Transcript Survey of Basic Nutrient Groups for Farm Animals Randy Wiedmeier Livestock Specialist 417-256-2391 [email protected] Effects of Nutrition on Livestock Production: • Production/ Management Health Breeding Genetics Reproduction Nutrition • Product Behavior Composition • BioEnergetics Protein Mineral Metabolism Metabolism Vitamin Toxic Metabolism Compounds.

Survey of Basic Nutrient Groups for
Farm Animals
Randy Wiedmeier
Livestock Specialist
417-256-2391
[email protected]
Effects of Nutrition on
Livestock Production:
• Production/
Management
Health
Breeding
Genetics
Reproduction
Nutrition
• Product
Behavior
Composition
• BioEnergetics
Protein
Mineral
Metabolism
Metabolism
Vitamin
Toxic
Metabolism Compounds
Major Nutrient
Groups:
cbse-notes.blogspot.com
Water in Animal
Nutrition:
• Many times we forget that Water is
an Essential Nutrient.
• We also sometimes forget that
Water is one of the Limiting
Factors for livestock production in
the world.
• Nutrient required in
Most Abundance.
Water:
vwmin.org
Water:
webberenergyblog.wordpress.com
Water:
• 30 days without Food
• 3 days without Water
• 3 minutes without Air
Sources of Water for
Livestock
• Drinking Water
• Water Associated With the Diet(feed)
• Metabolic Water
Problems With Water
Regarding Livestock
Production
• Quantity Problems
• Distribution Problems
• Quality Problems
• Contamination Problems
• Competition Problems
• Conservation Problems
• Economic Problems
• Political Problems
Characteristics of
Water
buffonescience9.wikispaces.com
Characteristics of
Water
• Ideal Dispersing Medium
Excellent Solvent and Ionizing Agent
• High Specific Heat
Absorb Much
Heat Without Much of a Temperature
Change.
• High Latent Heat of Vaporization
Evaporative Cooling, Temperature
Regulation.
Bodily Functions of
Water
• Medium to support most biochemical reactions of
the body
• Participates in Hydrolysis Reactions (digestion)
• Cushioning
• Lubrication
• Transport and Distribution
• Dilution
Detoxification and Excretion
• Temperature Regulation
• Conduction
Sound(hearing), Light(sight)
• The Most Important Essential Nutrient!
Factors Affecting
Water Requirements:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Species: Cattle versus Horses versus Sheep
Climate
Body Tissue Gain
Pregnancy
Lactation
Physical Exertion
Health Issues
Composition of the Diet
Estimating Water
Requirements:
• 3.0 lbs. Water per lb. DM Intake
• Example: 1200 lb. Beef Cow; Dry Matter Intake,
2% of Body Weight; Consuming Hay.
• Approximately how much water will the cow
require per day?
• 1200 x .02 (2%) = 24 lbs. DM/day
• 24 lbs. DM x 3.0 lbs. Water/ lb. DM = 72 lbs.
water
• 72 lbs. Water x 8.3 lbs. Water/ Gallon = 8.7
Gallons of Water/cow/day.
Estimating Water
Requirements
Body
DM intake
Species
Weight, lbs.
% body weight
Beef cows, dry
1200
2.0
3.0
+1.0
---
---
Beef cows, lactating
1200
2.5
3.0
+1.0
+1.0
+1.5
Beef yearlings
800
2.5
3.0
+1.0
---
---
Beef feedlot
900
3.0
3.0
+1.0
---
---
Dairy cows
1400
3.5
3.0
+1.0
+1.5
+2.0
Horses
1100
2.0
2.8
+1.0
+1.0
+1.5
Sheep and Goats
150
4.0
2.5
+1.0
+.50
+1.0
Swine
300
3.5
3.0
+1.5
+.50
+1.0
Turkeys
25
4.5
2.5
+1.0
---
---
Chickens
5
5.0
2.5
+1.0
---
---
Water:DM
Ratio
Hot weather
lactation
lactation
adjustment
adjustment
medium
adjustment
high
Estimating Water
Requirements
• Example Calculations:
• 1200 lb. Beef Cows, Medium Milk Production, Temperate
Climate.
• 1200 x .02 (2.5%) = 30 lbs. DM Intake/cow/day
• 30 lbs. DM x 4.0 lbs. water(3.0 +1.0)/lb. DM Intake = 120
lbs. water/cow/day.
• 120 lbs. water ÷ 8.3 lbs./gallon = 14.5 gallons/cow/day
• Of course this does not include
drinking water for her calf.
• Nor does it consider water she
may obtain from her diet.
Estimating Water
Requirements:
• In the example of the Lactating Beef Cow above, if she was
consuming Dry Feed like Hay, she would probably require
about 14.5 gallons of Drinking Water/day.
• However if she was Grazing Succulent Pasture Forage
that contained 25% Dry Matter and 75% Water, much
of her water requirement would come from the Pasture
Forage.
• 30 lbs. DM/day ÷ .25(25% DM) = 120 lbs. Pasture Forage
• 120 lbs. Pasture Forage – 30 lbs. DM = 90 lbs. of Water
from the Pasture Forage or (90 ÷ 8.3) 10.8 gallons of
Water from the Diet.
• 14.5 – 10.8 = 3.7 gallons of Drinking Water/day
Estimating Water
Requirements
• Example Calculation:
•
•
•
•
1500 lb. lactating dairy cow, high production, hot weather
1500 x .035 = 52.5 lbs. DM/cow/day
52.5 lbs. DM x 6.0 (3.0+1.0+2.0) = 315 lbs. water/day
315 lbs. water ÷ 8.3 lbs/gallon = 37.9 gallons
water/cow/day.
Estimating Water
Requirements
• Example Calculation:
• 1000, 20 lb. Turkeys, Temperate Climate
• 20.0 lbs. x .045 (4.5%) = .9 lbs. DM/bird/day
• .9 lbs. DM x 2.5 lbs. Water/lb. DM = 2.25 lbs.
Water/bird/day
• 2.25 lbs. Water ÷ 8.3 lbs./gallon = .27 gallons/bird/day
• .27 gallons/bird/day x 1000 birds = 271 gallons/day
Water Quality;
• Poor Water Quality
Reduced Water
Intake
Reduced Water Intake
Reduced Performance and Increased Health
Problems.
Water Quality:
• Soil, Debris, Fecal, Urine Contamination
• Contamination with Dissolved Solids (Salts)
Sulfate Salts are most detrimental.
• These factors have a Negative Impact on
Palatability of the Water.
• Contamination with Nitrates, Flourine, and
Heavy Metal Salts may not affect palatability
but are extremely Toxic.
• Poultry farm animals most susceptible to water
quality.
• Ruminants farm animals least susceptible to
water quality.
Water Quality:
• Water containing 1000 mg salts/liter safe for
all farm animals.
• Water containing 1000-5000 mg salts/liter
safe for most farm animals. May cause temporary
watery feces in poultry.
• Water containing 5000-7000 mg salts/liter
safe for all farm animals except poultry.
• Water containing > 7000 mg salts/liter not
safe for poultry or swine and should be avoided
in lactating farm animals as well as rapidly
growing animals.
• Cattle can tolerate levels as high as 1500017000 mg salts/liter but production will suffer.
Water Quality:
• The following are the effects of
supplying high-quality well water
to cow-calf pairs previously drinking
water from High-Sulfur Surface
Water:
drinking highsulfur
drinking highquality
Item
Surface water
Well water
Calf weaning wt,
lbs
450
487
Calf weaning %
83
91
Analyzing Feeds for Water
(Moisture) Content:
• Although there are chemical tests for the water (moisture)
content of animal feeds, the most common method is
simply to Evaporate the Water from the Feed Sample in
an Oven and compare the Weight of the Sample before
and after drying.
• For Air-Dried Feed Samples such as Hays or Grains, Oven
Temperature is 100˚C for 24 hours.
• For High-Moisture Feed Samples such as Haylages and
Silages, Oven Temperature is 60˚C for 72 hours.
directindustry.com
richardjonesfurniture.com
Water/Dry Matter
Calculations:
• If it’s not Water, it’s Dry Matter!
Feed
sample
Initial Sample
Weight, grams
Final Sample
Weight, grams
% Dry Matter
% Moisture
(water)
Alfalfa Hay
2.14
1.96
91.59
8.41
Alfalfa Silage
10.67
3.46
32.44
67.56
Alfalfa Haylage
10.13
5.19
51.23
48.77
Alfalfa Fresh
10.92
2.56
23.44
76.56
• Alfalfa Hay: (1.96 ÷ 2.14) X 100 = 91.59% Dry Matter
100 – 91.59 = 8.41% Water
• Alfalfa Haylage:(5.19 ÷ 10.13) X 100 = 51.23% Dry Matter
100 – 51.23 = 48.77% Water
Carbohydrates in
Animal Nutrition:
• Most Abundant Organic Molecules on earth.
• Major function in most farm animals is an
Energy Source (metabolic fuel).
• Energy Storage (glycogen)
• Component of Mucous (mucopolysaccharides)
• Component of Cartilage (chondroitin)
• Component of Nucleic Acids (RNA, DNA)
• Component of Cell Membrane Receptors
• Protection (mannan oligosaccharide)
• Carbon Donors in Biosynthetic Pathways
Carbohydrates:
• Over half of the Sunlight that hits this planet
each day and is used for Biosynthetic Purposes is
used for the Synthesis of Carbohydrates.
• Besides their function in the physiology and
anatomy of animals, Carbohydrates serve many
other useful functions: Cotton, Wood.
Carbohydrate Classification
and Terminology
• Carbohydrates are composed of Carbon,
Hydrogen, and Oxygen.
askiitians.com
Carbohydrate Classification
and Terminology
•
Carbohydrates
• Nonfiberous
• Utilized by animals and
microorganisms:
Sugars
Starches
Fiberous
Utilized only microorganisms:
Neutral Detergent Fiber
Cellulose
Hemicellulose
High-Carbohydrate
Feeds:
•
80%+ Carbohydrate
Low-Fiber Feeds
High-Fiber Feeds
Routine Analysis of Feeds
for Carbohydrates:
•
Neutral Detergent Extraction
Neutral Detergent Solubles
Sugars
Starches
Soluble Fiber
Neutral Detergent Fiber
(NDF)
Cellulose
Hemicellulose
Lignin
dairylandlabs.net
Routine Analysis of Feeds for
Carbohydrates:
Acid Detergent Extraction
Acid Detergent Solubles
Sugars
Starches
Soluble Fiber
Hemicellulose
dairylandlabs.net
Acid Detergent Fiber
(ADF)
Cellulose
Lignin
Effect of Forage Maturity and
NDF Levels on Available
Energy
joe.org
Estimating Forage Energy From
NDF Levels:
Using NDF and ADF to
Estimate Forage Intake and
Energy
• Relative Feed Value (RFV)
• Dry Matter Intake =120 ÷ NDF, %DM
• Dry Matter Digestibility =
88.9 – (.779 x ADF, %DM)
• Example:
Hay
NDF, %DM
ADF, %DM
Tall Fescue 1
64.00
31.00
Tall Fescue 2
73.00
42.00
Calculating Relative Forage
Value (RFV)
• Tall Fescue Hay 1:
DM Intake = 120 ÷ 64.00 = 1.88%
This means 1.88% of body weight
DM Digestibility =
88.9 – (.779 x 31.00) = 64.75%
• RFV = (DM Intake x DM Digestibility) ÷ 1.29
• RFV = (1.88 x 64.75) ÷ 1.29 = 94.4
Calculating Relative Feed
Value (RFV)
• Tall Fescue Hay 2:
DM Intake = 120 ÷ 73.00 = 1.64%
DM Digestibility =
88.9 – (.779 x 42.00) = 56.18%
• RFV = (1.64 x 56.18) ÷ 1.29 = 71.4
Relative Forage Value, What
Does It Mean?
• Full Bloom Alfalfa Hay is considered
to have a RFV of 100.
• Both of the Tall Fescue Hays are of
low feed value (94.4, 71.4)
• Tall Fescue Hay 1 is of higher feed
value than Tall Fescue Hay 2.
• RFV should be used to compare
forages within species, not between
species, i.e., legume versus grasses
Other Energy Equations I Have
Found Useful:
• For Legumes:
• %TDNm=86.2 – (.513 x NDF,%DM)
• %TDNm=84.2 – (.598 x ADF,%DM)
• For Grasses:
• %TDNm=105.2 – (.667 x NDF,%DM)
• %TDNm=97.6 – (.974 x ADF,%DM)
• It is important to use different
equations for legumes and grasses
Example Calculations:
Hay
NDF, %DM
ADF, %DM
Alfalfa
47.00
36.00
Grass
67.00
40.00
Alfalfa:
TDNm = 86.2 – (.513 x 47.00) = 62.09%
Grass:
TDNm = 105.2 – (.667 x 67.00) = 60.51%
Calculate the TDNm of Alafalfa using the Grass Equation: myhorseuniversity.com
TDNm = 105.2 – (.667 x 47.00) = 73.85% See the Problem!
The NDF and ADF of Legumes and Grasses are not Equivalant
Relative Forage Quality (RFQ):
• Like the RFV Index, the RFQ Index is based on
values Relative to 100.
• RFQ uses separate equations for legume and
grass forages.
• RFQ requires more extensive laboratory analysis
than RFV: Crude Protein, Crude Fat, Total Ash,
and an In Vitro Digestion of NDF in addition to
ADF and NDF.
• Most studies show that RFQ more accurately
indexes grass and legume forages compared to
the RFV system.
Crude Carbohydrate Analysis
of Forages
100 – (crude protein + crude fat + ash + NDF) = Soluble Carbohydrates
12%
3%
5% 70%
10%
sugars
starches
urses.ecampus.oregonstate.edu
soluble fiber
pectin
β-glucans
NDF (70%) – ADF (50%) = 20% Hemicellulose
ADF (50%) – AD Lignin (7%) = 43% Cellulose
If ADF contains Crude Protein it is an indication that the forage has been
Heat Damaged. Crude Protein associated with ADF is considered
Unavailable Protein. This test is called the Acid Detergent Insoluble
Nitrogen (ADIN). It tells how much of the total protein is available.
More Precise Analysis of
Carbohydrate Content of Feeds
• Chromatography:
Proteins in Animal
Nutrition:
• Although the major component of animal tissues is Water
(70 to 90%), on a dry weight basis most tissues are
composed of Protein.
• High-Quality Proteins are the Major Products of Animal
Agriculture: Meat, Dairy Products, Eggs, Wool, Leather.
• Physiological Reactions and Processes within the body of
animals are Controlled by Enzymes and Hormones.
Enzymes and many Proteins are Proteins: Digestive
Enzymes, Insulin.
• The Antibodies of humeral immunity that Protect animals
from diseases are Proteins.
• Blood Proteins provided major contributions to Body Fluid
and pH Balance.
Proteins:
•
•
•
•
•
Body Proteins are important in Transporting some
substance throughout the body: Hemoglobin (oxygen),
Ceruloplasmin (copper).
Body Proteins can be used as an Energy Source.
The Body Proteins of Muscle are arranged so they can
contact and thus function in Locomotion.
Cellular Membrane Proteins Move Substances Into and
Out of Cells and Trigger Communication Responses in
cells.
Hair is composed of Protein and serves as Insulation and
for Protection.
Protein Classification and
Terminology:
• Proteins are composed of Carbon, Oxygen,
Hydrogen, Nitrogen, and Sulfur.
• Proteins are constructed of Amino Acids
chemically bonded together in various
sequences:
Protein Classification and
Terminology:
Protein Classification and
Terminology:
boundless.com
Protein Classification and
Terminology:
boundless.com
Protein Classification and
Terminology:
• Genetic Code
determines Amino Acid
Sequence
determines Protein Structure
determines Protein Function.
shutterstock.com
alevelnotes.com
Crude Protein:
• Devised in 1800s by Swedish Chemist Johan Kjeldahl.
• Assumed most Nitrogen in feeds was associated with
Proteins, this is called Kjeldahl Nitrogen.
• Assumes most Proteins are 16% Nitrogen.
• Total Nitrogen content of a feed sample was determined by
acid digestion.
• Total (Kjeldahl) Nitrogen x 6.25 (100 ÷ 16)=Crude Protein
• Rapid, Repeatable, Inexpensive.
• Had to use hazardous chemicals(concentrated sulfuric acid)
• Revealed no information on Amino Acid Profiles of Protein
• Still in wide use today for Buying/Selling feed
commodities and for Predicting Animal Performance
elp.com
Crude Protein:
shionogi-ac.co.jp
Crude Protein:
Feed
% Kjeldahl Nitrogen
Crude Protein, % of DM
Alfalfa Hay, vegetative
3.68
23.0
Alfalfa Hay, mid-bloom
2.88
18.0
Alfalfa Hay, mature
2.08
13.0
Grass Hay, vegetative
2.88
18.0
Grass Hay, mid-bloom
1.92
12.0
Grass Hay, mature
1.28
8.0
Wheat Straw
.64
4.0
Corn Grain
1.44
9.0
Barley Grain
1.92
12.0
Soybean Meal
7.84
49.0
Cottonseed Meal
7.36
46.0
Corn Distillers Dried Grains
4.80
30.0
Heat Damaged Crude Protein:
• The Heating of Feeds will Damage the Crude Protein
and render a portion Unavailable.
• Heating can be the result of Processing Heat (Drying) or
from Internally Produced Heat due to Microbial Growth
when feeds are stored at too high a Moisture Content
with Oxygen Present (> 15% Moisture).
• The Amount of Crude Protein Damage depends on
Temperature and the Amount of Time spent at
temperature.
• The Heating promotes a Permanent Reaction between
Amino Acids (Lysine) and Free Sugars in the feed,
forming a substance that reacts similar to Lignin,
sometimes the reaction is called Lignification, but is also
known as the Maillard Reaction.
• Since feeds generally turn Brown in Color it is sometimes
called the Browning Reactions.
Heat Damaged Crude Protein:
• As you might suspect, since Heat Damage of Feed Proteins
produces a substance similar to Lignin, both the Neutral
Detergent Fiber (NDF) and Acid Detergent Fiber (ADF) of
Heat Damaged Feeds are Increased.
• Normally the Crude Protein Content of NDF and ADF is
Extremely Low. However if there has been Heat Damage
to the Crude Protein of a Feed, the Crude Protein
Content of NDF and ADF can be Substantial.
• If heat damage is suspected in a feed, a Crude Protein
Analysis is conducted on either the NDF or ADF, which is
termed Neutral Detergent Insoluble Nitrogen (NDIN)
or Acid Detergent Insoluble Nitrogen (ADIN).
• Both NDIN and ADIN is considered to be unavailable to
Farm Animal to meet their crude protein requirements and
is thus called Unavailable Crude Protein.
Heat Damaged Crude Protein:
• Example of the Effect of Heat Damage on the Available
Crude Protein Content of Alfalfa Hay:
Hay
Total Crude
Protein, %
of DM
NDF, % of
DM
NDIN, % of
NDF
NDF-Crude
Protein, %
of NDF
Available
Crude
Protein, %
Alfalfa 1
21.22
45.00
.12
.75
20.99
Alfalfa 2
21.04
49.81
1.03
6.43
17.83
• Sample Calculations:
•
21.22 - (.45 X .75) = 20.99
•
21.04 – (.4981 X 6.43) = 17.83
• It’s also important to note that not only is the Availability of
Crude Protein reduced in Hay 2, but due to the increase in
NDF Content, Available Energy is also Reduced.
Heat Damaged Crude Protein:
depi.vic.gov.au
thebeefsite.com
wmufradio.com
Protein Quality:
• Protein Digestibility
• How Well the Amino Acid Profiles of the Protein
Supply the Amino Acid Requirements of the Animal
• Biological Value (BV).
•
N Intake – (fecal N-urinary N)
N Intake – fecal N
X 100
• Percent of the Absorbed Nitrogen that is Retained
Protein Quality:
Determining the Amino Acid
Profile of Proteins:
• Chromatography:
bbs.biogo.net
Ruminant Protein
Utilization:
• In Ruminant Animals Dietary Protein First Encounter the
Microorganisms Housed in the Rumen.
•
Dietary Protein
Degraded by Microorganisms
Reassembled into Microbial
Protein
Not Affected by Microorganisms
Escape or Bypass Protein
Small Intestine
Digested, Amino Acids
Absorbed
Ruminant Protein
Utilization:
• Rumen Degradable Protein (RDP) also term Degradable
Intake Protein (DIP)
• Rumen Undegradable Protein (RUP) also termed
Undegradable Intake Protein (UIP)
• Animal Feeds vary in the amount of protein that is RDP/DIP
and RUP/UIP depending on Species, Maturity,
Harvesting Method, and Storage.
myhorseuniversity.com
colostate.edu
agresearchmag.ars.us
Ruminant Protein Utilization:
Feed
Crude Protein, %DM
RDP/DIP, % of CP
RUP/UIP, % of CP
Alfalfa Hay, early
21.70
86.00
14.00
Alfalfa Hay, mid
17.00
82.00
18.00
Alfalfa Silage
17.00
91.00
9.00
Fescue Hay, early
15.00
82.00
18.00
Fescue Hay, mid
10.20
71.00
29.00
Fescue Hay, late
9.10
67.00
33.00
Corn Grain
9.80
43.04
56.96
Barley Grain
13.20
66.93
33.07
Oat Grain
13.60
83.00
17.00
Soybean Meal
49.90
80.00
20.00
Corn distillers dried grains
29.50
27.19
72.81
Cottonseed Meal
46.10
57.00
43.00
Ruminant Protein Utilization:
Dietary Crude Protein
True Protein
RUP
NonProtein Nitrogen(NPN)
Urea
RDP
Microbial Protein
Small Intestine
• The ability of Ruminant Animals to Convert
NonProtein Nitrogen to Microbial Protein is an
Advantage
Ruminant Protein Utilization:
courses.ecampus.oregonstate.edu
Lipids (Fats) in Animal
Nutrition:
• Dense Energy Reserve (Fat Stores). What do you think
you would weigh if your body energy storage was in the form
of carbohydrate instead of fat?
• Many Hormones are lipids (steroids)
• Many Vitamins are lipids (vitamin A,D,E,K)
• Subcutaneous Fat layers Insulate animals against cold
weather.
• Internal Fat Cushions and Protects internal organs.
• The Lipid Content of most Animal Produced Foods is often
associated with High Palatability.
• Lipids are the primary Structural Constituent of all cellular
membranes.
• Lipid serve as Chemo-Electrical Insulators in neural
tissues.
Examples of Structural
Function of Lipids:
uic.edu
Lipid Classification and
Terminology:
•
Lipids
•
•
Fatty Acids
Saturated
Glycerides
Unsaturated
Nonglyceride Lipids
Waxes
Sphingolipids
Steroids
Neutral
Glycerides
PhospoGlycerides
Complex Lipids
Lipoproteins Glycolipids
Lipid Classification and
Terminology:
• Fatty Acids are composed of Carbon, Oxygen, and
Hydrogen.
• The Carbon:Oxygen Ratio is much higher Fatty Acids
compared to Carbohydrates.
commons.wikimedia.org
slideshare.net
Lipid Classification and
Terminology:
• Volatile Fatty Acids, products of Microbial Fermentation
including fermentation in the Rumen and Cecum/Colon of
farm animals.
vivo.colostate.edu
• These fatty acids are the main Energy Source of ruminant
farm animals and a major energy source for animals like
horses and rabbits consuming forage-based diets.
Lipid Classification and
Terminology:
• Saturated Fatty Acids, Unsaturated Fatty Acids,
Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids:
chemistry.stackexchange.com
• The more points of unsaturation the lower the melting
point, the more liquid it is at room temperature.
• Compared to Fatty Acids of Animal Origin, those of Plant
Origin are Much Higher in Polyunsaturated Fatty
Acids.
Lipid Classification and
Terminology:
• Trans versus Cis Fatty Acids. Have you heard the term
Trans Fats on the news?
chemistry.stackexchange.com
• Doesn’t look like much of a difference but Trans Fatty
Acids have been shown to have Negative Health
Implications for human.
• Main source is Partially Hydrogenated Vegetable Oils.
Lipid Classification and
Terminology:
google.com
Lipid Classification and
Terminology:
• Have You ever heard the term Omega-3 Fatty Acids?
• You’ve probably heard that they are Good for You, that
they are High in Fish Oil, and that we are trying to
increase their content in Animal Agriculture Products
like Eggs, Milk, and Meat.
chemistry.stackexchange.com
Lipid Classification and
Terminology:
google.com
Lipid Classification and
Terminology:
• Have you ever heard of Conjugated Linoleic Acid (CLA)?
• CLA is a Fatty Acid that exhibits a number of Health
Benefits like Anti-Tumor Effects, Increasing Protein
Deposition, and Decreasing Fat Deposition.
• Meat and Milk produced by Ruminant Animals Grazing
Pastures without Grain Supplementation is High in CLA.
modernherbalmedicine.com
Lipid Classification and
Terminology:
• Have you ever heard the term Prostaglandins.
• Those of you that have been involved with Estrus
Synchronization in Farm Animals have probably heard of
Lutalyse, which is Prostaglandin F2α. There are many
Prostaglandins that have many different functions in farm
animals.
• Prostaglandins are 20-carbon Fatty Acids.
commons.wikimedia.com
chegg.com
valleyvet.com
Lipid Classification and
Terminology:
• Essential Fatty Acids: must be in the Diet because they
Cannot Be Synthesized in the Body.
• This is a problem that is often overlooked in People and
Animal on Low-Fat Diets.
• Most farm animals can synthesize Oleic Acid but not
Linoleic or Linoleic Acid, which are Essential and must
be provided in the diet.
• This is especially important in NonRuminant Animals.
brary.med.utah.edu
Linoleic Acid
Linolenic Acid
omega3sealoil.homestead.com
Lipid Classification and
Terminology:
• Essential Fatty Acid Deficiencies are generally exhibited as
Dermatitis but there can be many other problems:
sweatandbutterjournal.com
Lipid Classification and
Terminology:
• What is the difference between Fatty Acids, Fats, and
Oils?
• Shorter Fatty Acids like Acetate, Propionate, and Butyrate
will diffuse into the air at room temperature and are thus
called Volatile Fatty Acids. Butyrate smells pretty bad.
• Fats and Oils are termed Glycerides.
• Fats are Solid at Room Temperature
• Oils are Liquid at Room Temperature
• Fats contain a high proportion of Saturated Fatty Acids
• Oils contain a high proportion of Unsaturated Fatty
Acids.
• Fats are usually associated with Animal Products.
• Oils are usually associated with Plant Products.
Lipid Classification and
Terminology:
Lipid Classification and
Terminology:
•
As the size (length) of Fatty Acids Increases, the Melting
Point Increases.
• As the degree of Unsaturation Increases, the Melting
Point Decreases.
google.com
Lipid Classification and
Terminology:
• The Unsaturated and Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in
the diet of animals are Partially Saturated by one of two
methods:
Animal’s Own Metabolism
Ruminal Environment
Lipid Classification and
Terminology:
• Changes in Fatty Acid Profiles in the Rumen.
Fatty Acid
% of fatty acids in
feed
% of fatty acids in
digesta
C14:0
.9
1.6
C14:1
.8
0
C15:0
.8
2.3
C16:0
33.9
30.0
C16:1
1.2
0
C17:0
0
2.4
C18:0
3.8
41.4
C18:1
3.0
7.0
C18:2
24.0
3.9
C18:3
31.0
6.0
Lipid Classification and
Terminology:
• Changes in Fatty Acid Profiles in the Rumen:
Fatty Acid
% of fatty acids in feed
% of fatty acids in
digesta
C14:0 Branched Chain
0
.6
C15:0 Branched Chain
0
2.5
C16:0 Branched Chain
0
1.0
• The Rumen Environment Increased Saturated Fatty
Acids compared to the Diet.
• The Rumen Environment Increased Odd-Carbon Fatty
Acids (C15, C17) compared to diet.
• The Rumen Environment Increased Branched Chain
Fatty Acids compared to the diet.
Lipid Classification and
Terminology:
• What is the significance of these Ruminal Alterations in
Fatty Acid Profiles?
• Ruminant Tissues and Products exhibit Higher
Concentrations of Saturated Fatty Acids compared to
other animals.
• Odd Carbon Fatty Acids are the only fatty acids that
Yield Glucose when oxidized, badly needed by
carbohydrate starved ruminants.
• Branched Chain Fatty Acids improve the Integrity of
Cellular Membranes.
• Both Odd Carbon and Branched Chain Fatty Acid help give
Ruminant Tissues and Products Their Distinctive Flavors.
Lipid Classification and
Terminology:
•
Glycerides:
• Monoglycerides:
• Diglycerides:
• Triglycerides:
Fats or Oils?
user.rcn.com
indiana.edu
Lipid Classification and
Terminology, Fats and Oils
• Why do we Add Fats and Oils to the Diets of Farm
Animals?
Item
Grass Hay
Ground Corn
Fat/Oil Blend
NEm, Mcal/lb. DM
.52
.98
2.85
NEg, Mcal/lb. DM
.16
.65
2.30
NEm:NEg Ratio
3.25
1.51
1.24
• Adding Fats and Oils to Animal Diets also Reduces
Dustiness of Highly Processed Feeds.
• What would be a problem regarding adding Fat versus
Oils to Animal Diets?
Lipid Classification and
Terminology, Fats and Oils:
Problems associated with adding High
Levels of Fats and Oils to Animal Diets
• Too high a level of Unsaturated Oils to the diet of swine
can result in a problem called Soft Pork.
• Can you imagine the problems Humans would have if their
Adipose Tissue was totally Unsaturated?
• Adding high levels of Oils to High-Forage Diets fed to
ruminants will reduce Fiber Utilization.
• High levels of Trans Fatty Acids in the diet of Dairy Cows
will Markedly Reduce Milk Butterfat.
• Although adding Moderate Levels of Fats/Oils to animal
diets can Improve Palatability, adding High Levels can
Reduce Palatability.
Lipid Classification and
Terminology:
• For many years Trans-Fats have had negative
connotations for human health.
• High Trans-Fat consumption by humans has been linked to
Increased Atherosclerosis Plaques in the circulatory
system.
• The Major Source of Trans-Fats in human diets is
Partially Hydrogenated Vegetable Oils.
• Chemical Hydrogenation of vegetable oils functions to
Increase the Melting Point of the oils so they are Solid
at Room Temperature for human foods.
• Recently (June, 2015) the Food and Drug Administration
Rescinded the GRAS (generally recognized as safe) status
of Partially Hydrogenated Vegetable Oils added to Human
Foods but does not apply to Animal Feeds.
Lipid Classification and
Terminology:
nutritionnibbles.com
doctorstrizhak.com
Lipid Classification and
Terminology:
• Human Food Manufacturers will have until June 2018 to
completely eliminate Partially Hydrogenated Vegetable Oils
from Foods.
• This will allow the industry to increase the production of
High-Oleic Soybean Oil.
• Oleic Acid has a Higher Melting Point than
Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and would thus have better
application in human food production.
• In addition Oleic Acid may have Beneficial Effects on
human health.
soyconnection.com
joshmitteldorf.scienceblog.com
Lipid Classification and
Terminology, Fats and Oils:
• In NonRuminant Farm Animals like Swine and Poultry,
feeding High Levels of Polyunsaturated Oils can affect
the Fats in Their Tissues:
nationalhogfarmer.com
thepigsite.com
Lipid Classification and
Terminology, Phospholipids:
• One of the main functions of Phospholipids is as
Components of Cellular Membranes:
fa.wikipedia.org
chemistry.tutorvista.com
Lipid Classification and
Terminology, Steroids:
Most Steroids have Regulatory Functions in the bodies of
farm animals.
google.com
estrellamountain.edu
Lipid Classification and
Terminology, Waxes
• Waxes are mainly associated with Forages and Grains
and serve Protective Functions.
• Most farm animals have difficulty digesting waxes so they
are usually considered Non-Nutritive Fats.
• Of course animals do synthesize some types of wax.
whalesongs.org
ehow.com
uwplatt.edu
Lipid Classification and
Terminology, Lipoproteins:
• Lipoproteins are complex chemical structures in plants
and animals usually functioning for Transport of Lipids in
aqueous solutions like Blood and Lymph.
• Lipoprotein in the Blood of Humans is used to Gauge
Health Status.
biochema-medica.com
Lipid Classification and
Terminology, Glycolipids:
• The lipids in seeds are mainly Triglycerides, the majority
of lipids in the Leaves and Stems of Plants are
Glycolipids:
Routine Analysis of Feeds for
Lipid Content:
• Ether Extract or Crude Fat
• Lipids are Not Soluble in Water but Are Soluble in
Ether.
• The Difference in Weight of a sample of feed Before and
After Extraction with Ether is termed Ether Extract or
Crude Fat.
Routine Analysis of Feeds for
Lipid Content:
• As the term implies, this is a Crude Analysis. It reveals
nothing regarding Non-Nutritive Lipids or the Fatty
Acid Profiles of lipids in the feed.
More Precise Analysis of Feeds
for Lipid Characteristics:
• Chromatography
Minerals in Animal
Nutrition:
catalog.flatworldknowledge.com
Major Functions of Minerals
in Animal Nutritions:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Structural Function: Bones and Joints
Repair and Maintenance of Tissues
Energy Production and Transfer
Acid-Base Balance
Neuro-Muscular Function: ion balance and exchange
Hormone and Enzyme Regulation
Constituents of Hormones and Enzymes
Constituents of Some Proteins and Lipids
Toxin Elimination
The Macro-Minerals in
Animal Nutrition:
• Calcium:
Functions of Calcium in
Farm Animals:
• 99% of body calcium is in the Bones and Teeth
• 65% of Bone is Mineral, 35% is Organic Tissue
• 1% of body calcium is in Soft Tissues, Mainly Blood
Free ionic calcium
Associated with anions, i.e., carbonates
Bound to proteins
• Activator of many Enzymes, i.e., Lipase
• Required for Blood Clotting Mechanism
• Required for Vasodilation and Vasoconstiction
• Required for the Secretion of some Hormones, i.e.,
Insulin
• Required for Mitosis
• Required for Muscle Cell Contraction/Relaxation
The Calcium Associated with
Bone:
• Calcium (and Phosphorus) of Bone is in the form of a
molecule called Hydroxyapatite.
• The Hydroxyapatite is Deposited on the Organic Matrix of
bone called Osteoid, which is composed of Glucoproteins.
• We sometimes forget that bone is Living Tissue composed
of specialized cells: Osteocytes, Osteoblasts,
Osteoclasts, and others.
• These cells are under strict Hormonal Control.
slideshare.net
slideshare.net
Hormonal Control of Bone
Cells is Quite Complex!
Hormones.gr
Functions of Calcium in Farm
Animals:
• Concentration of Calcium in the Blood is tightly controlled
at 9.0 to 10.5 mg/dL
• Calcium is the Most Abundant Mineral in the body.
okinawa-coral.com
chemwiki.ucdavis.edu
garrettmclaughlin.com
electrolyte
extracellular, meq/liter
Intracellular, meq/liter
Sodium
142
10
Potassium
5
160
Calcium
5
--
Magnesium
2
26
Regulation of Calcium
Metabolism:
• Calcium-Phosphorus-Vitamin D (ergocalciferol)
myfamilyhealth.com
Sources of Calcium for Farm
Animals:
Feed
Calcium, % of DM
Corn grain
.05
Grass Hay
.50
Alfalfa Hay
1.50
Wheat Middlings
.16
Dried Whey
.80
Soybean Meal
.32
Meat and Bone Meal
10.0
Corn Distillers Dried Grains
.20
Ground Limestone
34.0
Dicalcium Phosphate
22.0
Calcium Deficiency:
• Insufficient Dietary Calcium
• Improper Dietary Calcium : Phosphorus Ratio
• Insufficient Vitamin D or Sunshine
Item
Calcium, % DM
Phosphorus, % DM
Ca : P
Diet 1
.60
.25
2.40
Diet 2
1.50
.25
6.0
Diet 3
.25
.50
.50
Diet 4
.60
.60
1.00
Diet 5
1.25
.45
2.80
Requirement
.40
.25
1.60
Calcium Deficiency:
• Rickets
• Osteoporosis
• Osteomalacia
pinstopin.com
pinstopin.com
Calcium Deficiency, Milk
Fever, Periparturient Paresis:
• Usually occurs in High-Producing Dairy Cows
• Due to animals physiology not being able to respond to
Low Blood Calcium.
• Often associated with Too High Calcium and Potassium
Intake Prior to Calving.
• Also often associated with an Improper Dietary CationAnion Difference (DCAD).
• A Negative DCAD is recommended for Close-Up Dairy
Cows.
Calcium Deficiency, Milk
Fever, Periparturient Paresis:
• The Equation Above is the most Accurate. However it is
complicated by the various Valence States of the Minerals
• A Simplified Equation is often used in the field:
• (%K÷.039)+(%Na÷.023)–(%Cl÷.0355)+(%S÷.016)=
DCAD meq/100g DM
K, % of DM
Na, % of DM
Cl, % of DM
S, % of DM
DCAD
1.25
0.10
0.25
0.18
24.3
0.65
0.05
0.30
0.30
-8.4
• It is suggested that Lactating Cow Diet have a DCAD of
+25 to +30 meq/100g DM.
• Close-Up Cow Diets should have a DCAD of -8 to -12
meq/100g DM.
Calcium Deficiency, Milk Fever
Calcium Deficiency,
Antagonists:
• Oxalates bind Calcium, interferes with its Absorption:
pinterest.com
Halogeton
Alfalfa
horsedvm.com
standleeforage.com
greatplainslab.com
Calcium Deficiency,
Antagonisms:
• Very High Levels of Other Minerals in the diet
can Interfere with Calcium Metabolism.
• Very High Levels of Calcium in the Diet can
interfere with the Metabolism of Other
Minerals.
lifezone.com
Analyzing Feeds for Calcium
Content:
• Flame Emission Spectrophotometry:
etslab.com
• Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry:
resumehi.net
Analyzing Feeds for Calcium
Content:
• Inductively Coupled Plasma Elemental Analysis
loringlabs.net
Macro-Minerals in Animal
Nutrition:
• Phosphorus:
knowledgedoor.com
apimages.com
Functions of Phosphorus in
Farm Animals:
• 80% of the Phosphorus in the Body is in the Bones and
Teeth.
jn.nutrition.org
journals.prous.com
Functions of Phosphorus in
Farm Animals:
• Phosphorus is a Component of Many Important
Compounds in the Body.
• Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP):
chemwiki.ucdavis.edu
Functions of Phosphorus in
Farm Animals:
• A Component of Important Compounds in the Body
• Phospholipids of Cellular Membranes:
uic.com
Functions of Phosphorus in
Farm Animals:
• A Component of Important Compounds in the Body
• Ribonucleic and Deoxyribonucleic Acids:
iIbbiologyhelp.com
genomebc.com
Regulation of Phosphorus
Metabolism:
• Calcium and Phosphorus Metabolism are Closely Linked:
Sources of Phosphorus for
Farm Animals:
Feed
Calcium, % of DM
Phosphorus, % of DM
Corn Grain
.05
.30
Grass Hay
.50
.20
Alfalfa Hay
1.50
.26
Wheat Middlings
.16
1.02
Dried Whey
.80
.70
Soybean Meal
.32
.70
Meat and Bone Meal
10.0
5.50
Corn Distillers Dried Grains
.20
.75
Ground Limestone
34.0
.02
Dicalcium Phosphate
22.0
18.65
Phosphorus Problems and
Deficiency:
• Phosphorus Deficiency has Major Impacts on Animal
Growth.
• Two groups of equivalent calf were fed similar diets except
one diet was Deficient in Phosphorus:
Item
Phosphorus Deficient
Phosphorus Adequate
Beginning Weight, lbs.
435
437
Average Daily Gain, lbs./day
1.72
2.35
Days on Feed
204
163
Final Weight, lbs.
787
821
Feed:Gain, lbs.
12.85
9.65
Phosphorus Problems and
Deficiencies:
•
•
•
•
•
•
vetnext.com
Inadequate Dietary Phosphorus
Excessive Dietary Calcium
Inadequate Vitamin D
Rickets
Osteomalacia
Osteoporosis
faculty.fortlewis.com
dsm.com
Phosphorus Problems and
Deficiencies:
• Phosphorus Deficiency will Result in Behavioral Anomaly
Called Pica or a Depraved Appetite.
puyallup.wsu.edu
onpasture.com
takinstock.asas.org
Phosphorus Problems and
Deficiency:
• Phosphorus Deficiency has Major Impacts on
Reproduction.
Item
Phosphorus Deficient
Cows
Phosphorus Adequate
Cows
Calf Birth Weight, lbs.
82.1
84.0
New Born Calf Death Rate,
%
3.72
1.25
Cow Milk Production,
lbs./day
8.7
12.4
Calf Weaning Weight, lbs.
453
501
Calf Weaning Percentage
76.7
84.2
Phosphorus Problems and
Deficiency:
• Phytate:
• Most of the Phosphorus in Plant Material (forages and
grains) is associated with a compound called Phytate or
Phytic Acid.
ip-6.net
• The Phosphorus associated with Phytate is of Limited
Availability to Non-Ruminant Animals like swine,
poultry, and horses.
Phosphorus Problems and
Deficiency:
• Phytate:
healyourselfathome.com
• Note that Phytate will also interfere with the utilization of
other Minerals like Calcium, Magnesium, Iron, Zinc, and
Copper.
• In Ruminant Animals like cattle, sheep, and goats the
Microorganisms in the Rumen produce an enzyme called
Phytase that will Free these minerals from the Phytate
Molecule and increase their availability.
Phosphorus Problems and
Deficiency:
• Phytate:
nicole-sweet-nicole.blogspot.com
• Beside the Phytase produced by the Microorganisms in
the Rumen, there are now many Commercial Phytases
that can be added to the diet of Non-Ruminant farm
animals to improve the availability of Phosphorus and Other
Minerals.
Phosphorus Problems and
Deficiency:
• Phytase:
• Many Phytases are now Commercially Available and are
Routinely added to the diet of Non-Ruminant Farm Animals
like Poultry, Swine, and Horses.
• The use of Dietary Phytases results in Less Inorganic
Minerals Supplements like Dicalcium Phosphate having
to be added to the diet.
• Since Phosphorus is considered an Agricultural Pollutant,
the use Phytases reduces the excretion of Phosphorus by
animals and thus Reduces Phosphorus Pollution.
Phosphorus Problems and
Deficiency:
• Antagonisms:
lifezone.com
• Note that High Diet Phosphorus can interfere with the
utilization of Calcium, Iron, Zinc, Magnesium,
Manganese.
• High Diet Copper can interfere with the utilization of
Phosphorus.
Phosphorus Problems and
Deficiency:
• A Phosphorus Deficiency can be precipitated by a Very
High Diet Calcium Level and a Diet Phosphorus Level
Right on the Requirement.
Item
Calcium, % DM
Phosphorus, % DM
Ca : P
Diet 1
.60
.25
2.40
Diet 2
1.50
.25
6.0
Diet 3
.25
.50
.50
Diet 4
.60
.60
1.00
Diet 5
1.25
.45
2.80
Requirement
.40
.25
1.60
Phosphorus Problems:
• Nutritional Secondary
Hyperparathyriodism (NSHP)
• Interesting term, kind of roles off your tongue. Sometimes
called Miller’s Disease because the horses of grain miller
owners often were affected because they were fed the
byproducts of the mill such as bran, which was very High
in Phosphorus but Low in Calcium.
• Hyperparathroidism can also be caused be certain Kidney
Diseases or problems with Hormones such as Vitamin
D, Fibroblast Growth Factor-23, Thyrocalcitonin.
• Demineralized Bone Tissue is often Invaded by Fibroblast
Cells causing Softening and Enlarging of Bone Tissue:
Osteodystrophy fibrosa cystica.
Phosphorus Problems:
• A diet Very High in Phosphorus and either Deficient or Just
Adequate in Calcium
Reduced Calcium Absorption
• Chronic Low Blood Calcium
Hyperactive Parathyroid
• Chronic High Parathyroid Hormone
• Chronic Bone Demineralization
Osteoporosis
• Infiltration of Porous Bone by Fibroblast Cells
• Enlargement and Softening of Bone Tissues, often facial
bones in farm animals
Osteodystrophy fibrosa
Cystica, common names: Miller’s Disease or Big Head
• I have also heard of NSHP in horse grazing certain Tropical
Grasses that are High in Oxalates, which tights up
calcium and reduces its absorption.
ram.com
Phosphorus Problems:
veterinaria.org
Rubber Jaw in Dogs
people.upei.ca
scielo.br
Analyzing Feeds for
Phosphorus Content:
• Flame Emission Spectrophotometry:
etslab.com
• Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry:
resumehi.net
Analyzing Feeds for
Phosphorus Content:
• Inductively Coupled Plasma Elemental Analysis
loringlabs.net
Macro-Minerals in Animal
Nutrition:
• Magnesium:
brainthud.com
telegram.ee
Functions of Magnesium in
Farm Animals:
• 3rd most abundant mineral in the bodies of most farm
animals (behind calcium and phosphorus).
• About ½ Body Magnesium is Present in the Bones.
• Magnesium is an Intracellular Cation with highest
concentrations in soft tissues in the Liver and Muscle.
• Magnesium is required for normal Bone Development.
• Magnesium ions must be present for many Enzymes to
function properly.
• The main energy currency of the body of farm animals is
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP). The transfer of Energy
to and from this important molecule Require the
Presence of Magnesium Ions.
• There are over 300 metabolic reactions in the body of
farm animals that require the presence of Magnesium.
Functions of Magnesium in
Farm Animals:
classes.midlandstech.edu
Functions of Magnesium in
Farm Animals:
mineralsinc.com
westonaprice.org
wholefoodsmagazine.com
employees.csbsju.edu
Magnesium Regulation in the
Body of Farm Animals:
• Magnesium Regulation in the body of Farm Animals is not
well understood.
Sources of Magnesium for Farm
Animals:
Feed
Calcium, % of DM
Phosphorus, % of DM
Magnesium, % of DM
Corn Grain
.05
.30
.12
Grass Hay
.50
.20
.17
Alfalfa Hay
1.50
.26
.30
Wheat middlings
.16
1.02
.38
Dried Whey
.80
.70
.23
Soybean Meal
.32
.70
.31
Meat and Bone Meal
10.0
5.50
.27
Corn distillers dried
grain
.20
.75
.65
Ground Limestone
34.0
.02
2.06
Dicalcium Phosphate
22.0
18.65
.59
Magnesium Oxide
--
--
56.20
Dynamate
--
--
11.00
Magnesium Problems and
Deficiency:
• In farm animals Swine and Cattle are most often affected.
• In Magnesium Deficient Swine a common outward sign
is Hyperemia of the Ears and other Extremities.
• Hyperirritability and Aggressive Behavior is common
in most Magnesium Deficient animals.
• Long-term Magnesium can result in Calcification of Soft
Tissues Such as Kidneys.
• Muscle Tetany is usually observed just before Death.
• Lactating Beef Cows grazing lush grass pasture in the
spring can succumb to Grass Tetany from low blood
Magnesium. Lactating Ewes are also Suseptible.
• Weaning and Yearling cattle grazing winter wheat crops in
the fall and winter can succumb to Wheat Pasture
Poisoning from low blood Magnesium.
Magnesium Problems and
Deficiency:
imagefriend.com
farmersjournal.ie
cargill.com
Magnesium Problems and
Deficiency:
pda.org.uk
mclagri.com
moffittfarm.com.au
smartlic.com
cleanlinefarmservices.ie
raglandmills.com
Magnesium Problems and
Deficiency:
• Antagonisms:
mosesorganic.com
Magnesium Problems and
Deficiency:
• From the Mineral Wheel it can be seen that Dietary
Magnesium can Interact with 4 other Minerals in the Diet:
• High Levels of Dietary Manganese can reduce the
utilization of Dietary Magnesium.
• High Levels of Dietary Potassium can reduce the
utilization of Dietary Magnesium.
• High Levels of Dietary Calcium can reduce the utilization
of Dietary Magnesium. High Levels of Dietary Magnesium
can interfere with the utilization of Dietary Calcium.
• High Levels of Dietary Phosphorus can reduce the
utilization of Dietary Magnesium. High Levels of Dietary
Magnesium can interfere with utilization of Dietary
Phosphorus.
Magnesium Oxide
Supplementation of Dairy
Cows
• Supplementing Lactating Dairy Cows with 2 oz. of
Magnesium Oxide helps maintain Higher Milk Butterfat
Content by either buffering the acidity of rumen
fermentation or increasing the uptake of fatty acids by
mammary tissues.
paleospirit.com
alibaba.com
Analyzing Feeds for
Magnesium Content:
• Flame Emission Spectrophotometry:
etslab.com
• Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry:
resumehi.net
Macro-Minerals in Animal
Nutrition:
• Sulfur:
Macro-Minerals in Animal
Nutrition:
• Sulfur:
• Sulfur is a Component of many Important Compounds in
the body of Farm Animals.
• Sulfur Containing Amino Acids: Methionine, Cysteine,
and Cystine.
• Sulfur is a Component of the B-Vitamins Biotin and
Thiamin
• Sulfur is a Component of Chondroitin Sulfate, which is
a building block of Cartilage and the Organic Matrix of
Bone.
• Sulfur is a Component of Heparin a major Anticoagulant
in the Blood.
• Sulfur is a Component of Important Enzymes:
Glutathione, Coenzyme A.
Functions of Sulfur in Farm
Animals:
• Sulfur has some function as Extracellular
Electrolyte
• Sulfur is important in some Detoxification
Reactions in the body.
goatbiology.com
drsircus.com
glutathionine.net
Functions of Sulfur in Farm
Animals:
heparinscience.com
holisticvanity.ca
slideshare.net
Functions of Sulfur in Farm
Animals:
tabiochemistrystar.wordpress.com
classroom.sdmesa.edu
Coenzyme A
Functions of Sulfur in Farm
Animals:
• Feathers, Wool, and Hair are relatively high in Sulfur.
slideshare.net
Sulfur Regulation in the Body
of Farm Animals:
• Sulfur Regulation, like that of Magnesium, is not well
understood and is controlled by Passive Processes of
absorption and excretion.
• Total Body Sulfur Balance is Tied to Sulfur-Containing
Compounds in the body: sulfur-containing amino acids,
etc.
Sulfur Regulation in the Body
of Farm Animals:
mdpi.com
openi.nlm.nih.gov
Sulfur Sources for Farm
Animals:
Feed or Source
Sulfur, % of DM
Alfalfa Hay, midbloom
.27
Grass Hay, midbloom
.18
Corn Silage
.13
Corn Grain
.14
Barley Grain
.16
Wheat Middlings
.20
Soybean Hulls
.11
Soybean Meal
.41
Cottonseed Meal
.42
Corn Distillers Dried Grains
.70
Calcium Sulfate
18.62
Sodium Sulfate
9.95
Dynamate
22.00
harmonyorganics.net
Sulfur Problems and
Deficiency:
• Sulfur Deficiency can be manifest in several ways in farm
animals:
• Poor Growth is of course one manifestation
• Since sulfur is a major component of Feathers, Hair, and
Wool poor feather, hair, and wool growth is a sign of Sulfur
Deficiency.
takingstock.asas.org
Sulfur Problems and
Deficiency:
• Ammoniating Low-Quality Forages such as straw and
stalks Increases Available Energy and Crude Protein
of the forage.
• Increased Crude Protein is from Non-Protein Nitrogen
(NPN).
• Sulfur Supplementation is very important in ruminant
diets high in NPN for microbial synthesis of sulfur amino
acids.
• Senior Research Project of former student:
Diet
Alfalfa Hay, %
Ammon. Straw,%
Calcium sulfate%
Fleece weight lbs
Control
100
--
--
9.4
Negative Control
20
80
--
7.6
Positive Control
19.75
79.75
.5
9.1
Sulfur Problems and
Deficiency:
• Too Much Sulfur can also be a problem.
• With the advent of the Ethanol for Fuel Age, there is an
abundance of Corn Distillers Dried Grains available for
Animal Feeds, with a relatively low price.
Feed
Sulfur, % of DM
Soybean Meal
.41
Corn Distillers Dried Grains
.70
• Very High Sulfur Intake from the Diet and/or Water
can result in a high incidence of Polioencephalomalacia
in Ruminant Animals, mainly cattle.
• Apparently in some way Sulfur Interferes with Thiamin
(B-Vitamin) Metabolism.
• Nerve Tissues such as the Brain are very sensitive Thiamin
Deficiency.
• Sulfur Problems and
Deficiency:
• Some have hypothesized that the formation of Hydrogen
Sulfide in the Rumen is the cause of
Poleoencephalomalacia, but most animals respond to
Thiamin Injections.
flockandherd.net.au
Sulfur Problems and
Deficiency:
dsm.com
Sulfur Problems and
Deficiency:
• Mineral Antagonisms:
Sulfur Problems and
Deficiency:
• From the Mineral Interaction Wheel above it can be seen
that Dietary Sulfur will react with 7 other dietary
minerals: Lead, Selenium, Calcium, Copper,
Molybdenum, Zinc, and Silicon.
• Most Important of these Interactions is that High Dietary
Sulfur can Interfere with the utilization of Copper,
Molybdenum, and Selenium.
• The following data were collected from cow-calf pairs
grazing pastures irrigated with High-Sulfate Water:
Item
High-Sulfate Drinking
Water
High-Sulfate Drinking
Water + Copper
Quality Drinking Water
from a Well.
Calf Weaning Weight,
lbs.
450
470
487
Calf Weaning
Percentage, %
83
88
91
Analyzing Feeds for Sulfur
Content:
• Flame Emission Spectrophotometry:
etslab.com
• Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry:
resumehi.net
Macro-Minerals in Animal
Nutrition:
• Sodium, Potassium, Chlorine:
• Although there are several minerals considered to
Electrolytes, these are the Main Electrolytes.
• Electrolytes help maintain Osmotic Balance, Charge
Balance, and Acid-Base Balance.
healthequations.com
apsubiology.org
Sodium Functions:
fotolia.com
knowledgedoor.com
Sodium Functions:
• Major Extracellular Cation
• Most living things are equipped with a Sodium-Potassium
Pump that maintains a High Concentration of Sodium
Outside Cells and High Concentration of Potassium
Inside Cells.
iws.collin.edu
• Note that this ion pump Requires Energy.
• Much of the energy required to Maintain Life is associated
with this pump.
Sodium Functions:
• It is by means of the Sodium-Potassium Pump that Nerve
Impulses are Generated.
slideshare.net
biologymad.com
biologymad.com
biologymad.com
Sodium Function:
• Sodium Ions must be present for the Absorption of Some
Nutrients.
• Note the importance of Potassium in this system.
Regulation of Sodium in the
Body of Farm Animals:
• Regulation of Sodium in the body is Mainly Through
Kidney Function
precisionnutrition.com
studyblue.com
Sources of Sodium for Farm
Animals:
• Unlike most other minerals, Farm Animals have been
equipped with a Specific Appetite/Craving for Sodium.
• Ruminant Farm Animals will Travel Many Miles to obtain
Sodium (Salt).
• Animals deficient in Sodium can Recognize/Distinguish
Feeds High in Sodium.
• In some areas Water can be an Important Source of
Sodium.
Sources of Sodium for Farm
Animals:
Feed
Sodium, % of DM
Alfalfa Hay
.12
Grass Hay
.05
Corn Grain
.01
Barley Grain
.03
Soybean Meal
.04
Cottonseed Meal
.07
Corn Distillers Dried Grains
.24
Salt
39.34
Sodium Bicarbonate
27.00
angusbeefbulletin.com
Sodium Problems and
Deficiency:
• The Specific Craving for Sodium is Intensified by Sodium
Deficiency.
• Don’t place you hand into a pen of sodium deficient hogs!
• Young Rapidly Growing Animals fed Cereal GrainBased Diets without access to supplement sodium.
• Animals in Heavy Lactation without access to
supplemental sodium.
• Animals with Heavy Sweat Losses such Hard Work
and/or Hot Climates without access to supplemental
sodium.
• In Sodium Deficient Animals, Daily Gain is reduced by
half and Feed Efficiency is reduced. Sodium deficient
hogs requiring 174 lbs. more feed per 100 lbs. of gain
compared to sodium adequate hogs.
Sodium Problems and
Deficiency:
rancherruth.blogspot.com
Sodium Problems and
Deficiency:
• In Poultry Egg Production can be Reduced by 80% with
Sodium Deficiency and Hatchability of Eggs is greatly
impaired.
• The Sodium Craving in Ruminants can result in Aggressive
Behavior. I have had sodium deficient beef cows follow me
and my sweaty horse for miles and I didn’t dare stop. My
Grandpa called them Salt Starved.
• Even a Slight Sodium Deficiency in Dairy Cows can Reduce
Milk Production by 50%.
• Tropical Grass Species are usually much Lower in
Sodium than Temperate Species.
• Feeds High in Potassium Relative to Sodium Content will
Increase Sodium Requirement and Aggravate a
Deficiency.
Sodium Problems and
Deficiency:
• Animals consuming Succulent Forages such as
fresh pasture forages or silages will usually
Require More Sodium (Salt) than those
consuming Dried Forages of the same quality.
• Certain Disease Conditions such as Kidney or
Adrenal Gland Failure can result in Excessive
Sodium Loss.
• Excessive Vomiting and/or Diarrhea will also
result in Excessive Sodium Loss.
Sodium Problems and
Deficiency:
Limiting Intake of Cattle
Supplements Using Salt:
• Supplementing Cattle with Grain or Protein
Supplements on large expanses of Rangelands can be
problematic.
• Salt can be used to Limit the Intake of Self-Fed
Supplements.
Desired Intake of Supplement,
% of Body Weight
Salt Needed in Supplement to
Limit Intake, % of Mix
.10
40%
.25
28%
.50
17%
.75
12%
1.00
9%
1.25
7%
1.50
6%
Limiting Intake of Cattle
Supplements Using Salt
• Example: You want supplement 1200 lb. beef cows with
1.25 lbs. of Soybean Meal/day
1.25 ÷ 1200 X 100 =
.104% of Body Weight
40% Salt.
• You would make a Mixture of 40% Plain White Mixing
Salt (not mineralized salt) and 60% Soybean Meal.
• Sometimes these mixtures are called Salt Meals.
• Coarsely Ground Salt works a bit better than finely
ground salt.
• Feeder must give Protection from Wind and Rain. I have
seen 4 tons of a salt meal similar to this Blow Away in one
night.
• Salt Meals should be located within ½ mile of an Unlimited
Supply of Clean Drinking Water.
• Of course Salt Meals are not recommended on High-Salt
Soils.
Limiting Intake of Cattle
Supplements Using Salt
heguardian.com
.ndsu.edu
acres.nmsu.edu
Sodium (Salt) Toxicity
• I have witnessed Salt Toxicity only once when a salt meal
supplement was being used Too Far From Drinking
Water.
• High Levels of Salt Intake can be Tolerated if Plenty of
Clean Drinking Water is Available.
• Signs of Salt Toxicity Include Loss of Appetite, Edema,
Nervousness, Blindness, Deafness, Paralysis, Death.
Analyzing Feeds for Sodium
Content:
• Flame Emission Spectrophotometry:
etslab.com
• Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry:
resumehi.net
Potassium Functions:
knowledgedoor.com
evolutionnews.com
Potassium Functions:
• Potassium is a Major Intracellular Electrolyte Providing
75% of Cations.
Sodium is the Major Extracellular Electrolyte Providing
95% of the Extracellular Cations.
• Potassium Function in Exchange with Sodium in the
Sodium-Potassium Cellular Ion Pump System
en.wikipedia.org
Potassium Functions:
• The Sodium-Potassium Pump function in Cellular
Absorption of Many Nutrients.
uspharmacist.com
zuniv.net
Potassium Functions:
• Potassium is Important in Nerve Impulse Transmission
ibbiology.wikifoundry.com
Potassium Regulation in the
Body of Farm Animals:
• Like Sodium, Maintenance of Potassium Concentration in
the Body is Complex and Controlled Mainly by
Processes in the Kidneys.
en.wikibooks.org
Potassium Sources for Farm
Animals:
Feed or Source
Potassium. %DM
Alfalfa Hay, midbloom
2.5
Grass Hay, midbloom
2.6
Corn Silage
1.1
Corn Grain
.4
Barley Grain
.6
Wheat Middlings
1.2
Soybean Hulls
1.3
Soybean Meal
2.2
Cottonseed Meal
1.6
Corn Distillers Dried Grains
.9
Potassium Chloride
50.00
Potassium Bicarbonate
39.05
Dynamate
18.00
harmonyorganics.net
Potassium Problems and
Deficiency:
• One of the initial signs of Potassium Deficiency is Loss
of Appetite
Decreased Growth Rate.
• Then Muscular Weakness, Stiffness, Paralysis.
• Potassium Deficient Sheep will sometimes exhibit Wool
Biting, pulling tufts of wool from themselves.
• Potassium Deficiency seldom occurs on practical diets,
however Stress can increase Potassium Loss from the body
and can induce deficiency over time.
• Calves arriving at Feedlots after Long Transit Times are
often Potassium Deficient due mainly to Stress and are
fed a Receiving Diet that is High in Potassium.
• Ruminants have Higher Potassium Requirements than
other Farm Animals
• Potassium Losses associated with Heavy Sweating or
Diarrhea can result in Potassium Deficiency
Potassium Problems and
Deficiency:
Analyzing Feeds for Potassium
Content:
• Flame Emission Spectrophotometry:
etslab.com
• Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry:
resumehi.net
Chlorine Functions:
Chlorine Functions:
• Chlorine accounts for 67% of Body Anions and is Mainly
Located in Extracellular Fluids.
• As with Sodium and Potassium, Chlorines Major Functions are
associated with Maintenance Cellular Osmotic Pressure, AcidBase Balance, Charge Balance.
• Chlorine is Required for the Synthesis of Hydrochloric Acid by
Parietal Cells in the Stomach, which is required to Initiate
Protein Digestion and also Functions as an Antimicrobial.
Chlorine Functions:
x.org
drouald.faculty.mjc.edu
Chlorine Regulation in the
Body of Farm Animals:
• Chlorine Regulation in the Body is Similar to that of
Sodium and Potassium
en.wikipedia.org
Chlorine Sources:
Feed or Source
Chlorine, % DM
Alfalfa Hay, midbloom
.38
Grass Hay, midbloom
.51
Corn Silage
.20
Corn Grain
.05
Barley Grain
.18
Wheat Middlings
.05
Soybean Hulls
.02
Soybean Meal
.07
Cottonseed Meal
.05
Corn Distillers Dried Grains
.14
Sodium Chloride
60.66
Ammonium Chloride
66.00
Calcium Chloride
63.89
Dietary Fats and Oils: