Effort of Elimination of IUU Large-Scale Tuna Longline Vessels 1. History of Measures against IUU Large-Scale Tuna Longline Fishery 1980s Sightings of unknown flagged large-scale tuna.
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Effort of Elimination of IUU Large-Scale Tuna Longline Vessels 1. History of Measures against IUU Large-Scale Tuna Longline Fishery 1980s Sightings of unknown flagged large-scale tuna longline vessels in the Mediterranean 1992 ICCAT Bluefin Tuna Statistical Document Program 1994 ICCAT Bluefin Tuna Action Plan 1996 ICCAT trade sanction on bluefin tuna starts 1998 ICCAT IUU Action Plan for trade sanction 1998- Japan-Taiwan bilateral consultations 1999- Various countermeasures by RFMOs 2001 FAO IPOA on IUU Fishing 2. Problems - Flag hopping, change names - Almost all IUU tuna longline vessels are owned and operated by Taiwanese residents - Flag states are the victims of IUU vessel owners - Almost all catches are frozen tuna for sashimi use - Almost all IUU longline catches are landed on Japanese market - Deterioration of tuna stocks Examples of Flag Hopping and Change Names No. Previous Name and Flag Flag Name of vessel IUU List 2001 Flag Name of vessel Flag Name of vessel Current Situation Flag Name of vessel 1 PANAMA GARCIA BELIZE BENNY 168 ? (no import after Apr, 2000) 2 HONDURAS CLOVER 7 BELIZE SHINE YEAR ? (no import after Feb, 2000) HONDURAS YING CHIN HSIANG 66 BOLIVIA YING CHIN HSIANG 66 HULL I-58 E.GUINEA CHIA YING 6 ? (no import after Mar, 2001) CHIN YOU MING E.GUINEA CHIN YOU MING ? (no import after Aug, 2000) ALTAR 7 E.GUINEA JIYN HORNG 116 ? (no import after Apr, 2001) BELIZE SHUN MEI E.GUINEA LUNG THENG ? (no import after Oct, 2000) HONDURAS YI HSIN 101 E.GUINEA YI HSIN 101 ? (no import after Oct, 2000) SHENG PAO 21 HONDURAS FU AN 6 ? (no import after Feb, 2001) 10 HORNG BILIN HONDURAS PENG SHIN ? (no import after Feb, 2000) 11 CINTA LAUTAN HONDURAS TIM 1 ? (no import after May, 2000) HONDURAS EION 102 HONDURAS YU SUAN 102 ? (no import after Oct, 2000) PHILIPPINES CITI 8 14 BELIZE HSIANG FA 18 15 BELIZE 16 3 MARSUR 7 4 5 HONDURAS MARSUR 5 BELIZE 6 7 8 CANPANERA 1 9 12 ? *1 CITI 8 ? *2 PHILIPPINES HSIANG FA 18 ? *2 HSIANG FA 26 PHILIPPINES HSIANG FA 26 ? *2 BELIZE CHIEN CHUNG 602 PHILIPPINES CHIEN CHUNG 602 ? *2 17 BELIZE CHEN CHIEH 88 PHILIPPINES CHEN CHIEH 88 ? *2 18 BELIZE CHEN CHIEH 888 PHILIPPINES CHEN CHIEH 888 ? *2 19 BELIZE SHINN MANN 11 PHILIPPINES SHINN MANN 11 ? *2 20 BELIZE SHINN MANN 21 PHILIPPINES SHINN MANN 21 ? *2 21 BELIZE JAIN YUNG 202 PHILIPPINES JAIN YUNG 202 ? *2 13 BENNY 8 unknown * 1 : "YING CHIN HSIANG 66" had once participated in the Scrapping Program, but the owner of the vessel has escaped from the Program and sold the vessel. 2 : No import after deletion from Philippines registry. Sample of ICCAT IUU Large-Scale Tuna Longline Vessel List A List of Flags Used by Taiwanese FOC Vessel Owners （Number of vessels included in the ICCAT IUU lists) Flag BELIZE 1999 83 2000 2001 2002 Current Situation 96 BOLIVIA 91 30 13 12 Trade sanction Trade sanction CAMBODIA 3 3 10 8 E. GUINEA 51 50 53 52 GEORGIA 2 HONDURAS 103 INDONESIA 1 PANAMA 82 All vessels deregistered 71 All vessels deregistered 13 7 PHILIPPINE 21 15 3 7 SEYCHELLES 3 12 28 20 SIERRA LEONE 1 1 1 SINGAPORE 7 1 1 ST. VINCENT 52 10 10 Unkown Total Legalization Trade sanction 6 1 VANUATU Others Trade sanction 62 6 THAILAND All vessels deregistered 6 16 15 18 5 11 3 2 16 12 217 345 302 396 380 Legalization 3. Countermeasures - Focused on persons who actually own and operate the IUU vessels - Japan-Taiwan Joint Action Programs to Eliminate IUU Large-Scale Tuna Longline Vessels (LSTLVs) - Implementation of the programs of vessel scrapping and vessel re-registration to Taiwan - Resolutions on non-purchase guidance of IUU caught tunas by ICCAT & IOTC - Establishment of OPRT - Data collection on the history of vessels including previous vessel and owner names - IUU vessel listing Outline of Japan-Taiwan Joint Action Programs Program Japan Scrapping of 62 Japan-built secondhand LSTLVs by 2003 Implementation 2001 29 vessels 2002 8 vessels 2003 6 vessels Total 43 vessels Scrapping cost:30 million US$ Taiwan Re-registration of 67 newly Taiwan-built LSTLVs to Taiwan by 2005 2001 2 vessels 2002 17 vessels 2003 28 vessels 2004 1 vessels Total 48 vessels Scrapping at an Indonesian Scrap Yard Tunas Imported to Japan against the Non-Purchase Guidance 1,600 25 1,400 20 1,200 Amount of Import 15 800 10 600 400 5 200 0 Feb- Mar- Apr- May- Jun- Jul- Aug- Sep- Oct- Nov- Dec- Jan- Feb- Mar- Apr- May- Jun- Jul- Aug- Sep- Oct- Nov- Dec- Jan- Feb- Mar- Apr- May- Jun- Jul- Aug- Sep00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 01 01 01 01 01 01 01 01 01 01 01 01 02 02 02 02 02 02 02 02 02 Required importers to report vessel name etc. Source: Report from Importers Required importers to submit records of the vessels ICCAT IUU List was revised Number of Import Amount of Import (MT) 1,000 Number of Import Transition of number of IUU Large-Scale Tuna Longline Vessels (LSTLVs) 250 IUU-LSTLVs (2000 and before) 100 IUU-LSTLVs (2002) 30 IUU-LSTLVs (Present) IUU-LSTLVs About 25 Taiwan origin About 120 IUU-LSTLVs Participants of the About 100 Cooperative Management 70 (built before Jan. 2000)* Scheme*** + 69 50 (newly built after Jan.2000) Japan origin (used) Participants of the Re-registration Program 44 Participants of the Re-registration Program 48 Participants of the Scrapping Program 43 Participants of the Scrapping Program 43 ICCAT's CPCs' Licensed Vessels** about 65 ICCAT's CPCs' Licensed Vessels** about 65 about 130 Note * Japan-Taiwan Joint Action Program to Eliminate IUU Vesels concluded in January 2000. ** CPCs means "Contracting Parties" and "Cooperative non-Contracting Parties, Entities or Fishing Entites". *** Cooperative Management Schemes between Japan and Seychells/Vanuatu were agreed in July 2003. 4. New Problems - Tuna laundering - Use of forged documents - Non-effectiveness of measures based on IUU list (negative list) An Implication of Tuna Laundering Amount of Japanese Bigeye Tuna Import from Taiwan and Number of Vessels Exported over 350MT of Bigeye a Year 90,000 25 80,000 20 Total 60,000 15 50,000 40,000 10 30,000 20,000 Number of Vessel Amount of Import (MT) 70,000 Over 350MT 5 10,000 0 2000 2001 2002 Source : Report from Importers Examples of Forged Documents A Sample of the Latest IUU-LSTLVs List PWG-021C 23-Nov-03 List of Large-Scale Longline Vessels Believed to be Engaged in Illegal, Unregulated and Unreported Fishing Activities in the ICCAT 1 Convention Area and Other Areas (for approval by the Commission in 2003) . 2002 No. No. Flag Previous Flag Name of Vessel Chinese name 盟發368 Owners Name Owners Address 15 1 BELIZE Singpore Meng Fa 368 17 2 BELIZE Japan DER HORNG 569 (MIT O MARU 82) 26 3 BELIZE TAI HUI (former JUI JHI 101) 31 4 BOLIVIA CARLITA LIRGOLD INTERNATIONAL 35 5 BOLIVIA HSIANG FA 888 KWO JENG MARINE SERVICES 39 6 BOLIVIA MIRENTXU MIRENTXU FIXHING CO S.A. PANAMA Uruguay 40 7 76 8 BOLIVIA BOLIVIA 43 9 CAMBODIA BENNY 87 44 10 CAMBODIA CANETA 1 45 11 CAMBODIA FU YUAN 668 FU YUAN FISHING OVERSEA 46 12 CAMBODIA GUO JI 908 47 13 CAMBODIA 48 14 CAMBODIA 49 15 CAMBODIA 50 16 102 103 Honduras E.GUINEA DER WEI FISHERY Co. LT D (CHIN FU FISHERY CO. LT D. S.A.) YING CHIN HSIANG 66 盈智祥66 FUH LONG (Jin Chen Horng) 富隆(金成鴻) Area Trans shpmnt Source IN CT 10, 14 PA IN CT J 10, 4, 14 AT J 10, 14 J AT IN,PA IN TUNA KING MARINE S.A. BELIZE CANETA S.R.L. ARGENTINA LUBMAIN SHIPPING SERVICE MALAYSIA AT,IN J KASMINA 1 STOVER TRADING BRITISH VIRGIN IS. IN,PA J MENG FA 316 MENG FA FISHERY CHI. TAIPEI CAMBODIA SOFIA 6 BENNY 78 CINGOMAR FISHING COMPANY TUNA KING MARINE S.A. BELIZE 17 E.GUINEA/ST.VINCENT HSIANG PAO 601 KWO-JENG MARINE SERVICES LIMITED 18 GEORGIA SANTA SHINE YEAR MARITIME S.A. 104 19 new 20 GEORGIA GEORGIA SHANG DAR LUCKY STAR 1 new 21 GEORGIA LUCKY STAR 2 107 22 PANAMA 109 23 PANAMA APOLO 202 HSIANG FA 111 24 PANAMA KOPAS 88 CARYFORT SOCIEDAD ANONIMA 113 25 SEYCHELLES CARINA LEEWARD FISHING LIMITED Seychelles 126 26 SEYCHELLES SEA GRAND SEAGRAND MARINE 127 27 SEYCHELLES SEA WISE SEA WISE MARINE FISHERY 131 28 29 BEST OF SL LANKA STAR 21 LUCKY FISHERY 132 SIERRA LEONE SRI LANKA 133 30 SRI LANKA Sheng Pao 5 聖寶5 135 31 ST.VINCENT HSIANG PAO 101 136 32 ST.VINCENT HSIANG PAO 102 137 33 ST.VINCENT 138 34 ST.VINCENT MIRANDA WEN SHUN 621 CHI. TAIPEI/HONDURAS 4 J CHI. TAIPEI YING CHIN HSIANG FISHERY/YING T SI SHANG FISHERY Note s J CT CT AT J CT AT,IN J J 7 4 J 4 AT CT J CT CHI. TAIPEI AT CT US Singapore AT J SHANG DAR FISHERY INC. Singapore PA J J MARSHALL MARINE PANAMA CHI. TAIPEI IN AT J US AT J 9 AT J 11, 9 SEYCHELLES IN J 11, 10 SEYCHELLES AT,IN J 11, 10 KWO-JENG MARINE SERVICES LIMITED SIERRA LEONE CHI. TAIPEI AT AT J US PA CT 翔寶101 KWO-JENG MARINE SERVICES LIMITED CHI. TAIPEI AT US 12 翔寶102 KWO-JENG MARINE SERVICES LIMITED CHI. TAIPEI AT US 12 CLIPPER CONTINENTAL HANDLERS SOUTH AFRICA AT,PA AT J US 12 翔寶601 4 J 翔発 KWO-JENG MARINE SERVICES LIMITED 12 361 257 VICI 18 362 258 363 259 VICI 8 VICTORY 1 364 260 Belize Victory 88 365 261 Belize 367 262 VIRGO Wen Sheng 16 穩盛16 369 263 YU CHA 606 370 264 HONDURAS 371 265 HONDURAS YU SUAN 102 YUNG HUANG 606 372 266 Honduras 373 267 374 268 375 P.T.YAKITAMA ANDALAN PUTRA INDONESIA IN J 8 P.T.YAKITAMA ANDALAN PUTRA INDONESIA SINGAPORE IN IN J J 8 VICTORY FISHERY AT, IN CT VIRGO FISHERY BELIZE IN AT, IN J CT 6 裕展606 DAIWA MARINE INTERNATIONAL S.DE R.L. HONDURAS PA, AT J 7 裕弦102 YUNG HONG MARINE CHI. TAIPEI/JAPAN PA CHI. TAIPEI AT J US 7 PA AT J US AT J 維多利亜1 KWO-JENG MARINE SERVICES LIMITED DAIWA MARINE INTERNATIONAL HONDURAS YUNG SHU 101 YUNG SHU 606 KWO-JENG MARINE SERVICES LIMITED HONDURAS CHI. TAIPEI HONDURAS YUNG YING 606 KWO-JENG MARINE SERVICE/ DAIWA MARINE WORLD CHI. TAIPEI 269 HONDURAS DAIWA MARINE INTERNATIONAL HONDURAS/CHI. TAIPEI,JAPAN 376 270 HONDURAS YUNG YU 102 Zhong Xin 1 377 271 Belize Zhong Xin 16 379 272 new 273 中信1 AT,PA IN J CT 中信16 PA CT AT Can 豪益202 GREEN BAY II 7 7 Ａ 7 7 7 CT 15 NOTES 1 1 Those vessels included on this list that have the same name, but for w hich other information provided is different (i.e. ow ner's name, ow ner's address, area) are show n as a separate entry. Hence, there could be some double entries. Vessels operating under charter or other arrangements are not included in this list, except the Philippines, but, given the temporary nature of such arrangements, these vessels should be closely monitored, and evaluated frequently by the Parties concerned. 2 Approved for Chinese Taipei re-registration program 3 Participant in scrapping program 4 Informed to ICCAT in 2001 as new ly built FOC vessel by Chinese Taipei. 5 Vessel operating under charter arrangements w ith Philippine companies. How ever, the Philippines commits itself not to renew their charter contracts after the end of 2002. Those vessels should not be subject to sanction measures until the end of their contracts or the end of 2002, w hichever comes first. 6 At the 2001 Commission meeting, Belize informed that these had been deleted from the registry or had expired or did not appear on the registry. 7 At the 2001 Commission meeting, Honduras informed that it had cancelled 255 vessel licenses as of Vovember 2001. How ever, the list of cancellations w as not compared to the list above. 8 These vessels are know n to have carried forged Indonesian registry documents 9 Vessels under South Af rican (SA) control and authority , which may be registered in SA. Upon receipt of such certif ication f rom South Af rica, these v essels will be deleted f rom the list. 10 During the 2002 Commission Meeting, representatives from the listed flag State assured the Commission that the vessel is under their license and control and that it does not fish in the Atlantic Ocean. 11 According to Seychelles, vessels flying the Seychelles flag are monitored by VMS and provide catch and effort data to the flag State. 12 St. Vincent and the Grenadines indicated in 2002 and 2003 that these v essels are properly regulated and report daily catch-ef f ort data and their geographical position is monitored on a daily basis Examples of Notes of the IUU List 11 According to Seychelles, vessels flying the Seychelles flag are monitored by VMS and provide catch and effort data to the flag State. 12 St. Vincent and the Grenadines indicated in 2002 and 2003 that these vessels are properly regulated and report daily catcheffort data and their geographical position is monitored on a daily basis 13 In the view of Vanuatu, the listing of these vessels should not be used as a basis for trade embargo. 14 Belize informed ICCAT in 2003 that these vessels are now properly regulated under its High Seas Fishing Act, and that Belize has undertaken to delete these vessels upon receipt of appropriate legal evidence to trigger de-registration under Belize legislation. 5. New Countermeasures - ICCAT, IOTC and IATTC adopted a new measure based on positive list - Japan started a new measure based on the positive list in November 2003 on a global basis --- only tunas caught by the LSTLVs on the positive lists are allowed to enter the Japanese market. 6. Newly Emerging Problems • Rapid increase of the number of large-scale purse seine vessels • Shifting of longline fishing with vessels less than 24m Number of Pure Seine Vessels of Major Fishing Members Registered to FFA Regional Register 70 Taiwan (including Taiwanese FOC) 60 Taiwanese FOC 50 Number of vessels 40 Taiwan Japan 30 Korea U.S.A. Philippine 20 10 0 2000 Sep. 2001 Sep. 2002 Aug. 2003 June (Data Source : FFA Regional Register List) Purse Seine Catches of Major Fishing Members in the western central Pacific (1,000MT) 500.0 Taiwan (including Taiwanese FOC) 450.0 400.0 Taiwanese FOC 1,000 metric tonnes 350.0 300.0 250.0 Taiwan Japan 200.0 Korea 150.0 Philippine 100.0 U. S. A. 50.0 0.0 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 ※ (Data Source : SPC YEAR BOOK 2002) Note : 2003 catches were estimated based upon the past fishing performances and vessel numbers. List of Taiwanese FOC Purse Seiners Table1. List of the Taiwanese FOC Purse Seiners Name Flag GRT Year of built Place of built KOO'S 101 Marshall 996.00 1990 Taiwan KOO'S 102 Marshall 996.00 1991 Taiwan KOO'S 103 Marshall 1,198.00 1992 Taiwan KOO'S 106 Marshall 1,096.00 1999 Taiwan KOO'S 107 Marshall 1,096.00 1999 Taiwan KOO'S 108 Marshall 1,099.00 2002 Taiwan FAIR CHAMPION 707 華満 707 Vanuatu 1,280.00 2003 Taiwan FAIR PIONEER 707 HUA FONG 華穏 707 Vanuatu 1,060.00 1999 Taiwan FAIR VICTORY 707 華勝 707 Vanuatu 1,280.00 FAIR WINNER 707 HUA FONG 華豊 707 Vanuatu 1,060.00 1998 Taiwan FONG SEONG 168 豊祥 168 Vanuatu 2,380.00 FONG SEONG 196 豊祥 196 Vanuatu 2,386.00 FONG SEONG 666 豊祥 666 Vanuatu 2,234.00 1999 Taiwan FONG SEONG 668 (建造中） Vanuatu 2,386.00 FONG SEONG 696 豊祥 696 Vanuatu 2,234.00 1999 Taiwan FONG SEONG 818 豊祥 818 Vanuatu 1,152.00 2002 Taiwan EASTERN MARINE 東方海洋 Vanuatu 1,099.00 1999 Taiwan EASTERN STAR (建造中） Vanuatu 2,386.00 ORIENTAL MARINE 遠東海洋 Vanuatu 1,099.00 1999 Taiwan TUNA CATCHER 鮪魚猟人 Vanuatu 1,099.00 TUNA QUEEN 鮪魚后 Vanuatu 1,099.00 HF 88 鴻福 88 Vanuatu 1,284.00 HSIANG FA 8 祥發 08 Vanuatu 1,284.00 HSIANG HAO 8 祥豪 08 Vanuatu 2,200.00 HSIANG SHENG 6 祥勝 06 Vanuatu 1,150.00 SHUN FA 8 順撥 08 Vanuatu 1,280.00 YUNG DA FA 168 永大撥 168 Vanuatu 1,152.00 YUNG DA FA 668 永大撥 668 Vanuatu 1,152.00 2002 Owner Address 栄星企業（股）公司 KOO'S FISHING COMPANY LIMITED 台北市復興北路 １６７号７棟之３ 華偉漁業（股）公司 Fair Well Fishery Co, LTD. 高雄市漁港南一路 15 号 4F 豊誠漁業（股）公司 Fong Cherng Fishery Co, LTD. 高雄市鼓山区濱海一路 69 号 豊国水産（股）公司 Fong Kuo Fishery Co, LTD. 高雄市前鎮区漁港東二 路三号（423 室） 鴻福漁業（股）公司 Hong Fu Fishery Co, LTD. 高雄市臨海一路 22 号 中信造船 高雄市前鎮區漁 港北一路 46 號? 錦輝漁業（股）公司 Jin Hui Ocean Enterprises 高雄市前鎮區漁 港東二路 3 號 316 室? Taiwan Increase of Taiwanese FOC Purse Seiners Sep-01 Name Aug-02 Flag GRT KOO'S 101 MH 996 KOO'S 102 MH 996 KOO'S 103 MH KOO'S 106 MH KOO'S 107 EASTERN MARINE Name Jun-03 Flag GRT KOO'S 101 MH 996 KOO'S 102 MH 996 1198 KOO'S 103 MH 1096 KOO'S 106 MH MH 1096 KOO'S 107 VU 1099 EASTERN MARINE FAIR CRYSTAL 707 VU 1060 FAIR WINNER 707 VU FONG SEONG 666 VU FONG SEONG 696 ORIENTAL MARINE Total 11 vessels Name Feb-04 Flag GRT KOO'S 101 MH 996 KOO'S 102 MH 996 1198 KOO'S 103 MH 1096 KOO'S 106 MH MH 1096 KOO'S 107 VU 1099 EASTERN MARINE FAIR CRYSTAL 707 VU 1060 1060 FAIR WINNER 707 VU 2234 FONG SEONG 666 VU VU 2234 FONG SEONG 696 VU 1099 ORIENTAL MARINE Name Flag GRT KOO'S 101 MH 996 KOO'S 102 MH 996 1198 KOO'S 103 MH 1198 1096 KOO'S 106 MH 1096 MH 1096 KOO'S 107 MH 1096 VU 1099 EASTERN MARINE VU 1099 FAIR PIONEER 707 ※ VU 1060 FAIR PIONEER VU 1060 1060 FAIR WINNER 707 VU 1060 FAIR WINNER 707 VU 1060 2234 FONG SEONG 666 VU 2234 FONG SEONG 666 VU 2234 VU 2234 FONG SEONG 696 VU 2234 FONG SEONG 696 VU 2234 VU 1099 ORIENTAL MARINE VU 1099 ORIENTAL MARINE VU 1099 FAIR VICTORY 707 VU 1280 FAIR VICTORY 707 VU 1280 FAIR VICTORY 707 VU 1280 HF 88 VU 1284 HF 88 VU 1284 HF 88 VU 1284 HSIANG FA 8 VU 1150 HSIANG FA 8 VU 1150 HSIANG FA 8 VU 1150 Total 14 vessels KOO'S 108 MH 1099 KOO'S 108 MH 1099 FAIR CHAMPION 707 VU 1280 FAIR CHAMPION 707 VU 1280 FONG SEONG 168 VU 2380 FONG SEONG 168 VU 2380 FONG SEONG 196 VU 2386 FONG SEONG 196 VU 2386 FONG SEONG 818 VU 1152 FONG SEONG 818 VU 1152 HSIANG HAO 8 VU 2200 HSIANG HAO 8 VU 2200 HSIANG SHENG 6 VU 1150 HSIANG SHENG 6 VU 1150 SHUN FA 8 VU 1150 SHUN FA 8 VU 1150 TUNA CATCHER VU 1099 TUNA CATCHER VU 1099 Total 23 vessels EASTERN STAR VU 2386 FONG SEONG 668 VU 2386 TUNA QUEEN VU 1099 YUNG DA FA 168 VU 1152 YUNG DA FA 668 VU 1152 Total 28 vessels 707 ※ FAIR CRYSTAL 707 was re-named FAIR PIONEER 707. Number of Longliners of Major Fishing Members Registered to FFA Regional Register 300 Taiwan (including Taiwane s e FOC) 250 Taiwane s e FOC Number of vessels Taiwan 200 Japan Kore a China 150 100 50 0 2000 Sep. 2001 Sep. 2002 Aug. 2003 June (Data Source : FFA Regional Register List) Conclusion • Measures focused on flag states including trade measure had a limited effectiveness. • Trade tracking and its resulting accumulation of information by market countries are an enormous task but it provides the most important fundamentals for creation of effective measures to combat IUU fishing. • Direct consultations with IUU vessel owners played an important role toward termination of the problem. Conclusion - continues • Measures based on positive list are effective but there may still continue tuna laundering and use of forged documents. • FOC/IUU fishing is a part of overcapacity. • All FOC flag states are developing states. • Even after elimination of IUU fishing, as far as developing states accept limitlessly registrations of foreign fishing vessels, overcapacity problem continues. Recommendations • IUU measures should be specific to each fishery and based on trade and other data for identification of real operators. • FAO should establish a global record of tuna fishing vessels, compiling the existing records of tuna fishing vessels of relevant RFMOs and RFMOs should cooperate with FAO in establishment of the record. • Developed states, parties and fishing entities should stop construction of new tuna fishing vessels except for those replacing the existing licensed vessels with equivalent fishing capacity whatever flag is used. Recommendations - continues • FAO should request RFMOs to establish, as a matter of priority, a system to transfer fishing capacity from developed states, parties and fishing entities to developing states smoothly. • A nation, party or fishing entity whose residents caused rapid expansion of fishing capacity in recent years should cut at least that expanded portion of fishing capacity. • RFMOs should develop market oriented measures for purse seine caught tuna. Countries importing purse seine caught tuna must play a vital role.