and International Relations, Covenant University, Ota Ogun State.
By Oluseyi Soremekun National Information Officer/ Officer-in-Charge
United Nations Information Centre (UNIC), Lagos Email: [email protected]
Tel.: 0803 402 2085 Web: www.lagos.sites.unicnetwork.org
The United Nations (UN) – An Introduction
• Special organisation of independent countries formed after the end of the Second World War in 1945. Officially opened on 24 th of October 1945.
• Created
to
save succeeding generations from war, protect human rights, establish conditions for justice, help stabilize international relations, give peace a more secure foundation, help the less developed countries, promote social progress and better standards of life. • The UN emblem shows the world held in the “olive branches of peace”.
The United Nations (UN) – An Intro (Contd.)
• The UN represents the countries and peoples of the world but it is not a world government.
• The UN is a place where people from around the world can come and work together to make the world a better and safer place.
• The UN Headquarters is in New York in the USA.
• The UN is guided by a set of rules called the UN Charter.
The United Nations (UN) – An Intro (Contd.)
Organs of the UN
The UN Charter recognises the following as organs of the UN : • The
General Assembly
• The
Security Council
• The
Economic and Social Council
• The
Trusteeship Council
• The
International Court of Justice
• The
Secretariat
Understanding the UN system
• The United Nations System covers a wide variety of organizational units (centres, agencies, organizations, commissions, pro-grammes, etc.) with different institutional and functional structures. • The
United Nations System
consists of the United Nations , its subsidiary organs (including the separately administered funds and programmes, research and training institutes, and other subsidiary entities), the specialized agencies , and affiliated organizations. • The organizations within the United Nations system also vary considerably both in size and as regards their activities.
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • Member organs of the United Nations reporting annually to the General Assembly and, as appropriate, through the Security Council or the Economic and Social Council, include: UN - United Nations Secretariat UNICEF - United Nations Children's Fund UNCTAD - United Nations Conference on Trade and Development UNDP - United Nations Development Programme UNEP - United Nations Environment Programme UNFPA - United Nations Population Fund UNRWA - United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine UNU WFP - United Nations University - World Food Programme UNHCR - United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees UNCHS(Habitat) - United Nations Centre for Human Settlements OCHA - Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs ITC - International Trade Centre
Understanding the UN system
• • • • • • The specialized agencies, a term first used in the United Nations Charter which provides for international action to promote economic and social progress, re-port to the Economic and Social Council. These specialized agencies work in the economic, social, scientific and tech nical fields and possess their own legislative and executive bodies, their own secretariats and their own budgets. These include: ILO - International Labour Organization FAO - Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations UNESCO - United Nations Educational, Scientific & Cultural Organization ICAO - International Civil Aviation Organization • • • • • • • • • • • WHO - World Health Organization WB - World Bank Group IMF - International Monetary Fund UPU - Universal Postal Union ITU - International Telecommunication Union WMO - World Meteorological Organization IMO - International Maritime Organization WIPO - World Intellectual Property Organization IFAD - International Fund for Agricultural Development UNIDO - United Nations Industrial Development Organization WTO - World Tourism Organization
UN and Third World Development
• • • • Noted for peace keeping It does more than peacekeeping and being a forum for conflict resolution.
Over these seven decades, new challenges have emerged — International terrorism; Child survival and development; Environmental protection; Human rights; Health and medical research; Alleviation of poverty and economic development; Agricultural development and fisheries; Education; Advancement of women; Emergency and disaster relief; Air and sea travel; Peaceful uses of atomic energy; Workers’ rights; etc.
•
These global problems can never be resolved by any one country acting alone
•
As the world’s only truly universal institution, the United Nations offers the best —if not the only— forum to galvanize global action to meet the challenges ahead.
UN and Third World Development
Promoting self-determination and independence
•
Strengthening international law
• When the UN was established in 1945, 750 million people population Selfgoverning territories — almost a third of the world — lived in Non dependent on colonial Powers.
• Over 500 multilateral treaties — on human rights, terrorism, international crime, refugees, disarmament, commodities and the oceans — have been enacted through the efforts of the United Nations • The UN played a role in bringing about independence in more than 80 countries that are now sovereign nations • However, one of the most robust frameworks that addresses third world development to date is the UN-led Millennium Development Goals (MDGs).
Millennium Development Goals (MDG)
•
Following the adoption of the
United Nations Millennium Declaration
in 2000, All 189
United Nations member states
at the time (there are 193 currently), promised to free people from extreme poverty and multiple deprivations. This pledge turned into the eight Millennium Development Goals
Goal 1: Eradicate Extreme Hunger and Poverty Goal 2: Achieve Universal Primary Education Goal 3: Promote Gender Equality and Empower Women Goal 4: Reduce Child Mortality Goal 5: Improve Maternal Health Goal 6: Combat HIV/AIDS, Malaria and other diseases Goal 7: Ensure Environmental Sustainability Goal 8: Develop a Global Partnership for Development
Millennium Development Goals (MDG)
• • • The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) are the world's time-bound and quantified targets for addressing extreme poverty in its many dimensions-income poverty, hunger, disease, lack of adequate shelter, and exclusion-while promoting gender equality, education, and environmental sustainability. They are also basic human rights the rights of each person on the planet to health, education, shelter, and security.
MDGs support national governments, local authorities and citizen organizations in their efforts to tackle poverty and inequality. • • • • As at 2014 700 million people have been lifted from extreme poverty • More than 170 million people no longer suffer from hunger 17,000 children 6.6 million lives saved everyday saved by access and use of antiretroviral therapy for HIV-infected people
Poverty target was met
Target: Halve extreme poverty rate between 1990 and 2015 Proportion of people living on less than US$1.25 a day
47% 22% 1980 Achieved
About 700 million fewer people lived in conditions of extreme poverty in 2010 than in 1990.
1990 2000 2010 2020
Hunger target is within close reach
Target :Halve hunger rate between 1990 and 2015 The proportion of undernourished people decreased from 24% in 1990-1992 to 14% in 2011-2013.
• The hunger reduction target is within close reach but requires immediate additional efforts.
Gender parity was reached in primary education
All developing regions have achieved or are close to achieving gender parity in primary education The primary school enrolment ratio increased from 86 girls for 100 boys in 1990 to 97 girls in 2012 for developing regions. Photo: Virgina Hooper
HIV treatment saved millions of lives
Target: Achieve, by 2010, universal access to treatment for HIV/AIDS for all those who need it.
• Access to antiretroviral therapy (ART) for HIV-infected people has been increasing dramatically, with a total of 9.5 million people in developing regions receiving treatment in 2012. • ART has saved 6.6 million lives since 1995. Expanding its coverage can save many more.
Malaria and TB target are within reach
Target : Have halted by 2015 and begun to reverse the incidence of malaria and other major diseases.
In the past decade, 3.3 million deaths were averted due to malaria interventions. More than 700 million bed nets were delivered in sub-Saharan Africa.
Between 1995 and 2012, the cumulative total of tuberculosis patients treated successfully was 56 million, saving 22 million lives. Photo: UNICEF/Olivier Asselin
Drinking water target was reached
Target: Halve, by 2015, the proportion of the population without sustainable access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation.
• In 2012, 89% of the world’s population had access to an improved water source, up from 76% in 1990. • Over 2.3 billion people gained access to an improved source of drinking water between 1990 and 2012.
Photo: World Bank/Allison Kwesell Achieved in 2010
Official development assistance reached its highest level
• Official development assistance (ODA) stood at $134.8 billion in 2013, the highest level recorded . • 17 out of 28 Development Assistance Committee (DAC) countries recorded an increase in their allocation to ODA.
MORE EFFORT IS NEEDED IN MANY AREAS
Too many children suffer from undernutrition
• Chronic undernutrition among young children declined, but one in four children around the world show signs of stunted growth — having inadequate height for their age. • However, it is unacceptable that 162 million young children are still suffering from chronic undernutrition.
Many children are still denied their right to primary education
Target: By 2015, children everywhere, boys and girls alike, will be able to complete a full course of primary schooling.
• The number of children out of school decline by almost half since 2000, but still 58 million children were out of school, half of which are from conflict affected areas.
• More than one in four children in developing regions entering primary school is likely to drop out.. Photo; UNICEF/Ose
Preventable diseases still kill many children
Target: Reduce the under-five mortality rate by two thirds between 1990 and 2015.
• Child mortality fell by 50%, from 90 deaths per 1,000 live births in 1990 to 48 in 2012. Still 6.6 million children under age five died in 2012. • Preventable diseases such as pneumonia, diarrhea and malaria, remain the main causes of under-five deaths. Photo; UN Photo/Mark Garten
Much more needs to be done to improve maternal health
Target :Reduce the maternal mortality ratio by three quarters between 1990 and 2015.
• Maternal mortality ratio declined by 45% since 1990, but still 300,000 women died from cause related to pregnancy and child birth in in 2013.
• In 2012, 40 million births in developing regions were not attended by skilled health personnel. Photo; UNICEF/Khemka
Gains in sanitation are impressive, but not good enough
Target: Halve, by 2015, the proportion of the population without sustainable access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation.
• Over a quarter of the world’s population (almost 2 million ) has gained access to an improved sanitation facility since 1990. • Yet 2.5 billion do not use an improved sanitation facility and 1 billion people still resort to open defecation.
MDG Progress Chart - NIGERIA
Likely Will Target be Met? Supportive Policy Environment Strong Potentially Good/Fair Unlikely Weak Meeting Target Policy Environment MDG 1: Eradicate Extreme poverty and Hunger Target 1A: Halve, between 1990 and 2015, the proportion of people living in extreme poverty. Target 1C: Halve, between 1990 and 2015, the proportion of people who suffer from hunger. MDG 2: Achieve Universal Primary Education Target 2: Ensure that, by 2015, children everywhere, boys and girls alike, will be able to complete a full course of primary schooling. MDG 3: Promote Gender Equality and Empower Women Target 3: Eliminate gender disparity in primary and secondary education preferably by 2005 and to all levels of education no later than 2015.
MDG Progress Chart - NIGERIA
MDG 4: Reduce Child mortality Target 4: Reduce by two-thirds, between 1990 and 2015, the under-five mortality rate. MDG 5: Improve Maternal Health Target 5: Reduce by three-quarters, between 1990 and 2015, the maternal mortality ratio. MDG 6: Combat HIV/AIDS, Malaria and other Diseases Target 6A: Have halted, by 2015, and begun to reverse the spread of HIV/AIDS. Target 6C: Have halted, by 2015, and begun to reverse, the incidence of malaria and other major diseases.
MDG Progress Chart - NIGERIA
MDG 7: Ensure Environmental sustainability Target 7A: Integrate the principles of sustainable development into country policies and programmes and reverse the loss of environmental resources. Target 7B: Halve, by 2015, the proportion of the population without sustainable access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation. Target 7C: By 2020, to have achieved a significant improvement in the lives of at least 100 million slum dwellers. MDG 8: Develop A Global Partnership For Development Target 8D: Deal comprehensively with the debt problems Target 8F: In cooperation with the private sector, make available the benefits of new technologies, especially information and communications
Transition from MDGs to Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)
• Post-2015 development agenda is hinged on SDGs • The sustainable development goals (SDGs) are a new, universal set of goals, targets and indicators that UN member states will be expected to use to frame their agendas and political policies over the next 15 years.
• The SDGs follow, and expand on, the millennium development goals (MDGs), which were agreed by governments in 2000, and are due to expire at the end of this year.
Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)
• • • • • • • • 1) End poverty in all its forms everywhere 2) End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition, and promote sustainable agriculture 3) Ensure healthy lives and promote wellbeing for all at all ages 4) Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all 5) Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls 6) Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all 7) Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all 8) Promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth, full and productive employment, and decent work for all 9) Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialisation, and foster innovation • • • • • • • •
10) Reduce inequality within and among countries
11) Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable 12) Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns 13) Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts (taking note of agreements made by the UNFCCC forum) 14) Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources for sustainable development 15) Protect, restore and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems, sustainably manage forests, combat desertification and halt and reverse land degradation, and halt biodiversity loss 16) Promote peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development, provide access to justice for all and build effective, accountable and inclusive institutions at all levels 17) Strengthen the means of implementation and revitalise the global partnership for sustainable development
Factsheet of UN @ 70
• • • • • • Provides food to 90 million people in 80 countries Vaccinates 58 per cent of the world’s children, saving 3 million lives a year Assists over 38.7 million refugees and people fleeing war, famine or persecution Works with 193 countries to combat climate change and make development sustainable
UN
Keeps peace with 120,000 peacekeepers in 16 operations on 4 continents Fights poverty, helping improve the health and well-being of 420 million rural poor • • • • Protects and promotes human rights on site and through some 80 treaties/declarations Mobilizes USD 22 billion in humanitarian aid to help people affected by emergencies Uses diplomacy to prevent conflict: assists some 60 countries a year with their elections Promotes maternal health, saving the lives of 30 million women a year
UN works for you!
THANK YOU
The United Nations System And Third World Development
A presentation at the Dept. of Political Science and International Relations, Covenant University, Ota Ogun State.
By Oluseyi Soremekun National Information Officer/ Officer-in-Charge
United Nations Information Centre (UNIC), Lagos Email: [email protected]
Tel.: 0803 402 2085 Web: www.lagos.sites.unicnetwork.org