Transcript “Climate change is one of the most complex, multifaceted and serious threats the world faces.

“Climate change is one of the most
complex, multifaceted and serious
threats the world faces. The response to
this threat is fundamentally linked to
pressing concerns of sustainable
development and global fairness; of
economy, poverty reduction and society;
and of the world we want to hand down to
our children.” - UN Secretary General
Ban Ki-moon
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Innovate to save the planet
Necessity is the mother of invention. An
inventor knows no gender.
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What everyone wants are solutions which are
not only good for the planet, but also good for
business and good for development.
Technological innovation is seen as the best
hope of delivering this state.
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Technological solutions are needed for the challenges of
both mitigation and adaptation.
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Mitigation is about slowing down global warming by
reducing the level of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.
Among the many mitigation technologies already on – or
nearing – the market are renewable energy sources, such as,
biofuels, biomass, wind, solar and hydro power; low carbon
building materials; and emerging technologies which aim to
capture carbon out of the atmosphere and lock it away.
Adaptation involves dealing with the existing or anticipated
effects of climate change, particularly in the developing, least
developed and small island countries, which are most severely
affected. In addition to “soft” technologies, such as, crop
rotation, hard technologies for adaptation include improved
irrigation techniques to cope with drought, and new plant
varieties which are resistant to drought or to salt water.
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Gender-sensitive technologies to
support climate change
adapatation and mitigation
Outline
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What is technology?
Why do we need technology? How do we develop
and transfer technology?
What are the issues in technology development and
transfer?
What is technology development and transfer? What
are the legal framework?
What Africa has and know
What are the challenges for now and beyond?
What comes to mind
when you hear the word
“technology”?
Technology
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refers to the process by
which humans modify
nature, products, process, etc.
to meet their needs and wants
CSD-17 LEARNING CENTRE COURSE
Friday, May 8, 2009, 10:00am to 1:00pm
Conference Room C, United Nations Headquarters
Evaluating the Role of Biofuels in
Sustainable Rural Development
Introduction to the Course
Gail Karlsson, Senior Policy Advisor to ENERGIA, the International Network on Gender and Sustainable Energy, editor of
The Role of Biofuels in Rural Development and Empowerment of Women, and a member of IUCN’s Commission on
Environmental Law
Overview on the Potential of Biofuels for Economic and Social Development
Professor Richard Ottinger, Dean Emeritus of the Pace University School of Law and Chair of the Energy and Climate
Specialists Group within IUCN’s Commission on Environmental Law, and author of Biofuels – Potential, Problems &
Solutions.”
Course Instructors:
Barbara Bramble, Chair of the Board of the Roundtable on Sustainable Biofuels, and Senior Program Advisor for International
Affairs of the National Wildlife Federation
Stephen Gitonga, United Nations Development Programme, Bureau for Development Policy, Environment and Energy Group,
Sustainable Energy Programme, Energy Policy Specialist.
Sabina Anokye Mensah, Gender and Development Coordinator, GRATIS Foundation, Ghana, contributing author to
ENERGIA’s publication The Role of Biofuels in Rural Development and Empowerment of Women
Coordinated by:
Professor Ottinger, tel: 914-422-4121, [email protected] and
Gail Karlsson, tel: 212-267-4239, [email protected]
International Union for the
andConservation of Nature
International Network on Gender
Sustainable Energy
Technology is a product of engineering and
science, the study of the natural world
2 parts
body of knowledge accumulated over time
process-scientific inquiry that generates knowledge (K
of design & creation of human-made products &
process for solving problems)
Technology
 Objects, i.e., tools, machines, instruments,
weapons, appliances or the physical as devise
for performance
 Knowledge or know-how used in
technological innovation
 Activities or what people do
 Process that begins with needs and ends in
solution
 Socio-technical system or manufacture and
use of objects
Is technology
gender-neutral?
Technology is never gender-neutral
In many developing countries, girls’ and women’s
access to information and communication technology
is constrained by:
 Social and cultural bias
 Inadequate technological infrastructure in rural areas
 Women’s lower education levels and fear of or lack of
interest in technology
 Women’s lack of disposable income to purchase
technology services
Technology Development and Transfer :
What do we know?
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Investments in clean, energy-efficient technologies are
growing fast, including new financial products and markets
Substantial financing gap for the required scale-up of clean,
energy-efficient technologies for both mitigation and
adaptation are available
Private sector incentives are being reinforced
Africa has great potential for all of the renewable energy
technologies in recent years: wind, solar, biofuels
Carbon markets (including CDM) can play important role but
Africa is yet to see the benefits
Indigenous adaptation technologies already exist in Africa and
need to be documented, scaled-up and diffused
Areas of focus for
technological intervention
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Technology needs and needs assessment
Technology information
Enabling environments for technology transfer
Capacity building for technology transfer
Mechanisms for technology transfer
Financing
Gender in Energy
Kitchen Improvement for
Indoor Air Quality and
Health
USEPA PCIA & University of Berkeley,
Aprovecho, ARECOP, ENERGIA,
UNDP REP-PoR, CIDA-AIT SEA UEMA,
WBDM 2007
Name of respondent :
Particulate Matter
Before
18 -19 Mar
0.60 mg/m3 or
600 ug/m3
Carbon Monoxide
Before
18 -19 May
2.66 ppm
Salvacion Calimlim
After
26 -27 May
0.26 mg/m3 or
260 ug/m3
Percent reduction
After
26 -27 May
1.12 pm
Percent reduction
56.67%
57.89%
Group work (15 minutes)
Group 1
For technology intervention
What are your reasons
 Group 2
Against technology intervention
What are your reasons?
 Group 3
For innovation
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Key
issues
to
consider
What technology development and transfer issues are key
challenges for African countries? How do we integrate gender
dimensions in TDT?
What key issues Africa should focus on?
What key sectors Africa needs to focus on in TDT?
What can AMCEN and other regional institutions do to support
actions by African Countries on gender-responsive TDT?
Do you think Africa requires a regional technology action plan
for mitigation and adaptation? Why? How will you go about this
plan? What will be the mechanism, esp. in gender considerations?
How quickly can Africa move to low carbon emission
economies? How will gender be integrated in the initiative?
What policy approach is needed in Africa to accelerate genderresponsive technology development and transfer for mitigation
and adaptation?
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What level of investments are required for sustainable
technology development and transfer within Africa?
How will Africa address the issue of intellectual
property rights?
What form of international R&D sharing and cooperation should take place?
What should be the role and ultimate scope of carbon
markets and CDM in TDT?
What incentive mechanisms should be in place to
stimulate private sector participation in TDT in Africa?
What institutional arrangements should be put in place
both at the national, sub-regional & international level
to facilitate and enhance TDT?
Agenda 21: Chapter 34
Transfer of Environmentally Sound Technology, Cooperation
and Capacity-building
34.1 Environmentally sound technologies protect the
environment, are less polluting, use all resources in a
more sustainable manner, recycle more of their
wastes and products, and handle residual wastes in a
more acceptable manner than the technologies for
which they were substitutes.
34.2 ESTs …”process and product technologies”….
“end of the pipe technologies”
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The United Nations Framework Convention
on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and the Kyoto
Protocol have paid attention to the need for
development and transfer of environmentally
sound technologies to developing countries,
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For the purposes of enabling these countries to achieve
advancement in their development whilst limiting their
greenhouse gas emissions and adapting to the impacts
of climate change.
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The Article 4.1 (c) of the UNFCCC commits all
Parties to the Convention to promote and cooperate in
the development, application and diffusion, including
transfer of technologies, practices and processes that
control, reduce or prevent anthropogenic emissions of
greenhouse gases not controlled by the Montreal
Protocol in all relevant sectors, including the energy
transport, industry, agriculture, forestry and waste
management sectors.
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Article 4.5 commits the developed country
Parties and other developed Parties in Annex II
to the Convention to “take all practicable
steps to promote, facilitate and finance, as
appropriate, the transfer of or access to,
environmentally sound technologies and
know-how to other Parties, particularly
developing country Parties to enable them
implement the provisions of the
Convention….”
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Article 4.7 states that “the extent to which
developing countries under the Convention will
effectively implement their commitments under
the Convention will depend on the effective
implementation by developed country Parties of
their commitments under the Convention related
to financial resources (Article 3.1) and transfer of
technology (Article 4.5) and will take fully into
account that economic and social development
and poverty eradication are the first and
overriding priorities of the developing country
Parties”.
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The Article 3.14 of the KP on commitments,
acknowledges the need to minimize the
adverse impacts of climate change on
developing countries and notes among the
“issues to be considered shall be the
establishment of funding, insurance and
technology transfer”.
Article 10.6(b) of KP recognises that
adaptation technologies would improve
adaptation to climate change.
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Article 10.6 (c) of KP commits Parties to
“cooperate in the promotion of effective
modalities for the development, application
and diffusion of, and take all practicable steps
to promote, facilitate and finance practices
and processes pertinent to climate change, in
particular to developing countries including
the formulation of policies and programmes
for the effective transfer of environmentally
sound technologies that are publicly owned or
in the public domain and the creation of
enabling environment for the private sector,
to promote and enhance the transfer of access
to, environmentally sound technologies.
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Furthermore, Article 11.1 (b) of the KP
commits developed countries Parties and other
developed Parties in Annex II to the
Convention to “provide financial resources,
including the transfer of technology, needed
by developing countries to meet the agreed
full incremental costs of advancing the
implementation of existing commitments
under Article 4.1 of the Convention
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The design of Article 12 of the Kyoto Protocol
i.e. Clean Development Mechanism should
also lead to the transfer of environmentally
sound technologies.
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According to the World Development Report 2010:
Development and Climate Change, ... a two-degree Celsius
warming above pre-industrial levels could permanently reduce
Africa's annual per capita consumption by four to five per
cent....The report calls on industrialised countries, which have
released most of the greenhouse gases, to lead the way in
charting a new low-carbon economic path. In addition, the
report calls for financial support to enable developing
countries adapt to climate change and lay the foundation for
low-carbon economies.
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Several decisions have been made since the adoption
of the UNFCCC and later the KP
In Marrakech, 2001 the Expert Group on Technology
Transfer (EGTT) was established and with a 5-year
mandate
EGTT was placed under the Subsidiary Body for
Scientific and Technological Advice (SBSTA) to
provide advice and recommendations to SBSTA
The Special Climate Change Fund was also agreed
upon – but with limited funds
The EGTT
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Over the years (since 2001) EGTT has produced
very good technical papers
But has not lived to the expectations of
developing countries in terms of actual
technology development and transfer to
developing countries. Because the EGTT under the
SBSTA has failed to addresses the following
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The setting up of specific technology goals
Development of indicators and accounting systems to
track progress on technology transfer?
Unable to undertake implementation actions under
SBSTA because of the limitations of the SBSAT itself.
In 2006 in Nairobi, developing countries did not see
the need to renew the mandate of the EGTT
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In Bali in 2007 an agreement was reached to renew the
mandate of the EGTT
Now the EGTT reports both to the SBSTA and the
Subsidiary Body for Implementation (SBI).
The difference here is that Parties now recognize that
implementation of the UNFCCC and the KP
commitments on technology development and transfer
has not been met and that there is the need to urgently
address DTT implementation under SBI.
As a consequence the COP by its decision 4/CP.13
called the GEF to elaborate on a strategic programme
to scale up investment in technology development and
transfer.
TDT and
the Bali Action Plan (BAP)
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Decision 1/CP.13 - the BAP rightly recognizes
again that development and transfer of
technologies to developing countries as one of
the means to support implementation of
actions on mitigation and adaptation to climate
change.
TDT is one of the four major building blocks
to be discussed and agreed upon in
Copenhagen.
Achievements after Bali
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Following from Bali (4/CP.13), the GEF has
now elaborated a strategic programme aimed
at scaling up development and transfer of
technologies – the Poznan Strategic
Programme
GEF has already issued a call for proposals
(CFP) for pilot technology development and
transfer projects – CFP closes in August 2009
Key issues under the
Bali Action Plan on TDT
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Effectiveness of tools & mechanisms for technology
co-operation
Removal of barriers to promoting technology transfer
including:
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Financing
Intellectual property rights
Tariffs and non-tariffs
Capacity building
Ways to accelerate deployment, diffusion and transfer
of technologies
Co-operation on research and development
What should Africa look for
under the BAP?
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Call for the creation of an international
framework agreement for technology
development and transfer or new
mechanism that addresses both mitigation and
adaptation, in order to boost the effectiveness
in innovation and investment required around
the world to address climate change.
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TDT mechanism of framework agreement should:
Be informed by the shared vision for long-term
cooperative action, including a long-term global goal
for emission reductions, to achieve the ultimate
objective of the Convention and the urgent need for
adaptation to the impacts of climate change
Include an incentive package to scale up technology
development and transfer to developing country Parties
in order to promote access to affordable
environmentally sound technologies through creation of
additional value and crediting for participation in
technology development, deployment, diffusion and
transfer for greenhouse emissions reduction and
enhanced resilience to impacts of climate change
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Incorporate an institutional mechanism and tools for
supporting, supervising, monitoring and evaluating
the effectiveness of the implementation of agreed
actions on technology development and transfer;
Provide for a compliance and enforcement regime for
development and transfer of technologies linked to
quantified emissions reduction and limitation
commitments and increased resilience of
communities and ecosystems to the impact of climate
change
Support capacity building and capacity development
in developing countries for technology development,
adoption, deployment, diffusion and transfer
including, inter alia, support for national systems of
innovation
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Ensure improved access to new and additional,
adequate, predictable, appropriate, equitable and
sustainable public-sector financial resources and
investments to support mitigation and adaptation and
technology development and transfer and technology
cooperation
Promote substantial private-sector participation,
finance and investments in technologies for
mitigation and adaptation
Ensure protection of intellectual property rights that
guarantees access to and use of technologies by
avoiding over-protectionism
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Ensure access to technology information, including in
particular the costs and performance of technologies
Provide for international programme for joint or
collaborative research, demonstration and early stage
deployment of technologies
Provide guidance on national/domestic government
policies needed to, notably creating a higher level of
long-term policy certainty
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(a) over future demands for low carbon technologies, upon which
the private sector including the industry’s decision makers can rely,
and
(b) for private financing of technologies for adaptation.
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Pay specific attention to the technology needs of (a)
major emerging and big economies, (b) emerging
but small developing economies, and (c) least
developed countries, and (d) small island
developing states; among developing countries
Promote and finance south-south cooperation
Support mechanism for early action on sector
specific technology innovation, development,
demonstration, massive deployment and transfer.
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Technology Development and Transfer Aspects of the
Shared Vision
A medium to long-term vision for the entire
technology cycle from innovation through to
application and transfer be guided and driven by
medium to long-term global goal based on:
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Level of emission reductions, to achieve the ultimate
objective of the Convention
Quantum of technology development, deployment and
diffusion required
Urgent need for adapting to the impacts of climate change
Level of finance and investment required
Extent of sectoral coverage, and
Level of participation by all technology development and
transfer actors
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Incentive Package for Added Value and Crediting
In order to promote access to and use of affordable
environmentally sound technologies there is the need to create
additional value and crediting for participation in
technology development, deployment, diffusion and
transfer. International mechanism could be put in place to
assess and include an incentive package to scale up the
development and transfer of technology to developing country
Parties.
The international mechanism could lead to rewards/credits for
participation in development and transfer climate friendly
technologies through a link with Parties commitment in terms
of quantified emission limitation and reduction obligations.
Promoting and providing direct incentives for technology
programmes such as supporting international technology
cooperative development networks, national policies/actions,
certify credits for special and priority technology programmes,
and managing long-term regulatory risk.
New Mechanisms for a TDT – Institutional and
Financial
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The new mechanisms to operate under the authority
and guidance of the COP and be accountable to it. It
shall aim to achieve:
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Accessibility, affordability, appropriateness and
adaptability of technologies required by developing
countries for enhanced action on mitigation and
adaptation;
Provision of full costs and full incremental costs, as per
Article 4.3 of the Convention;
Adequacy and predictability of funds for technology
transfer;
Removal of barriers for technology development and
transfer
Institutional Mechanism – Executive Body
comprising and be supported by:
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Strategic Planning Committee to: develop strategy; provide
regular guidance; assess and elaborate technology-related
matters; continuously evaluate progress; and develop updates
for the Technology Action Plan,
Technical Panels to generate and compile current expert
information related to: capacity building; policies and
measures; intellectual property cooperation; sectoral, crosssectoral, and cross cutting cooperation; assessment, monitoring
and compliance; and other necessary topics.
Verification Group to verify the financial and technological
contributions made to the mechanism in accordance with the
overall “measurable, reportable, verifiable” requirement of
Decision 1/CP.13.
Secretariat to support and facilitate the activities of the
Executive Body.
Technology Action Plan
 The Technology Action Plan should define specific
policies, actions, and funding requirements for all
relevant technologies under the following
classifications:
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Public domain technologies
Patented technologies.
Future technologies.
The Action Plan should support the establishment
of national and regional technology centers of
excellence and should reinforce north-south, southsouth and triangular cooperation, including joint
research and development.
What do you think should Africa do to
prepare a joint action plan for TDT
Action plan for Technology development, deployment,
diffusion and transfer for mitigation and adaptation
in Africa
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Legislative instruments
Institutional Arrangements
Capacity development dimensions
Development of a master plan, including
partnership/collaboration platforms, private sector
engagement and monitoring and evaluation schemes
Funding mechanisms
Support mechanism for policy formulation including
international negotiations
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Development of technical papers by experts within
sub-region, e.g. Africa Technical Expert Panel on
TDT
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Assist member countries to develop the necessary
“pull” mechanisms or enabling environment
(starting with NAPA)
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Support harmonization of regional TDT policy
frameworks
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Support and develop regional positions on TDT
Enhancing women’s leadership and
gender equality
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In many poor communities in developing countries,
there are more women-headed households with
inherent leadership skills
- awareness-raising campaigns on sustainable development and CC
mitigation and adaptation
- enabling women with leadership skills to identify, manage sustainable
development projects using indigenous, ecologically-friendly technologies
with high potential for carbon market
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Elected women in local and national government
- establish mechanism to train these elected women in knowledge
management related to sustainable development projects and CC mitigation
to intelligibly influence policy formulation and reforms
Addressing the needs of poor women
and men
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Since they comprise large portion of the
population, even low carbon technologies
create impacts
Example: 1 improved cookstove reduces 1 ton of carbon a year used by 2M
poor women and men in the kitchen; up-scaling successful pilot projects;
biogas and methane projects among millions of poor households
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Improvement of low carbon technologies for
poor women and men - capability-building
activities
Example: women tend to contribute less to GHG emissions (agriculture)
but CC has severe impacts on women’s socio-economic activities
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Addressing the needs of poor women and men (cont.)
- training them on how to conduct baseline and
methodologies in analyzing potential amount of
emission reductions
Example: existing bioenergy systems, use of biomass as
cooking fuel
- CC policies focus on mitigation, such as, renewable
energy must offer alternative ways
Example: government policy prohibiting open field-burning of
agricultural wastes (Clean Air Act) implemented hand-in-hand
with energy-efficient and ecologically-friendly technologies
that converts agricultural wastes into compost or energyefficient charcoal briquette or clean cooking energy
Among those funds, mechanisms and
technologies on CC mitigation and adaptation
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What portion of the Civil Society are aware of the existing
mitigation finance and ESTs?
What portion of the funds have been accessed by Civil Society,
esp. poor women and men? How do they avail of the funds?
What roles did women and men play in the planning,
implementation and sustainability of development projects?
What were the gains and pains of women and men? Socialcultural, economic, technological, environmental?
What have women and men contributed to the success/failure
of the development projects?
How much is the projects’ share in the carbon market?
Technological solutions to
climate change will be very
different if more women were
in leadership and decisionmaking positions.
Thank You for our active
participation in the
discussion