Transcript Child Well Being and Equity in Bhutan Bhutan Team: Lham Dorji Alexandru Nartea, Sangay Dorji, Sonam Choki and Yangchen L.Thinley May 7-9, 2008, Kathmandu.

Child Well Being and Equity in
Bhutan
Bhutan Team: Lham Dorji
Alexandru Nartea, Sangay Dorji, Sonam Choki and
Yangchen L.Thinley
May 7-9, 2008, Kathmandu
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Contents
1
Introduction on Bhutan
2
Concepts and Methodology
3
Data Sources and Analysis
4
Communication & Advocacy
5
Plan of Action
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Bhutan at Glance
 Population: 634982 ( M:333595, F:301387)
 Population age structure: 0-14: 33.1%, 15-64: 62.3%,
65+: 4.7%, median age-22 years (source: NPHCB, 05)
 Population by areas: Urban-30.9%, rural-69.1 %
 Population density: 16 person/km.
 Child dependency ratio:53.1%
 Poverty rate: Overall: 23.8%, urban-1.7%, rural-30.9%
(BLSS, 2007)
 Literacy: literate-59.5%, illiterate-40.5%
 Happiness: very happy-45.2%, happy-51.6%, not very
happy-3.3%
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Bhutan at Glance
 Inequality: top 20% of population consume 6.7 times more than to
the poorest 20 % of the population.
 Per capita consumption ( food requirement-2124K cal) plus nonfood requirements.
 Net-enrolment rate: at primary level (82 %).
 91% of the population have access to improved water sources.
 Proportion of households with access to BHU – 99.2
 Under-five mortality rates- 60/1000, infant mortality rate-40.1/1000,
maternal mortality rate-215/100,000.
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Introduction (contd.)
 Gross National Happiness (many more
dimensions than those associated with GDP,
better quality of life, 4 pillars, attempt to use
scientific approach, 9 domains).
 Pro-poor public policy (rural development,
decentralization, 24 % of total 9th FYP budget
on social services, balanced regional
development…)
 Economic growth rate 7 % (PAA, 2002-05).
 Bhutan and MDGs , SDGs & Vision
2020.
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GNH
Creation of an enlightened society in
which happiness and well-being of all
people is the ultimate purpose of
governance
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Why is GNH important?
1. Health Impacts:
–
Happy people live up to 7 years longer
2. Enterprise Impacts: creative economy a creator sector
–
Happy people may achieve personal development
(Creativity, Novelty, Autonomy); Curiosity =>
Entrepreneurship & Creativity linked
3. Citizenship Impacts:
–
Happy people are more generous, altruistic and
sociable.
4. Ecological Impacts:
-
Happy, contended people may be less driven by
incessant wants, leading to conservation instead of
proliferate consumption
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Means and ends of GNH
Resources
Human
Ecological
Means
Community
Vitality
Lifestyle
(Time Use)
Education
Health
Culture
Governance
Ecology
Economies
(Living
standard)
Technology
Ends
Human
GNH / Well-being
Ecological
(Natural Systems)
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Bhutanese Constitution & GNH
 The State shall strive to promote those
circumstances that will enable the successful
pursuit of GNH
 The State shall promote:
– sustainable development of a good and compassionate
society rooted in Buddhist ethos and universal human
values
– minimize inequalities of income, concentration of
wealth…
– co-operation in community life and the integrity of the
extended family.
 The State shall guarantee
–
–
–
–
–
Extensive list of freedom and rights and liberties
Free education up to 10th standard
Free access to primary health care
right to employment
60% forest coverage in perpetuity
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GNH Indicators
Status indicators: indicators designed to measures the specific
dimensions which make up the GNH model (9 domains).
Demographic indicators : constitute an important set of indicators
that will allow an analysis of the distribution of GNH
dimensions across different social and demographic groups in
the country, includes various age and gender groups,
occupational and employment clusters, educational
backgrounds, types of households, language groupings and
Geographical areas.
Causal indicators: Factors which could affect the performance of
the GNH status indicators. For instance, the general ratings of
central government performance could be broken down into
more specific components that would allow a more detailed
analysis of factors and thereby affect the general governance
performance ratings.
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How happy are we? (%)
USA
Britain
BHUTAN
Very happy
38
36
41
Quite happy
53
57
56
Not very happy
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7
3
100
100
100
source: Richard Layard,2005 p.14
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GNH in Policy Making
National index
GNH Indicator / BDI
Impact evaluation
Sectors INDICATORS / targets
Policy/Project
implementation
SCREENING TOOLS
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Poverty Studies in Bhutan
 Child Poverty Studies in the ambit of overall poverty
analysis.
 No national agreement on a definitive set of poverty
indicators (prior to 2000) and use of administrative data.
 Pilot Household Income and Expenditure Survey (HIES
2000), Poverty Assessment Analysis (PAA 2000)and
Urban Poverty Study (UPS 2000).
 Poverty analysis 2004 (using MIHS 2003)
 Bhutan Poverty Index (HPI) was presented (longevity,
knowledge and decent standard of living (NHD 2005).
 Bhutan Living Standard Report (BLSS 2003)
 PAR 2007 (based on BLSS 2007).
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Context and Relevance
Child Study
GNH Indicators
and BDI
Linking
Partners (
common
framework)
10 FYP of
Bhutan
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Study Progress
 Adjustment of conceptual framework with GNH
Development Model (Locally relevant, globally comparable).
 Literature review, data skimming and in-person
preliminary interviews.
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Proposed Institutional Arrangement
Child Well Being and Equity Study
CBS, Lead Research Agency
NCWC
UNICEF
GNHC
NSB
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Concepts and Methodologies (contd…)
 Use UNICEF’s 2005 State of the World’s Children
operational child poverty definition:
‘children living in poverty experience deprivation of the
material, spiritual, and emotional resources needed to
survive develop and thrive, leaving them unable to enjoy
their rights, achieve their full potential or participate as a
full and equal members of society’ (Child Study Guide,
pp.7).
 The model B has seven dimensions: shelter, sanitation
facilities, safe drinking water, information, food,
education and health.
 Model A -income measures of poverty, Bhutan has
consumption measures.
 Integration model ‘B’ and ‘C’-mixture of household-based
7 dimensions and child outcomes approach to fit into
GNH Framework.
 Qualitative (not purely quantitative, anthropological,
cultural, historical…Prof. Fredick & Uni Wikan)
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Concept and Methodologies
 OPHI, 5 aspects of poverty (multipleapproach or missing dimension approach,
based on Amartya’s capability approach:
employment , empowerment, physical safety , the
ability to go about without shame , psychological and
subjective well being.
 Working with OPHI, GPI, Sufficiency
Economy-to construct GNH indicators.
 Report simple, take into account other
perspectives, some qualitative.
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Steps…
Step 1
Evidence
and analysis
Step 2
Policy
proposal
Step 3
Implementation
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Analysis
 Casual analysis of child poverty (possibly analyze using
Arvin Framework) with the child outcomes.
 Starting point-UNICEF Policy and Statistical Templates
and (additionally some descriptive analysis).
 The proposed methodology (figure 2: Child Outcomes
and the Policy Process: Components, Context and
Actors, pp. 15)
 Possibly borrow from Stokey and Zeckhauser’s model of
policy analysis:
 The analysis of casual factors.
 Generate a wide range of policy alternatives using matrix
display system.
 Determine criteria or indicators for desirable child
outcomes (cost effectiveness, equity, legality and political
feasibility, etc).
 Rank the alternatives in order of priority.
 Choose the course of action like plan for action, monitoring
system and design for policy evaluation.
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Data Sources




Bhutan Living Standard Survey Data ( BLSS 2007).
National Population and Housing Census Data (NPHC 2005).
Annual Health Surveys (AHS).
Gross National Happiness Indicators Survey (CBS 2008).
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Policy Sources
 The other sources of information would be as follows:
– Bhutan Living Standard Report (NSB 2004).
– Poverty Analysis Report (NSB 2003 &2007).
– Draft 10th FYP Report (GNHC 2007).
– Bhutan Vision 2020 (PCS)
– MDGS Progress Report (DOP, 2005).
– Bhutan MDGS : Needs Assessment and Costing Report for 20062012 ( PC 2007).
– SDGS.
– Bhutan National Human Development Report (MOF 2005).
– Good Governance Plus Report (2005).
– CEDAW Report of the Kingdom of Bhutan (2003).
– Poverty Reduction Strategy Report (MOF,2004).
– Rapid Rural Assessment of Rural Development (GNHC, 2007).
– 9th FYP Document.
– Education Sector Strategy: Realizing the Vision 2020 (MOE).
– Gender Pilot Study Report.
– UN Agencies Reports.
– Donor Partners’ Reports.
– Laws and Acts.
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Others sources…




Stakeholder Interviews (Snow-ball techniques).
Focus group discussions.
Target-group Interviews.
Experiences of other countries with similar
problems.
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Emerging Problems
 Rural-urban migration ( 42 %, under 18, male migrants,
youth unemployment, farm sustainability).
 Grade 7 dropout rate increasing.
 Working children ( traditionally accepted).
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Perceived Challenges
 Data gap
 Time frame
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Communication and Advocacy Strategy
1
2
3
Workshop for the decision-makers
and stakeholders.
Presentation in the 4th GNH
International Conference, 2008,
Bhutan.
Circulation of printed reports and
media coverage (news papers).
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Steps ahead……..275/8/2008
One-day in-house brainstorming
session for research design
May 12 2008
Literature review and conceptual
framework (adjusted to local
realities)
Preliminary interviews ( by research
assistants) to inform study design
Preparation of statistical
tabulations by NSB
Data analysis
May 15 2008
Report writing
June
workshop
June 2008
May 15 2008
May 26 2008
May-June 2008
Printing of report
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