Transcript In their Eyes: An Average Child’s View of their World April 2, 2008 University of Delaware Center for Drug and Alcohol Studies Based on the.

In their Eyes: An
Average Child’s View of
their World
April 2, 2008
University of Delaware Center for Drug and Alcohol Studies
Based on the 2007 Delaware School Surveys
And the 2007 Delaware Youth Risk Behavior Survey
© University of Delaware, 2008
The Delaware School Survey
Since 1989 (CDAS has conducted since 1995)
In 2007
85% of 5th grade enrollment (n=7,727)
66% of 8th grade enrollment (n=6,788)
68% of 11th grade enrollment (n=5,623)
• Grades 5, 8 and 11 Delaware Public
Schools
• Substance Use
• Delinquent Behaviors and Gambling
• School Climate and Family Climate
• Peer Behaviors
• Risk-Taking/Impulsivity
The Delaware High School Youth Risk
Behavior Survey
Since 1993 (CDAS has conducted since 1999)
In 2007:
2,655 Delaware Public High School Students (82% response rate)
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Grades 9-12
Substance Use
Personal Safety
Depressive/Suicidal Behaviors
Nutrition
Exercise
Sexual Behaviors
Let’s take a look at an average
Delaware child . . .
This is Sophia.
Sophia just started
Kindergarten. She lives in our
most densely populated county,
one of over 5,000 Delaware
girls her age, one of over
10,000 children her age.
Sophia, like half of all children
born in Delaware, received
WIC. Her mom, a single parent,
works and takes classes at Del
Tech so she can eventually
better support her two girls.
Sophia has had health
insurance through Medicaid and
the Delaware Healthy Children
Program, and attends day care
with Purchase of Care
payments. The State of
Delaware has a BIG investment
in her.
She is
healthy,
happy,
smart
and
secure.
Sophia
cares for
others,
especially
her active
younger
sister.
She is involved in the community,
and has
dreams for
the future.
Someday, Sophia will be part of an
average classroom of 25 students.
In Sophia’s average 5th grade
classroom:
• 20% will have tried an alcoholic drink
(not just a sip) this represents about 5
children in Sophia’s classroom; only 29%
will perceive risk in trying alcohol, and
fewer than half (46%) will perceive great
risk in daily use
7% will have tried cigarettes (more
than a few puffs); this represents at
least 2 students in Sophia’s average
5th grade classroom of 25 students;
63% will perceive
great risk from
smoking a pack
or more per day.
• 8% of 5th graders try inhalants, the most
commonly reported substance after
alcohol—while alcohol may have been
consumed at family celebrations, this is
unlikely to be the case for inhalants; but
more than twice as many students report
using alcohol than inhalants
2 students in Sophia’s
average classroom will
have experimented with
inhalants; only 28% will
perceive great risk in
trying them
2% of 5th graders will have tried
marijuana; while this number is still low,
only 41% perceive great risk in trying
marijuana
18% of 5th
graders have
been in a fight at
school in the
past year
Almost half feel that fighting is
a problem in their school.
Nearly 3 in 4 feel that the misbehavior of some
students in their school keeps teachers from
teaching those who want to learn
55% of Sophia’s 5th grade
classmates have bet money on
lottery tickets, team sports, card
games, Bingo, games of skill, or
video games in the past year.
Those are
good odds.
By the time Sophia is in
grade:
th
8
• 40% of Delaware 8th graders (about
10 of Sophia’s classmates) drank
alcohol in the past year
• More than half (53%) do not see great
risk in binge drinking
• 1 in 4 know
where they can
buy alcohol
Children who begin
drinking before age 15
are four times more
likely to develop alcohol
dependence than those
who start drinking at
age 21
• 16% of Delaware 8th graders
have smoked marijuana in the
past year
• 3 in 4 do not see great risk in
trying it
• 1 in 3 know
where to buy
marijuana
Students who drink alcohol, smoke
marijuana, or use other drugs are two
times as likely to skip school, 50% more
likely to cheat on a test, and 20% less
likely to study outside of school.
30% of 8th grade
students have
used alcohol,
marijuana or
other drugs in
the past month.
Half of Sophia’s
class feels that
violence is a
problem in their
school.
1 student in Sophia’s average 8th
grade class took a weapon to school
or a school event this year.
40% of Delaware 9th graders
report having had sexual
intercourse before age 15;
8 of Sophia’s classmates are
probably sexually active
• 8% of Sophia’s 8th grade
classmates are medicated to
help them concentrate better
in school
• 4% of her classmates are
medicated for
depression or
anxiety
These
are the
“big
kids”
Sophia
now
looks
up to.
By the time Sophia reaches 11th
grade, some of her former
classmates will have left school.
Among those who remain :
In the past year, out of every 10
11th graders:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
66% used Alcohol
35% used Marijuana
25% smoked Cigarettes
17% misused Rx
48% Gambled
64% Sexually Active (3 months)
26% Binge Drank (2 weeks)
Alcohol is the most commonly
reported drug used, and is
consistently associated with
other high-risk behaviors.
TRENDS IN DELAWARE STUDENTS' ALCOHOL USE BY GRADE
SELF-REPORTED REGULAR USE*, 1989-2006
5th Grade
60%
8th Grade
11th Grade
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
Note:
Source:
Survey Year
*Regular use is defined as reports of about once a month or more often; see note, page 18a
Data Base/ DiagnosticsPlus (1989 - 1993); Department of Public Instruction, 1994;
University of Delaw are Surveys, 1995-2006
20
06
20
05
20
04
20
03
20
02
20
01
20
00
19
99
19
98
19
97
19
96
19
95
19
94
19
93
19
92
19
91
19
90
19
89
0%
Where do they get it?
In the past year . . .
• 21% of 11th grade students have been to a
party where parents bought alcohol for the
kids
• 44% have been to a party with alcohol and
no adults present
• 35% have had someone over 21 buy them
alcohol
• 18% have taken alcohol from the house
without permission, and 12% have taken it
with permission
48% have used alcohol,
marijuana, or other illegal drugs
in the past month.
th
11
28% of Delaware
Graders
meet the criteria for alcohol
dependence and or abuse:
21% abuse only
1% dependence only
6% dependence and abuse
Delaware high school students tell
us that on school property:
• 4% smoked cigarettes in the past 30
days
• 6% drank alcohol in the past 30 days
• 6% smoked marijuana in the past 30
days
• 22% were offered, sold or given illegal
drugs in the past 12 months
There is a very strong relationship between whether
parents know where their 11th grade child is. . .
80%
Past Month Smoking
70%
Past Month Alcohol Use
60%
Past Month Marijuana
Use
50%
Past Month Gambling
40%
Past 2 Weeks Binge
Drinking
30%
20%
10%
0%
Most of the Time
Often
Some of the Time
Not Often
. . . But whether the parent isn’t monitoring, or the child isn’t telling
them honestly, we don’t know.
90% of 11th grade students
have driver’s licenses.
22% of 11th grade
students report they
have driven drunk in the
past year and 12%
report that they have
driven under the
influence of marijuana.
5% of students report
doing both.
Therefore, 23% of 11th
grade drivers, or nearly
one in four, has driven
under the influence in
the past year.
Drunk
Drivers
22%
5% Marijuana
Drivers
12%
All 11th graders who drive
If each student who reports
driving under the influence of
alcohol or marijuana does it only
once, that means there are 44
out there on Delaware roads
each day.
And they probably don’t do it
just once.
And they don’t do it alone. . .
• In the past year, 32% of Delaware 11th
graders have ridden in a car with a driver
under the influence of marijuana, 17% in
the past month
• In the past year, 32% of Delaware 11th
graders have ridden in a car with a driver
under the influence of alcohol, 12% within
the past month
• This includes students who neither drink or
use marijuana
TRENDS IN DELAWARE ELEVENTH GRADERS' REPORTS OF
DRINKING AND DRIVING AND REPORT OF SMOKING
MARIJUANA AND DRIVING, 1990-2006
Drinking and
Driving
Marijuana Use
and Driving
12%
10%
8%
6%
4%
2%
0%
1990
Source:
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998 1999
Survey Year
2000
2001
2002
2003
Data Base/ DiagnosticsPlus (1990-1993); Department of Public Instruction 1994; University of Delaw are Surveys
1995-2006
2004
2005
2006
The more “under the influence” they are, the
less likely they are to use a seatbelt most of the
time.
No Usage
Percentage Using Seatbelt
100%
97%
96%
92% 91%
90%
90%
Past Month
89%
85% 86%
80%
Binge/Heavy
Drive Drunk/
DUI
70%
60%
50%
Alcohol
Marijuana
Note: Binge drinking is defined as 3 drinks at a time in the last 2 weeks, heavy marijuana use is
defined as using it more than 6 times in past month.
Percentage of High School Students
Reporting Diagnosis of Chronic Illness
20.0
18.0
Percentages
16.0
18.2
14.0
12.0
10.0
11.6
8.0
8.1
6.0
6.1
4.0
2.0
0.0
Asthma
High Blood Pressure
Depression
1.5
3.6
Diabetes
ADD/ADHD
Anxiety
36% of
High
School
Students
report
being
diagnosed
with at
least one
Chronic
Illness.
Half of these
students take
prescribed
medications for
their
conditions, and
many of these
are more likely
to selfmedicate, using
illegal drugs
and alcohol.
With Regard to Sad Feelings, SelfInjury, and Attempted Suicide,
Students Report They . . .
Percent of Students Responding Affirmatively
30%
25%
Purposely Hurt Myself
Without Wanting to Die
(e.g. Cutting, Scraping, or
Burning)
27%
Seriously Considered
Attempting Suicide
20%
15%
10%
Stopped Doing Usual
Activities Because Felt
Sad or Hopeless For 2
Weeks
Have Made a Plan About
How They Would Attempt
Suicide
13%
12%
Have Actually Attempted
Suicide at Least Once in
the Past 12 Months
9%
5%
6%
0%
2%
If Having Attempted
Suicide in the Past 12
Months, Required Medical
Attention due to an Injury,
Poisoning, or Overdose
Girls are most likely to intentionally
cut, scrape, or burn themselves . . .
25%
21%
20%
18%
14%
15%
12%
10%
5%
0%
9th grade
10th grade
11th grade
12th grade
Delaware is consistently above National Norms
on the Percentage of Students Who Reported
Sexual Behaviors, 2007
80
70
60
50
*
58.1
2005 National YRBS
62.8
2007 Delaware YRBS
46.8
40
30
20
68.2
43.7*
33.9
21.4*
14.3
10
0
Ever Had Sexual
Intercourse
Had Sexual
Intercourse With 4
or More Persons
Current Sexual
Activity1
* Significantly different, p < .05
Had sexual intercourse during the 3 months preceding the survey.
2 Among students who were currently sexually active.
1
Condom Use2
Percentage of High School Students
Who Ever Had Sexual Intercourse, by
100
Site
80
54.6
Percent
60
54.1
53.0
53.1
40
20
48.4
49.9
57.3
55.1
45.6
46.7
46.8
2001
2003
2005
52.7
58.12
1
National YRBS
Delaware YRBS
0
1991
1 Significant
2
1993
1995
linear decrease, p < .05
No significant linear or quadratic change
1997
1999
2007
Percentage of High School Students
Who Had Sexual Intercourse with Four
or More Persons During their Life, by
100
Site
80
National YRBS
Percent
60
Delaware YRBS
40
20.3
20
16.7
20.6
19.1
18.7
18.7
17.8
16.0
16.2
14.2
14.4
14.31
1991
1993
1995
1997
1999
2001
2003
2005
21.42
0
1
2
Significant linear decrease, p < .05
No significant linear or quadratic change
2007
Percentage of High School Students Who
Were Currently Sexually Active,* by Site
100
National YRBS
Delaware YRBS
Percent
80
60
40.0
39.2
42.7
39.2
43.72
40
37.5
37.5
37.9
1991
1993
1995
34.8
36.3
1997
1999
1
33.4
34.3
33.9
2001
2003
2005
20
0
* Had sexual intercourse during the 3 months preceding the survey
1 Significant linear decrease, p < .05
2 No significant linear or quadratic change
2007
Percentage of High School Students Who
Used a Condom During Last Sexual
100
Intercourse,* by Site
80
Percent
62.0
62.2
60
52.8
40
54.4
56.8
58.0
62.5
63.7
63.0
62.8
2003
2005
57.9
68.22
1
46.2
National YRBS
Delaware YRBS
20
0
1991
1993
1995
1997
1999
2001
* Among students who had sexual intercourse during the 3 months preceding the survey
1 Significant linear increase, p < .05
2 No significant linear or quadratic change
2007
Teens report that they have been hit,
slapped or hurt by their boyfriend or
girlfriend . . .
• 8% of boys and 8% of girls
• 9% of Hispanics, 9% of Blacks and 8% of
White students
• 7% of 9th and 10th graders, 8% or 11th
graders and 10% of 12th graders
Delaware teens report that they
have been forced to have
sexual intercourse when they
did not want to . . .
• 4% of boys and 12% of girls
• 12% of Hispanics, 9% of Blacks and 7% of
Whites
So what’s wrong with
underage drinking?
Alcohol
makes
children less
safe, less
healthy,
more violent,
more likely
to be
sexually
active, and
more likely
to be
arrested.
11th Graders who are current
drinkers are:
• 16 times more likely to get in a car with a
driver who is a minor and has been drinking
• More than twice as likely to hit someone
and to vandalize someone’s property
• 5 ½ times more likely to smoke marijuana
and 6 times more likely to use other drugs
• 3 times more likely to be forced to have
unwanted sexual intercourse
• 4 times more likely to have been arrested.
And it
has an
impact
on the
rest of
us also
Costs of Underage Drinking in
Delaware = $172 Million
Annually
Medical = $10,000,000
Work Lost = $44,000,000
Pain & Suffering=$118,000,000
NIAAA 2005
Delaware’s Bottom Line:
• Costs of underage drinking = $172,000,000
• Industry profits on underage
(from total sales of $51,000,000)=25,000,000
• Funds for combatting =
11,000,000
______________________________________
Total Loss =
$136,000,000
Who gets the profit?
Who pays the remainder?
Costs are shared in:
• Health Insurance
• Car Insurance
• Property Insurance
• State Taxes
• Municipal Taxes
Federal Taxes on Alcohol,
when adjusted for inflation,
have declined 33% since
1992 (beer tax is 63% lower
than 1970 rates):
• Federal beer and wine taxes are
currently 7-10 cents per drink
• Federal liquor tax is currently 20-25
cents per drink
What can Parents Do?
• Messages
– Modeling appropriate behaviors
– Make it clear you disapprove
• Monitoring
– Know where they are
– Know who they are with
• Management
– Clear, Consistent Rules
– Consistent, appropriate
consequences