Functional Theories of Translation
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Transcript Functional Theories of Translation
Katharina Reiss’s Text Type
Systematizing the assessment of
translations according to text type and
function.
Characteristics of each text type:
Informative
Expressive
Operative
Audiomedial
(p.73, Table 5.1)
Text type model
Informative
reference work
report, lecture
tourist brochure
biography
sermon
play
electoral speech
poem
satire
advertisement
Expressive
Operative
Criteria of Adequacy of the TT
Assessment of the adequacy of the TT according
to:
Intralinguistic criteria
Extralinguistic criteria
Application of criteria according to text type
Occasions where the TT function differs from the
ST function. (Example: Gulliver’s Travels)
Mary Snell Hornby’s
Integrated Approach
Attempts to integrate a wide variety of different
linguistic and literary concepts in an integrated
approach to translation.
A “stratificational model” from the most general to the
most particular
Study diagram on p.76
Holz-Mänttäri’s
Translatorial Action Model
Translation is purpose-driven, outcome-oriented
human interaction.
The process of Translation involves the intercultural
transfer of message-transmitter compounds
“ [It] is not about translating words, sentences or
texts but is in every case about guiding the intended
co-operation over cultural barriers enabling
functionally oriented communication”.
(Holz-Mänttäri, 1984)
Translatorial Action (Cont.)
Interlingual translation is “translatorial action from a
source text” and is a “communicative process
involving a series of roles and players”:
1. The initiator
2. The commissioner
3. The ST producer
4. The TT producer
5. The TT user
6. The TT receiver
Translatorial Action (Cont.)
In the production of the TT, the ST is analyzed only
for its “construction and function”. Relevant features
are described according to :
Content: structured into:
1. factual information
2. overall communicative strategy
Form: structured into:
1. terminology
2. cohesive elements
Skopos Theory
Meaning of skopos
Hans J. Vermeer & Katharina Reiss
Focus : the purpose of the translation
The purpose determines the methods and strategies
Aim: to produce a functionally adequate result
The result is the TT, or translatum (Vermeer)
Conclusion: Why the ST needs translation & the
function expected of the TT are crucial
Rules of the Skopos theory:
1. A translatum (or TT) is determined by its skopos
2. A TT is an offer of info. in a target culture and TL ,
3.
4.
5.
6.
concerning an offer of info. in a source culture and
SL.
A TT does not initiate an offer of information in a
clearly reversible way.
A TT must be internally coherent. (coherence rule)
A TT must be coherent with ST. (fidelity rule)
The 5 rules above stand in hierarchical order, with
the skopos rule predominating
Christiane Nord
Translation-Oriented Text Analysis
Christiane Nord’s types of texts:
Documentary translation:
An instrumental translation: ‘function preserving
translations’ or translations un-preserving function
Aspects of functionalist approaches useful for
translator training:
The importance of the translation commission
The role of ST analysis
The functional hierarchy of translation problems