Transcript Rs - WASSAN
Rainfed Agriculture: An Evolving Approach for Inclusive Growth of Rainfed Areas Ravindra A Revitalising Rainfed Agriculture Network (RRA-Network) www.wassan.org THE STORY OF GREEN REVOLUTION . . Productivity gradient in rice (t / ha) Irrigated Lands 5 Poverty Clusters Fundamental Principles of GR: • Intensive irrigation in select wellendowed areas • Few Crops : Rice & Wheat • HYVs – research back up • Assured Price & procurement • Produce surplus food • Distribute across the country • • • • SEEDS Fertilizers Pesticides/ herbicides Machines Research Industry Seeds Extension Irrigation Fertilisers Premises of Agriculture Policy and investments in India : 1. Input-response 2. Intensive inputs 3. Well-endowed areas (water/ soils / topography) 4. High productivity & surplus generation Transport Creating Demand Storage Credit Price Support Machinery Energy Labour Energy This has become de facto agriculture policy, even extended to rainfed areas Singular agricultural policy ‘naturally’ discriminated the rainfed areas…… Research Industry Seeds Fertilisers Transport Extension • Undulating • Marginal lands • Low soil Irrigation depth • High climate variability • interior Machinery • Low inputs •….. Creating Demand Storage Price Support Labour What Public Policy Support is Available? The Story of Rainfed Areas!! WHAT BRINGS DEVELOPMENT OF ‘RAINFED AREAS’ AGRICULTURE..? 5000 4500 Grain yield (kg/ha) 4000 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 Control FYM @ 10 t/ha + 100% NPK FYM @ 10 t/ha 100% NPK 1 to 2 tons / ha increase if FYM is added.. 20 10 20 08 20 06 20 04 20 02 20 00 19 98 19 96 19 94 19 92 19 90 19 88 19 86 19 84 0 FYM @ 10 t/ha + 50% NPK BIOMASS & AGRONOMY HOLD THE KEY Performance of SRI Cost Item Land preparation cost (Rs) SRI Conv entional 2033 2423 DAP (Kg) 76 58 Urea (Kg) 65 56 1369 1166 Seed rate (Kg) 2.5 30.5 Seed cost (Rs) 54 553 Age of the seedlings (days) 14.5 28 Transplantation cost (Rs) 1212 1874 Weeding cost (Rs) 666 1174 Pest management cost (Rs) 180 185 Wages for harvesting (Rs) 1382 2029 Wages for threshing (Rs) 658 946 Total cost of cultivation (Rs) 7983 10170 Grain yield (Q) 21.5 18.5 Gross income (Rs) 22759 20241.5 Net income (Rs) 14633 9264 1.95 0.85 Inorganic fertilizers cost (Rs) B:C Supplemental irrigation can increase yields by 30 – 40 % REQUIRED INVESTMENTS PRESENT WATER INVESTMENTS THE BASIS OF RAINFED AREAS’ POLICIES.. Policy Paradigm: PRODUCE SURPLUS IN WELL-ENDOWED DISTRICTS. Few high response crops in the food systems. PRODUCE SURPLUS in local areas. Protect localdiverse food crops consumption GR Relevant DISTRIBUTE TO ALL DISTRICTS Local production and sufficiency & Local incomes DOES IT WORK? Watershed development NRM Agriculture Development Production Systems Livelihoods Poverty programs WHAT TO SUPPORT ? .. Table : Cost of composting (data for the period December 2006 to April 2007) Description Volume of Compost bed Collection of Biomass (wage days) Out turn for collection Preparation of compost bed (wage days) Out turn for preparation of bed Watering (wage days) Out turn for Watering Local Wage rate (in 2006-07) Cost of compost making Total Compost Output expected No of person days required for producing one Cum Units Cu m no of days Cu m Per day No. of days Cu m Per day No Cu m Per day Rs./ day Rs Cu m No Average 9.73 9.50 1.13 3.33 3.20 10.00 0.97 60.00 1370.00 3.21 7.89 Source : work, motion studies carried out by WASSAN as a part of AP Drought Adaptation Initiative. BRING SOM – into the realm of PUBLIC POLICY • Addition of soil organic matter is an economic decision of the farmer that weighs – Prices of alternate crops – Input requirements (including labor) – Wage rates – Capital costs – Net incomes • If soil organic matter is important, it has to be brought into the ambit of ‘Public Policy’. Irrigation Investments 300000 Rs. Per ha 250000 200000 • What can the rainfed farmer achieve if such investments are available? 150000 100000 50000 0 Irrigation Watershed District : Anantapur 900000 800000 Total major millets 700000 Total minor millets 600000 500000 Total pulses 400000 Paddy 300000 Total food grains 200000 Groundnut 100000 Cotton 0 1961–62 1971–72 1981–82 1991–92 2001–02 2005–06 Trends in Crop Area 3500000 Trends in Livestock 3000000 2500000 cattle 2000000 buffalo 1500000 1000000 sheep 500000 goats 0 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 Sustainable Farming Systems Approach to W/S Conservation Production Livelihoods Unsustainable Engineering approach to w/s Paradigmatic Shifts in Policy : • Rainfed areas have high growth potential.. • Parity of investments – enhance investments in rainfed agriculture (incl livestock & Fisheries) • Relevant frame work of public investments / incentives and subsidies