Transcript Organisation principles of the GT Training Seminar on ICT for GTS (Bangkok, 23 - 27 September 2002) - Slide 1

Organisation principles of the GT
Training Seminar on ICT for GTS (Bangkok, 23 - 27 September 2002) - Slide 1
Organization principles of the GTS
• The functions of the GTS shall be to facilitate
the flow of data and processed products to meet
the WWW requirements in a timely, reliable and
cost-effective way, ensuring that all Members
have access to data and products in accordance
with approved procedures and within the agreed
WWW system (Paragraph 1.1 of Part I of
Volume I of the Manual on the GTS)
Training Seminar on ICT for GTS (Bangkok, 23 - 27 September 2002) - Slide 2
Organization principles of the GTS
• The GTS also gives telecommunication support
to other programmes, as decided by the WMO
Congress or the Executive Council, within the
limits of its primary objectives.
Training Seminar on ICT for GTS (Bangkok, 23 - 27 September 2002) - Slide 3
Organization principles of the GTS
• The GTS shall be organized as to accommodate
the volume of meteorological information and
its transmission within the required limits to
meet the needs of World, Regional Specialized
and National Meteorological Centres, resulting
from the implementation of the WWW.
Training Seminar on ICT for GTS (Bangkok, 23 - 27 September 2002) - Slide 4
Organization principles of the GTS
• The GTS shall be organized on a three-level
basis:
– The Main Telecommunication Network (MTN)
– The Regional Meteorological Telecommunication
Networks (RMTNs)
– The National Meteorological Telecommunication
Networks (NMTNs)
Training Seminar on ICT for GTS (Bangkok, 23 - 27 September 2002) - Slide 5
Design principles of the GTS
• Integrated network for the collection, exchange
and distribution of information with a view to
meeting efficiently and effectively the WWW
requirements
• Integrated network of point-to-point circuits,
point-to-multipoint circuits and multipoint-topoint circuits
• circuits and techniques shall be adequate to
accommodate the volume of data
Training Seminar on ICT for GTS (Bangkok, 23 - 27 September 2002) - Slide 6
Design principles of the GTS
• Daily volume of traffic to be passed over any
channel shall not exceed 80 per cent of its
theoretical capacity
• The system is based on the interconnection of
WWW centres (WMCs, RSMCs, RTHs and
NMCs)
• Provision shall be made for alternative routeing
where practicable to ensure the reliability and
efficiency of the system
Training Seminar on ICT for GTS (Bangkok, 23 - 27 September 2002) - Slide 7
STRUCTURE OF THE GLOBAL TELECOMMUNICATION SYSTEM
NMC
NMC
NMC
NMC
RTH
NMC
Managed
Data-communication
Network
NMC
Satellite
Two-way
System
NMC
RTH
NMC
RTH
RTH
NMC
RTH
Main
Telecommunication
Network
RTH
RTH
NMC
RTH
NMC
NMC
RTH
Regional
Networks
NMC
Satellite
Dissemination
National
Networks
NMC
NMC
NMC
NMC
Training Seminar on ICT for GTS (Bangkok, 23 - 27 September 2002) - Slide 8
Implementation of the GTS by WMO Members
• The MTN shall be and integrated system of
circuits
linking
together
the
World
Meteorological Centres (WMCs) and designated
Regional Telecommunication Hubs (RTHs)
Training Seminar on ICT for GTS (Bangkok, 23 - 27 September 2002) - Slide 9
64
24/8
64
64
32
256/128
8
32
14.4
9.6
64
4.8
9.6
9.6
0.1
64
64
64
9.6
64
Speed in Kbits/s
Training Seminar on ICT for GTS (Bangkok, 23 - 27 September 2002) - Slide 10
64
Implementation of the GTS by WMO Members
• The RMTNs shall consist of an integrated
network of point-to-point circuits, point-tomultipoint circuits and multipoint-to-point
circuits which interconnect WMCs, RSMCs,
RTHs, NMCs in accordance with the the
regional meteorological telecommunication
plans for WWW established by the Regional
Associations.
Training Seminar on ICT for GTS (Bangkok, 23 - 27 September 2002) - Slide 11
64
Toulouse
2.4
Madrid
19.2
2.4
4.8
NI
1.2
Tripoli
0.05
0.05
19.2
Banjul
64
N'djamena
1.2
19.2
NI
Conakry
Sal
Accra
Cotonou
Entebbe
Lagos
Douala
Malabo
19.2
Libreville
Bujumbura
NO
via B racknell
C entre i n other region
M TN ci rcuit , c ircuit R PT
Lusaka
Kinshasa
Luanda
Ascension
HF ci rcuit
NI
Gaberone
Harare
Maseru
0.075
0.075
64
NI Not im pl eme nt ed
NO Not ope ra ti onal
0.05
0.075
Moroni
St Denis
Maputo
Manzini
Antananarivo
0.05
Kerguelen
R egiona l circui t
Regional M eteorologica l Tele communica tion Netw ork for Re gion I (Africa )
point-to-point c irc uits impleme ntation (transmission spee d in kbit/s)
Training Seminar on ICT for GTS (Bangkok, 23 - 27 September 2002) - Slide 12
Int erregional ci rc ui t
Mauritius
9.6, S
NI
64
64
NI
Lilongwe
0.075
Pretoria
19.2
0.075
0.075
Windhoek
64
Dar Es Salaam
9.6
NI
St. Helena
0.05
0.05
A FTN
Seychelles
33.6
1.2
NI
Sao Tome
via T oulouse
NO
0.05
A FTN
1.2
Nairobi
NO
Kigali
1.2
Brazzaville
Washington
Mogadiscio
33.6
NI
Lome
NI
DCP
33.6
0.05
Abidjan
R egiona l loop
via T oulouse
Bangui
19.2
1.2
19.2
Djibouti
NI
Addis Ababa
0.05
Monrovia
NM C, CM N
NI
1.2
NI
Freetown
R TH, C RT
Asmara
64
1.2
Ouagadougou
9.6
Khartoum
via T oulouse
19.2
NI
Bissau A FTN
9.6
Toulouse
Niamey
Bamako
Jeddah
Offenbach
DCP
9.6
19.2
0.1
Cairo
0.075
19.2
19.2
New Delhi
0.1
0.05
NI
Nouakchott
Dakar 0.075
0.05
0.05
0.05
Moscow
9.6
Tunis
Western
Sahara
Canary
0.05
Casablanca
0.05
64
Rome
0.05
0.05
Algiers
0.05
0.05
0.05
New
Amsterdam
30.X . 2000
MDD
DRS
METEOSAT DCPs
EUMETSAT
Bracknell
MDD
MDD
Rome
Toulouse
Fax, RTT
Cairo
Fax (NO), R TT
Fax, RTT
Dakar
Nairobi
Fax, RTT
Fax, RTT
Pretoria
St Denis
R TH
C entre i n other region
mult ipoint syst em vi a sate ll it e
Members equipped with MDD receivers:
Angola, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Chad, Comores, Cote d'Ivoire, Djibouti, E gypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, France(La Réunion),
Gambia, Ghana, Guinea Bissau, Kenya, Lesotho, Libya, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Mauritania, Mauritius, Morocco, Mozambique,
Namibia, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Sudan, Swaziland, Uganda,
United Republic of Tanzania, Yemen, Zambia, Zimbabwe
radio broa dc ast
Regional Me teorological Telecommunication Network for R egion I (Africa)
Training Seminar on ICT for GTSmultipoint
(Bangkok,
23 - 27 September
telecommunication
systems 2002) - Slide 13
Was hington
Moscow
64k
64k
Novosibirsk
19 200
7 200
Almaty
9 600
7 200
Bishkek
9 600
Ashgabad
Ulaanbaa tar
75
75
Baghdad
NI
NI
NI
Tehran
NI
50
Tokyo
PyongYang
Tashkent
100
14 400
9 600
75
100
Offe nbac h
64k
7. 2k - 28.8k-V.34
9 600
NI
Khabarovsk
75
Dushanbe
Offenbach
FR 64k
(CIR :32k)
Beijing
64k
64k
FR 64k
(CIR :16k)
2 400
7 200
Kabul
100
50
Kuwait
100
1200
1200
50
100
9600
Algi ers
Bahrain
Doha
50
75
200
1200
9 600
Kathmandu
64k
50
Karachi
Jeddah
4 800
NI
64k
New Delhi
Hong Kong
75
NI
Mos cow
2 400
Muscat
Macao
Dhaka
I nternet
100
NI
FR 64k
(CIR :16k)
9 600
NI
Emirates
Seoul
100
Cairo
Hanoi
50
M anil a
Sanaa
75
Colombo
C airo
Vientiane
I nternet
50
50
Melbourne
9 600
Yangon
200
Male
200
64k
FR 64k
(CIR :16k)
1 200
64k
200
Bangkok
R TH
75
NM C
2 400
1 200
Phnom Penh
NI
NI Not i mpl eme nted
C entre in other re gi on
Si ngapore
Kuala Lumpur
NO Not operati ona l
M TN c ircuit
R egional ci rc ui t
addit ional ci rc ui t
Training Seminar on
Int erregional ci rcuit
Regiona l M ete orological T elec ommunica tion Ne twork for Region II (A sia)
circuits im plementation
speed
in bit/s)- Slide
ICT forpoint-to-point
GTS (Bangkok,
23 - 27 (transmission
September
2002)
26/ VIII/ 2002
14
Melbourne
2 Fax
Fax
Novosibirsk
Khabarovsk
MDD
Fax
GMS DCPs
2 Fax, RT T
Bracknell
VSAT
Fax, RT T
Tokyo
Tashkent
Rome
Toulouse
Fax, RT T
Tehran
Beijing
Fax, 2 RT T
2 Fax, RT T
New Delhi
Jeddah
Fax, RT T
Bangkok
Members equipped with METEOSAT-MDD receivers: Bahrain, Islamic Republic of Iran, Kuwait, Oman, Pakistan, Qatar,
Republic of Yemen, Turkmenistan, United Arab Emirates, Uzbekistan.
Members equipped with CMA/VSAT receivers: Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, Mongolia.
R TH
Complementary systems: Members equipped with INSAT -MDD/VSAT receivers: Bangladesh, Maldives and Sri Lanka
mult ipoint syste m via sat el li te
Regional M eteor ological Telecommunic ation Network for R egion II (Asia)
telecommunic
ation syste ms2002) - Slide 15
Training Seminar on ICT for GTSmultipoint
(Bangkok,
23 - 27 September
radio broa dcast
2400
38400
Bogota
Washington
75
2400
Maracay
38400
NO
2400
Georgetown
50
50
Paramaribo
NO
38400
Cayenne
NO
Quito
64000
9600
Lima
Brasilia
75
64000
9600
La Paz
Interne t
*
R TH
75
64000
Asuncion
NM C
Porto-Alegre
C entre i n other region
75
M TN ci rcuit
75
R egiona l mul ti poi nt c ircuit
via sat el li te (VSAT)
Montevideo
NO
NO
Santiago
R egiona l circui t
Int erregional ci rc ui t
NO
50
Buenos
Aires
Not Operat iona l
M eteorologica l Tele communica tion Netw ork for Re gion III (South Americ a)
Training Seminar on ICTRegional
for
GTS
(Bangkok,
- 27
September
2002) speed
- Slide
16
point-to-point
and multipoint 23
circuits
im ple
mentation (transmission
in bit/s)
38.4 kb/s
RSMC
Montreal
Tokyo
Bracknell
1.2 kb/s
64
Honolulu
64
64
Pretoria
WMC Washington
19.2
64
Brasilia
64
Mexico
9.6
RSMC
Miami
Buenos
Aires
Nassau
Havana
Bermuda
Gd Cayman
Port au Prince
Belize
Guatemala
San Juan
St Maarten
Kingston
Tortola
S. Domingo
Anguilla
St Kitts
Tegucigalpa
San Salvador
Antigua
Guadeloupe
Dominica
Martinique
Managua
Montserrat
St Lucia
R TH
Barbados
San Jose
NM C
Grenada
M TN ci rcuit
R egiona l m ul ti poi nt ci rcuit
via sat ell it e (VSAT)
38. 4 kb/s Re c & 1. 2 kb/ s Trans
St Vincent
Aruba
C entre i n other region
Panama
Curaçao
Port of Spain
Bogota
Georgetow n
GOES dat a c ol le cti on
R egiona l c ircuit
Regional M eteorological T elecommunication Ne twork for Region IV (North a nd Central America)
Training Seminar on ICT for GTS
(Bangkok,
23 - circuits
27 September
point-to-point
and multipoint
implem entation (2002)
kbit/s) - Slide 17
Int erregiona l circui t
Cayenne
Tokyo
64
TCP/IP
Bracknell
0.2
New Delhi
Washington
Manila
Bangkok
Guam
56 X.25
9.6 X.2 5
Interne t
*
RSMC
Honolulu
1.2
64
TCP/IP
2.4 X.2 5
Brunei
Micronesia
A FTN+GTS
9.6 X.2 5
Kuala Lumpur
NO
AFTN +GTS
9.6 X.2 5
2.4 X.2 5
FR 128
(CIR:32 )
TCP/IP
1.2
Apia
ASMC
Singapore
FR 64 (CIR:8)
TCP/IP
R TH
Interne t
28 .8 *
RSMC
Darwin
Fax
FR 512
(CIR:12 8)
M TN ci rcuit
Pago-Pago
Honiara
Port Moresby
Jakarta
C entre i n other region
A FTN+GTS
9.6 X.2 5
FR 64 (CIR:8)
TCP/IP (+ X.25)
FR 64 (CIR:8)
TCP/IP (+ X.25)
NM C
NO No t op eratio nal
CIR Commi tted Informa ti on Ra te (Frame R ela y l inks)
Interne t
28 .8 *
9.6 TCP/IP
Interne t
28 .8 *
RSMC
Nadi
Papeete
Port Vila
FR
via Toul ouse
Noumea
9.6 X.2 5
Melbourne
R egiona l circui t
Int erregional ci rc ui t
19 .2 X.25
Fax
Fax
Interne t
38 6*
Wellington
Addi ti onal ci rcuit
Interne t
25 6*
radio broa dc ast
Training
Pea k sp eed thro ugh Intern et
Regional M eteorologic al Tele communica tion Netw ork for Region V (South-West P acific )
impleme 23
ntation
(transm
ission spee d in2002)
kbit/s) - Slide
Seminar on ICT point-to-point
for GTS circuits
(Bangkok,
- 27
September
15.IX.2002
18
GMS DCPs
GOES DCPs
ISCS & EMWIN
Tokyo
Washington
Manila
ISCS
Fax
Guam
ISCS
Honolulu
Brunei
Micronesia
Kuala Lumpur
ISCS
Pago-Pago
ASMC
Singapore
Apia
ISCS
Jakarta
R TH
Honiara
Port Moresby
ISCS
Fax
ISCS
NM C
C entre in other re gi ons
RSMC
Darwin
Papeete
RSMC
Nadi
Port Vila
Fax
ISCS
ISCS
Noumea
M TN c ircuit
Fax
Melbourne
R egiona l circ ui t
Int erregional ci rc ui t
EMWIN
Wallis &
Futuna
ISCS
Countries
equipped with
EMWIN
receivers :
American Samoa
Cook Islands
Fiji
French Polynesia
FS Micronesia
Hawaii
Kiribati
New Zealand
Nauru
New Caledonia
Niue
Solomon Islands
Tokelau
Tonga
Tuvalu
Vanuatu
Wallis & Futuna
Samoa (Western)
ISCS
Wellington
radio broa dc ast
Regional Me teorologica l Telecommunic ation Networ k for Region V (South-West Pacific )
Implementation of telecommunication systems via satellite (and radiobr oadcasts )
Training Seminar on ICT for GTS (Bangkok, 23 - 27 September 2002) - Slide 19
2000
24/ 8
Sondre
Stormfjord
New Del hi
Reykjavik
Oslo
16
48
32
Bracknell
64
19.2
32
Offenbach
9.6
128/16
256/128
Vienna
64/ 16
Budapest
64/ 8
M el bourne
16
32
8
9.6
16
Toulouse
NI
Belgrade
8/32
9.6
Sofia
8/16
9.6
Tirana
Rome
9.6
32/ 8
0.05
Nai robi
N/O
Tripoli
Athens
8
0.05
64
Algie rs
Baku
NI
N/O
NI
N/O
Ankara
0.05
2.4
N/O
Yerevan
64
R TH
C entre i n other region
Tbilisi
Skopje
64
Dakar
Zagreb
Bucharest
9.6
Jeddah
0.05
NM C
9.6
NI
9.6
Nai robi
Madrid
Casablanca
Ljubljana
64/ 8
C airo
19.2
64
48
0.2
Kishenev
8
16/ 48
Zurich
9.6
Bratislava
48/ 24
32/ 96
Lisbon
Te hran
NI
128/64
32/ 64
Hanoi
Kiev
Brussels
19.2
NI
9.6
Prague
Alma ty
0.1
Minsk
16/ 64
64
Ta shkent
19.2
14.4
16/ 8
16
Washi ngton
Vilnius
Warsaw
ECMWF
Novosibi rsk
7.2
16/ 8
B eij ing
De Bilt
64
Moscow
Riga
16
Dublin
Kha ba rovsk
7.2-28.8
Tallinn
24/ 8*
16/ 8
Copenhagen
16
24
9.6
Norrköping
16
8
4.8
64
64
B eij ing
N/O
Helsinki
2.4
Tunis
0.1
Larnaca
8
Malta
NI
16
Beirut
Damascus
Bet Dagan
14.4
16/ 8
M TN ci rcuit
R MDC N Commi tt ed
Informat ion Ra te
R egiona l circui t
* The RM DCN c ircui t He lsi nki - Ta ll inn is not yet in t he R TM N pl an,
but re pl ace s t he forme r GT S conne ct ion of T all inn
Regional on
MeICT
teorological
Telecommunication
Network
for R egion
VI (Europe)
Training Seminar
for GTS
(Bangkok, 23 - 27
September
2002)
- Slide 20
Int erregional ci rc ui t
Figure 1 - point-to- point circ uits implementation (transmission speed in kilobit/s)
Amman
NI
3..IX.. 2002
Recepti on of satel lite distribution system s (F AX-E, MDD, RETIM and TV -InformMeteo)
TV-Inform-meteo
Fax
MDD
FAX-E
Moscow
Bracknell
Offenbach
METEOSAT
DCPs
EUMETSAT
RET IM
R TT
MDD
Sofia
Toulouse
Fax, RTT
Rome
R TH
mult ipoint syst em vi a sate ll it e
MDD
A lbania
A rmenia
A ustria
A zerbaijan
Belarus
Belgium
Bulgaria
Croatia
Cyprus
Czec h Republi c
Finland
France
Germany
Georgia
Greece
Hungary
Israel
It al y
Jordan
Lat via
Lebanon
Lithuania
Luxembourg
Malta
Netherlands
Norway
P oland
P ort ugal
Republic of Moldova
Rom ania
Rus sian Federation
S lovak Republi c
Slov enia
Sweden
S wit zerland
S yrian Arab Republi c
Turk ey
Uk raine
UK
Former Yugoslav Republi c
of Macedonia
Yugos lavia
RE TIM
RE TIM
RE TIM
FA X-E
TV -I nf orm-Meteo
FA X-E
FA X-E
FA X-E
FA X-E
FA X-E
MDD
MDD
MDD
RE TIM
RE TIM
RE TIM
RE TIM
RE TIM
MDD
MDD
MDD
RE TIM
RE TIM
TV-Inform -Meteo
MDD
RE TIM
FA X-E
MDD
MDD
MDD
FA X-E
FA X-E
FA X-E
MDD
MDD
MDD
MDD
RE TIM
RE TIM
RE TIM
RE TIM
RE TIM
RE TIM
RE TIM
TV -I nf orm-Meteo
FA X-E
MDD
RE TIM
TV -I nf orm-Meteo
FA X-E
FA X-E
FA X-E
RE TIM
MDD
MDD
RE TIM
RE TIM
MDD
MDD
MDD
RE TIM
RE TIM
RE TIM
FA X-E
radio broa dc ast
Regional on
MeICT
teorological
Telecommunication
Network
for R egion
VI (Europe)
Training Seminar
for GTS
(Bangkok, 23 - 27
September
2002)
- Slide 21
Figure 2 - multipoint telecommunication systems
TV -I nf orm-Meteo
Training Seminar on ICT for GTS (Bangkok, 23 - 27 September 2002) - Slide 22
Training Seminar on ICT for GTS (Bangkok, 23 - 27 September 2002) - Slide 23
Training Seminar on ICT for GTS (Bangkok, 23 - 27 September 2002) - Slide 24
Insertion of data into the RMTNs and MTN
• NMCs collect the data from their observing
stations
• RTHs collect the data from their associated
NMCs and insert them into the RMTNs
• RTHs located on the MTN collect the data from
their associated RTHs and insert them into the
MTN and the RMTNs
Training Seminar on ICT for GTS (Bangkok, 23 - 27 September 2002) - Slide 25
Insertion of data into the RMTNs and MTN
• Within 15 minutes of the Observing station’s
filing time, the collection of observation data
shall be completed at NMCs
• Within 35 minutes of the Observing station’s
filing time, the collection of observation data
shall be completed at RTHs
• Within 45 minutes of the Observing station’s
filing time, the observation data should be
available on the MTN
Training Seminar on ICT for GTS (Bangkok, 23 - 27 September 2002) - Slide 26
Exchange of data on the MTN
• CBS-XII agreed that all observational data, with
the exception of radar and satellite data,
available from WMO Member countries should
be globally exchanged on the MTN
• The exchange of processed information and
satellite data on the MTN should be arranged
between the MTN centres to meet the
requirements of the WWW centres
Training Seminar on ICT for GTS (Bangkok, 23 - 27 September 2002) - Slide 27
Responsibilities of MTN centres
WMC/RTH
Collection of observational data from the zones of responsibilities of the following
RTHs:
Melbourne
Melbourne (51), Wellington (52)
Tokyo
Tokyo (25), Bangkok (26)
Washington
Washington (41)
Bracknell
Bracknell (61)
Toulouse
Toulouse (63), Rome (66)
Offenbach
Offenbach (64), Norrköping (62), Vienna (68)
Prague
Prague (67)
Moscow
Moscow (65), Khabarovsk (24), Novosibirsk (23), Tashkent (22)
Cairo
Cairo (11)
New Delhi
New Delhi (27), Tehran (21)
Brasilia
Brasilia (31), Maracay (33)
Buenos Aires
Buenos Aires (32)
Nairobi
Nairobi (12), Lusaka (13), Pretoria (14)
Beijing
Beijing (28)
Dakar
Dakar (15), Brazzaville (17), Niamey (18)
Jeddah
Jeddah (29)
Sofia
Sofia (69)
Algiers
Algiers (16)
Training Seminar on ICT for GTS (Bangkok, 23 - 27 September 2002) - Slide 28
Responsibilities of MTN centres
Beijing
11-18, 28, 61-69
21-27, 29,
31-33, 41, 51, 52
Tokyo
11-18, 21-29,
31-33,41, 61-69
Melbourne
51, 52
Training Seminar on ICT for GTS (Bangkok, 23 - 27 September 2002) - Slide 29
Routeing of data on the GTS
NMC
NMC
NMC
NMC
RTH
NMC
Managed
Data-communication
Network
NMC
Satellite
Two-way
System
NMC
RTH
NMC
RTH
RTH
NMC
RTH
Main
Telecommunication
Network
RTH
RTH
NMC
RTH
NMC
NMC
RTH
Regional
Networks
NMC
Satellite
Dissemination
Observation
National
Networks
NMC
NMC
NMC
NMC
Training Seminar on ICT for GTS (Bangkok, 23 - 27 September 2002) - Slide 30
Specific arrangements for the collection of reports
from mobile stations
• Collection of ships’ weather reports and
oceanographic reports
• Collection of reports from aircraft's
• Collection of information from satellite (DCPs,
images, soundings)
Training Seminar on ICT for GTS (Bangkok, 23 - 27 September 2002) - Slide 31
GTS management tools
• Catalogue of Meteorological Bulletins (Volume
C1 of WMO Publication No. 9
• Routeing catalogues of RTHs
• Monitoring reports
• Reference:WWW Operational Information
Service (http://www.wmo.ch/web/www/ois/oishome.htm)
Training Seminar on ICT for GTS (Bangkok, 23 - 27 September 2002) - Slide 32
References in the Manual on the GTS
• Organisation of the GTS, in particular of the
MTN: Volume I, Part I
• Organisation of the RMTNs: Volume II,
Regional Aspects, Regions I, II, III, IV, V and
VI,
Parts
I,
and
Antarctic
data
telecommunication arrangements
Training Seminar on ICT for GTS (Bangkok, 23 - 27 September 2002) - Slide 33