To make note taking easier, follow these rules. If the words are in red, take down the information—test questions come from information in red. Anything in.
Download ReportTranscript To make note taking easier, follow these rules. If the words are in red, take down the information—test questions come from information in red. Anything in.
To make note taking easier, follow these rules. If the words are in red, take down the information—test questions come from information in red. Anything in blue is background or extra information and you need NOT take it down. Here are a few more rules for note taking. Anything on the slide in purple or green is material from homework or that we have previously studied. There is no need to write it down unless you either did not do the homework, of if you have forgotten the previous lesson. What is the empirical approach to psychology? Studies conducted by careful observation and scientifically-based research. Confirmation bias: uncritical acceptance of hypotheses and theories that support our way of thinking—people who pay attention only to evidence that confirms their beliefs and ignore contradictory evidence. Psychologists are People who have been trained to observe, analyze and evaluate behavior Experimental, teaching, applied Three major reactions that psychologists study are affect, cognition and behavior. Affect: what the person feels Cognition: what the person is thinking Behavior: what the person will do All right, you people, watch this film clip from Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom. When I stop the clip, be able to describe Indy’s affect, cognition and predict what his future behavior will be. Experimental psychologists Perform research to understand how humans (and animals) operate physically and psychologically. Albert Bandura Bobo Doll Experiment Philip Zimbardo Stanford Prison Experiment Industrial/organizational psychologists Employed by business firms or government agencies; develop methods to boost production, improve working conditions, train people, etc. Sports psychologists Work with athletes to help maximize performance Engineering psychologists Work at the interface between people and equipment Educational psychologist Deals with topics related to teaching children and young adults, such as intelligence, problem solving, and motivation. Community psychologist Works in mental health or social welfare agency operated by state or local government or a private agency. Clinical Neuropsychologists or Rehabilitation Psychologists Ph.D. with education similar to clinical psychologists; extensive education in mechanisms & operation of the brain; work with brain injury patients Developmental psychologists Study physical, emotional, cognitive and social changes that occur throughout life Clinical psychologists Help people deal with personal problems; therapists with Ph.D.; have completed a 3-4 year research-oriented program in psychology plus an internship in psychotherapy and psychological assessment; some have a Psy.D: a Doctor of Psychology Dr. Phil McGraw is a clinical psychologist Counseling psychologists usually work in schools or industrial firms, advising and assisting people with problems of everyday life. Must have a masters or Ph.D. in counseling. Psychiatry A specialty of medicine. MD; prescribe medication and conduct surgery (lobotomies) Psychoanalyst—psychiatrist; training in personality theory & techniques of Sigmund Freud. Must be psychoanalyzed themselves before practice Plato and modern psychology Quest for perfect knowledge Delved into areas such as cognition First philosopher to study how people gain knowledge Aristotle Theories of sensation, perception, cognition, memory, problem solving and ethics The Greeks That’s me! Learned through observation Hippocrates (460-375 BC): the father of medicine identified 4 personality Galen (130-200 AD) characteristics Scientists whose work contributed to the founding of psychology Copernicus (1473-1543): sun, not earth, center of universe. Observation key element of his studies Galileo Galilei Experimentation through observation 17th century: dualism The mind and the body are separate and different. Rene Descartes (1596-1650) I’m the boss ! disagreed: link between mind and body—mind controlled body’s movements, sensations, and perceptions. First formal study of psychology: Wilhelm Wundt— Leipzig, GE, 1879 Structuralist: interested in basic elements of the human experience Method of introspection, or self-observation In controlled laboratory situations, trained subjects reported their thoughts—Wundt tried to map out basic structure of thought process William James (1842-1890) Father of American psychology Functionalist—study how animals and people adapt to environments 1890—Principles of Psychology Thinking, feeling, learning, and remembering serve one major function: to help us survive as a species. Focused on the functions of the conscious mind and goals of behaviors Gestalt Psychology German psychologists: Max Wertheimer, Wolfgang Kohler and Kurt Koffka, et al Perception involves whole patterns—when you see a chair, you see the WHOLE chair, rather than separately noticing the seat, legs, etc. In psych: how sensations are assembled into perceptual experiences Behaviorism John B. Watson— psychologists should concern themselves with only the observable facts of behavior. Behavior is the result of conditioning and occurs because the appropriate stimulus is present in the environment. The Little Albert experiments. Sigmund Freud Austrian, 1856-1939 Focused on unconscious mind Biological urges in conflict with social norms and morality Free association—patient said all that came to mind not attempting to be logical. Freud psychoanalyst—sat, listened, then interpreted associations The Necker Cube Introspection We add meaning to our sensations Metaphor for the multiple perspectives of psychology Sir Francis Galton British; 19th century Studied heredity and its influence on abilities, character and behavior Hypothesis: greatness runs in families; therefore genius is inherited Did not consider exceptional environments/ socioeconomic advantages Sir Francis Galton Created forerunners of modern intelligence and personality tests Inquiries into Human Faculty and Its Development --the first study of individual differences Raised still-debated issue: is behavior determined by heredity or environment? Cognitive Psychology Focus: how humans process, store, and use information and how that information influences our thinking, language, problem solving and creativity. Behavior is influenced by a variety of mental processes, including perceptions, memories and expectations. Jean Piaget, Noam Chomsky, Leon Festinger Sigmund Freud Also developed dream analysis Based on observations, or case studies, developed a comprehensive theory of personality Developed concept of id, ego and super ego Humanists Reaction to behaviorist movement Describes human nature as active and creative rather than passively reacting to external stimuli. Believe human mind is able to influence and change the world in which it functions. Abraham Maslow, Carl Rogers, Rollo May Behaviorism Ivan Pavlov Russian; Nobel Prize 1904 “Pavlov’s Dogs”— conditioned reflexes (or reactions) elicited by a stimulus Certain behavior can be the result of prior experience, or certain acts or differences among people are the result of learning. Behaviorism B. F. Skinner (1904-1990) American; refined and popularized behaviorism Walden Two —Utopia in which conditioning, through rewarding those who display “desirable” behavior rules every conceivable facet of life. Behaviorism B. F. Skinner (1904-1990) Practical uses of Skinner’s theories (conditioning) in today’s society: Toilet-training of children Weight control Stopping smoking Behaviorism B. F. Skinner (1904-1990) Reinforcement—controlled reward and punishment— popular in education. Skinner’s teaching machine was the forerunner of modern computerbased instruction. Dr. Benson here. Look! I’m so smart that I’m an expert on all the various schools of thought in psychology. So I use the approach that works best for each patient. They call me an eclectic psychologist. I’m so smart!