Transcript VERMONT ‘TREE HISTORY,’ PT. 2 “What can this tree teach me about this place?” Telling place stories with tree histories: using UVM’s Landscape Change Program (an.

VERMONT ‘TREE HISTORY,’ PT. 2
“What can this tree teach me about this place?”
Telling place stories with
tree histories: using UVM’s
Landscape Change
Program
(an historic photo archive)
to ‘read the history of the
landscape.’
Middlesex, 1860 – 1890, LS03976_000.jpg
[high-resolution photos hyperlinked to corresponding LCP web page]
Trees &
photographs can
each be visual
‘record-keepers,’
full of historic
information.
What history does
this photo of a
tree stump
represent?
(probably wind erosion of
delta sand)
“Pine stump near Georgia Station”
between 1860-1890. LS00413_000.jpg
Tree stories are place stories.
“Men planting scotch pine”
Plainfield, May, 1911.
LS08105_000.jpg
“People in field.” Plainfield, June, 1911.
Inspecting the surviving scotch pine
after spring storm. LS06445_000.jpg
These two photos beg the question: why would so many
people care about a field of scotch pine saplings?
Erosion impacts whole communities
…and even entire watersheds.
The White River, Sharon, 1927.
LS01450_000.jpg
The same spot, 2004.
LS01450_001.jpg
Trees and other vegetation retain the soil on riverbanks and sloping hillsides by
slowing down the flow of water as well as by ‘holding it down’ with their roots.
Tree places & ‘treescape’ history
• Dooryards
• Street trees
• Parks
• Riverbank (riparian zone)
• Farms
• Forests
• Ecosystem Services
• Tree enemies & events
Rudyard Kipling pines.
Dummerston, 2003
LS11425_000.jpg
The Dooryard Tree
East Calais, July 1926. LS06904_000.jpg According to some foresters, the maples growing in front
of most old farmhouses were usually planted or intentionally spared when the building site was
cleared because of the exceptional shade they cast, as well as their beautiful fall color. Lilac bushes
are also a traditional dooryard variety. Although many yard & garden fashions have changed over
time, dooryard lilacs & sugar maples are still very common in Vermont ‘dooryards.’
Apple trees in the dooryard
LS04740_000.jpg
Stereoscope of David Horton’s
dooryard. 1877, Montpelier.
Q: Although this image is in rough condition, it would appear that Mr. Horton’s apple
tree was in even worse condition than that… what had recently happened that might
account for things looking so neglected… ?
A: Much of Vermont’s able-bodied male population had gone to fight for the Union in
the Civil War, and many never returned. Some hung their sickle from a tree in the
front yard as a symbol that their families were without them. Widows of the fallen
would often leave the sickle in the tree as a memorial. Sawmill operators will
occasionally find one grown into an old “sickle tree” that’s been brought down.
Summer homes & inns
Tourism has
been an
important
industry to
Vermont for
more than 100
years. This has
meant that,
among other
reasons, there
have long been
economic
incentives to
preserve
‘scenic beauty.’
Franklin, after 1910… 1918? “Camp Patten, Lake Carmi.”
LS01653_000.jpg
In choosing a yard tree…
Between 1907-1915, Washington. LS01988_000.jpg
…one must consider many factors. Some trees grow fast, others slow; some very big,
others not. As you can see, the willows growing close to this house grow to be quite
large. Because they have ‘thirsty’ roots that can damage pipes, and are also known to
have brittle branches, the homeowners here may have later wished the trees were
further from the house. The young maples in the forefront were commonly chosen as
‘yard trees.’
Roadside and Street Trees
Somewhere in Vermont, 1914.
LS06477_000.jpg
Washington County, 1913?
LS06063_000.jpg
Roadside trees have frequently been victims of progress. For example: the need to
widen streets, install utility lines and dig channels for underground for water, sewer
and/or gas pipes meant removing them or fatally damaging their roots. American
elms were once a common sight along streets and roads. In photos taken after the
1960s, however, it is rare to find more than one or two elms in any picture. Dutch
elm disease, introduced by overseas trade, is still killing elm trees today.
The “Good Roads” movement
100 years ago (and earlier in Europe), pleasure
rides in carriages-- and later, by bicycle or
automobile-- were a popular leisure activity among
the wealthy. In earlier days, scenic carriage and
bridle paths were only on private estates. When
bicycles and then the automobile brought leisure
riders to the countryside, they found highways and
roads to be far less enjoyable than their welltended lanes and ‘allees.’ In the early 1900s, they
rallied the federal government to organize and
fund the improvement of public roads, making a
convincing case that good roads would benefit
rural (often low-income) people…not just those
desiring a smooth ride through pretty scenery.
Shelburne Farms, 1903. LS11594_000.jpg
Built by wealthy New Yorkers who came to
Vermont to build a ‘model farm,’ these carriage
roads are open to the fee-paying public today
and maintained by a non-profit foundation.
Eventually, laws would be established regarding
vegetation along roads. At first, road crews were
required to cut all vegetation away for visibility
safety, but later the law was declared for
shrubbery only, to protect and encourage planting
of shade trees. Eventually, Vermont towns were
required to appoint a tree warden to oversee the
management of trees along public roadways. A
diseased or dead tree is a threat to travelers, so
someone should be keeping an eye on potential
tree hazards and removing trees in danger of
falling onto the road.
The changing roadside
Rutland 1935 (?) and 2000, LS00023_000.jpg and LS00023_001.jpg
When American elms grew in abundance along our roadside, the older image was a
common sight. Besides the loss of elms to disease, the countryside has reverted to
forest from pasture. The covered bridge helps to convince us that these photos show
the same place. How might this road look today if the elms had not died?
The elm
Route 2, St. Johnsbury
No date. LS07805_000.jpg
College Street,
Burlington
Before 1922.
LS11542_000.jpg
Elm stumps, Burlington,
1965
LS11965_000.jpg
Dutch Elm Disease (DED, worst from 1940s
to 1970s) devastated the urban landscape.
American elms were native, and many communities were built around them. Later,
the beloved tree was planted along roads & in parks across the continent. Their
popularity was their doom: a beetle carrying a fungus that kills the tree could easily
move across great distances by migrating on the wind from tree to tree.
Parks and public spaces
Ethan Allen City Park, Burlington, 1937 and 2000. LS00092_000.jpg and LS00092_001.jpg
The popularity of city parks in the United States blossomed with New York City’s
Central Park in the 1870s. It became a fashion and then a cause for the urban elite
to help create green spaces for the growing city populations. Ethan Allen City Park
opened in 1905. It was once a popular place for music and dancing. Today cyclists,
dog walkers and children enjoy themselves there. Many of the original trees remain.
Hubbard Park and the State House
1874. LS00410_000.jpg
2004. LS00410_001.jpg
While we are not seeing late autumn in the early picture (because hardwood trees
lose their leaves in autumn), and even with some trees already bare in the recent
picture, the visual opposite of these two views of the State House mirrors Vermont’s
famous transformation from a heavily cut-over countryside to forested landscape.
The UVM Green before & after DED
1986 LS10069_000.jpg
Before 1951 LS10066_000.jpg
Ira Allen designated the space we call the UVM green when he founded the college,
and it has had many ‘faces.’ By the 1950s, American Elms completely defined the
setting, creating a shaded oasis that both sheltered and inspired generations of
students there. Consider the green 1980s students experienced, when (because
Dutch elm disease took the elms) the trees were neither older nor taller than them.
Town Greens
Before August, 1912. LS02567_000.jpg
1930 - 1940, St. Johnsbury. LS07346_000.jpg
Town greens are a great place to look for tree history. While the Weston Common
may not be round any more, it is probably still dominated by maples. The St.
Johnsbury town green, however, is home to different trees than we see here–
evergreen, crab apple, sugar maple and others. The town didn’t replace these elms
with a single species, since monocultures are more vulnerable to epidemics.
Riverbank (riparian zone)
LS07427_000.jpg
Third Branch of the White River, Stockbridge. May 14, 1897
When trees are removed from the riverside, the banks become less stable and
the water temperature can be affected. While the tree in the foreground is not
positively identified, it is most likely a box elder. Box elder thrive alongside rivers
and can survive floods and scraping ice. On the far bank, elms line the roadside.
American elms prefer swampy sites, but can thrive in a variety of conditions.
Floodplain species
A very old (probably black) willow– on Otter Creek. Between 1900 - 1950. LS08873_000.jpg
Trees with roots that can go without oxygen longer have an advantage where
flooding is the norm. Willows, which have distinctive, deeply furrowed bark when
they are big, are so adapted. Willows don’t often reach 200 years, so its unlikely
that the willow in this image is still alive. More likely, another willow has grown in
its place: they grow fast enough that the same spot could look quite similar today!
Farms and Flooding
Richmond, 1964
LS06451_000.jpg
The economic circumstances of Vermont– an agricultural boom and then bust,
the development of the railroads, a generation of men lost to the Civil War, and
a lack of major industry were all factors in the clearing and subsequent regrowth of forestlands. Where trees were kept at bay for farming, the fertile
farm soil was vulnerable to being washed into the rivers during heavy rains.
Agricultural history
Where–and when was this farm? Do you think it looks like this now?
(LS08865_000.jpg)
Hill farms once dotted the mountains, but most have since reverted to forest. Imagine the fields of farms
since past, the next time you peer through the stems of a young upland forest. Stone walls still show former
fence and property lines, standing as testimony that the land was once cleared and tilled for food crops and
animal husbandry. The use of this field by the sheep shown above probably influenced what vegetation would
re-grow there, and likely impacted soil quality over time.
Hard work, sweet rewards
Greensboro, no date. LS02684_000.jpg
New Haven, turn of the century.
Picking Strawberries LS00537_000.jpg
Apples, berries and maple syrup are still important crops in today’s Vermont
agriculture. In the 1940s, to apply science in the improvement of maple syrup
production, a maple research farm was built and named for then-Governor
Mortimer Proctor in Underhill. Mazza Farm and Adam’s Berry Farm are two
among many that grow delicious berries for pick-your-own or market.
Vermont Forests
Stamford - Readsboro, late summer,
1963. LS09460_000.jpg
Before 1922. LS01712_000.jpg
More than 100 years ago (in 1882), a state commission was appointed to
investigate and make recommendations for the future management of
Vermont’s forest resources. Arbor Day was first observed here in 1885.
78% forested, once 60% farmed
Ascutney Mountain, Weathersfield.
Before 1969. LS05967_000.jpg
August, 2005. LS05967_001.jpg
Did you know that from 1907 into the 1940s, more than 28 million trees were
raised at the State Tree Farm in Essex and planted on private and municipal
land as well as in state forests under the Agricultural Conservation program?
Red, white and scotch pine; Norway, red and white spruce; balsam fir,
European Larch, Arbor Vitae, Black Locust and White Ash were cultivated.
LS02113_000.jpg
Cutting in the woods, planting in town: by the 1880s, townspeople were
encouraged by state government to start planting shade trees along their
village streets. At the same time, forest timber harvests were ever-increasing.
Succession
“Beautiful reproduction of sugar maples,
Downer State Forest, Sharon.”
LS05735_000.jpg
“Second Growth White Pine.” UVM Forest, no date. LS05765_000.jpg
The UVM Jericho Research Forest began experimenting with reforestation and
replenishment of soil nutrients beginning in 1941, but earlier reforestation research was
initiated by the state at the Downer Tree Nursery and state forest and saplings were
propagated for farmland restoration at the Essex State Tree Farm as early as 1907.
Still a managed, working landscape
LS00256_000.jpg
“View from hill” showing village center
Jericho, between 1860-1897.
LS00256_001.jpg
Schillhammer Road area, May 1, 2000.
While some of the open spaces we treasure in Vermont are protected by
land trusts and conservation easements, many hayfields and pastures are
kept open by their continued use by dairy farmers. Other open spaces have
reverted to managed forests. Timber production has been an important part
of Vermont’s economy since at least 1899, that year estimated to be the
second biggest ‘crop’ in the state.
Natural and human-caused
occurrences
1924, Waterford. LS06738_000.jpg & LS08119_000.jpg
Planting monocultures resulted in concentrations of disease and insect infestations that would lead
foresters to the realization that species diversity is important to forest health. Fungus such as Pine Blister
rust and bugs like gypsy & brown tail moths and San Jose Scale killed many of Vermont’s planted and
self-regenerated trees in the early part of the 20th century. Later, Dutch Elm disease devastated the elm
population and now a fungal ‘blight’ attacks beech and butternut, hemlock wooly adelgid and emerald ash
borer are serious threats to the future diversity of species in Vermont forests.
“Events happen”
‘Man-made’ or a ‘natural’ disaster?
LS06042_000.jpg
UVM Green, 1950 hurricane.
LS10226_000.jpg
While storms wreck havoc on managed and wild landscapes alike, the land use
and land-altering decisions humans make can often be equally implicated, such
as the removal of vegetation along roadsides or the placement of trees in a
landscape that may or may not be best-suited for the species chosen.
Nature’s course
Damage from the Hurricane of ’38 LS05616_000.jpg
Before 1968, satin moth. LS06173_000.jpg
Blow-downs are an important element in the evolution of forests. Open patches create
new habitat by changing the amount of light and rain in the disturbed setting.
Infestations by damaging insects such as the satin moth also help define changes in
species composition by giving under story plants a competitive edge; notice how the
other trees in the photo on the right all have leaves while the maples are bald.
Time- and place-keepers
2005, UVM. LS10825_001.jpg
1970, UVM. LS10825_000.jpg
While the low-hanging limb has since been pruned away, it’s easy to see from the
buildings that this 2005 image is of the same tree in photographed in 1970. The
placement is confirmed by the buildings in the background, and if there was doubt,
the age of the tree in the ’05 photo is definitely more than 25 years!
Ecosystem Services
LS02112_000.jpg
What were these trees doing in the woods? Literally: creating oxygen, creating debris that would become
soil, feeding microorganisms, providing habitat and/or food for birds, bats, mammals and insects,
regulating the sunlight (& therefore plants growing) beneath them, retaining moisture and evaporating
water.
When they became lumber, these services were in short supply and the landscape changed in many more
ways than the eye can see. These trees were floated down the river to become buildings, furniture, paper,
and fuel for factories, steamboats, trains, and warmth.
Trees provide shelter
…and a whole lot more
• Habitat: in forests and streams
(even dead trees are useful!)
• Water purification (evaporation)
• Soil nutrients (decomposing wood,
leaves, fruit/nut/seed)
• River/stream water temperature
(shade!)
• CO2 storage, oxygen generation
(trees breath in what we breath out
and breath out what we breath in)
• Connection with non-human life
(humans sometimes need
reminders that we aren’t the only
living beings who shape the
landscape)
LS05762_000.jpg
Tree and forest history is
intertwined with human history.
This is an American
Chestnut, once one of
the dominant and most
important trees in
Northeastern North
America. Very few are
still alive today after a
blight killed vast
numbers of them in the
early 20th century.
LS06457_000.jpg
Would the Chestnut blight have been transported to North America from Asia if Europeans
had not migrated here and then imported foreign plants and pests through international
trade? Taking a couple of steps back, would the Europeans have had seaworthy ships to
cross the Atlantic without their (once vast) oak and pine forests?
Which tree is that? review
State House, Montpelier. Before 1885. LS05726_000.jpg
The classic fountain shape, the great shade it cast and the relative durability of the American
Elm were among the traits that made it the tree that symbolized American culture in its heyday.
The species became an icon during the American Revolution, after a rowdy protest of taxation
without representation near an elm-shaded pub in Boston. An effigy of the British tax collector
was hung from a low branch, and the sign nailed to its trunk declaring it “The Liberty Tree” was
soon copied on American Elms in rebel strongholds across New England.
What is the history of this landscape?
August, 1907. Probably an ash tree. Saint Albans pasture.
LS07397_000.jpg
The geologic history of a site originally determined the minerals there, and
then later human land use may change the nutrient content of the soil, which
in turn would determine what plants (and animals) would thrive there.
How can you interpret landscape history by
looking at historic photos of trees?
Before 1916, UVM Green. LS10360_000.jpg
August, 2005. LS10360_001.jpg
Compare an historic photo with a more recent image of the same location. Note which of the
original trees appear to still exist. Pay attention to changes in species composition– what may
account for that? Compare the size of the trees from the past with the recently photographed
ones: are the trees older and bigger, or are they replacing the earlier trees? What may account
for any damage you see? Ask yourself: based on the way it is managed and used today, what
will this landscape look like many years into the future?
Be your own tree detective
Benson, 1966.
LS08806_000.jpg
Leaves & buds are not the only identifying characteristic of trees. The growth form
or shape, the bark (but careful: young tree bark looks different than mature tree
bark), characteristics such as what kind of habitat they’re found in and what kinds
of other vegetation are found growing nearby can also help in identifying a tree.
Trees are ‘history-keepers’
LS12007_000.jpg
LS04065_000.jpg
After 1940, Burlington. Taking down a poplar.
Burke, 1939. Are they replacing hurricane-downed trees?
If you use historic photo collections to explore your landscape’s past, you may
realize how some of the ways you live will shape it for future generations.
Lesson 2 of 2, created in 2007 by Loona Brogan for the University of Vermont’s
Landscape Change Program with funding from The National Science Foundation.