Transcript FINANCIAL POLICY THEORIES FUNGSI APBN • a statement containing a forecast of revenues and expenditures for a period of time • MOBILISASI DANA.

FINANCIAL POLICY THEORIES
FUNGSI APBN
• a statement containing a forecast of revenues and expenditures for a
period of time
• MOBILISASI DANA INVESTASI
• STABILISASI EKONOMI
• MENINGKATKAN PERTUMBUHAN EKONOMI
PRINSIP KEUANGAN NEGARA
• PENGELUARAN ADALAH FUNGSI DARI DISTRIBUSI KEMAKMURAN
• MAYORITAS PROGRAM PENGELUARAN DITUJUKAN UNTUK
SEKELOMPOK ORANG
• PENGELUARAN DIBIAYAI OLEH PENDAPATAN NEGARA
• PENDAPATAN TERBESAR DAN KONTINYU BERASAL DARI PAJAK.
• PENGELUARAN NEGARA: PEMERATAAN PENERIMAAN PAJAK
PRINSIP KEUANGAN NEGARA
• HORIZONTAL EQUITY: DISTRIBUSI PAJAK SAMA ANTAR DAERAH YANG
PUNYA SITUASI YANG SAMA
• ABILITY TO-PAY PRINCIPLE: MARGINAL UTILITY OF INCOME DECLINES
AS MORE INCOME IS ADDED; BASIC INCOME EXCEEDED; RICH WILL
PAY MORE FOR THE SAME PUBLIC GOODS
• BENEFITS PRINCIPLE: TAX PAYMENT RESULT IN (PUBLIC SERVICES)
BENEFITS RECEIVED
DISTRIBUSI PENDAPATAN DAN KEMAKMURAN
REASONS:
• CLOSING GAP BEWEEEN RICH AND POOR;
• POVERTY ALLEVIATION
• PRODUCERS WILL GET MORE COSTUMERS; CREATING ABILITY TO PAY;
• MARKET WILL WORK EFFICIENTLY: COST OF PAYING TAX
• EQUALIZATION OF ENDOWMENTS AND CAPACITIES; MEANS FOR THE
UNFORTUNATE TO PARTICIPATE IN ECONOMY
• EQUALIZATION OF ACCESS TO OPPORTUNITIES
REDISTRIBUSI PENDAPATAN DAN KEMAKMURAN
NOT PURE COLLECTIVE GOODS:
• DEPEND ON THE PRIORITY OF GOVERNMENT SECTOR (BUDGET)
• EX: CCTV
PURE COLLECTIVE GOODS:
• MANDATORY
• WILLINGNESS OF PEOPLE TO SHARE TAX PAID IS GREATER CAUSE IT
WILL INCREASE OTHERS’S WELL-BEING (SOCIAL CONTRACT)
• EX: ALLEVIATE POVERTY
SOCIAL CONTRACT: SOCIAL JUSTICE
• EX: HEALTH INSURANCE
REDISTRIBUSI PENDAPATAN DAN KEMAKMURAN
• NON-IDEAL POLITICAL PROCESS
• MEANS TO EQUALIZING IN EARNING INCOME AND ACCUMULATING
WEALTH OPPORTUNITIES: TRAINING FOR WORK-FINDER
(VOCATIONAL SCHOOLS, POLYTECHNIC SCHOOLS); LOANS;
• NON-FISCAL MEANS: MINIMUM WAGE LAWS
• NOT RESTRICTED TO EQUALLY MEASURED BENEFICIARIES
ASPECTS IN FINANCING GOVERNMENT
EXPENDITURES
REVENUES
• TAXES
• NON-TAXES INCOME
• LEVIES
• LOANS
• GRANTS
MEANS
• TRANSFER OF MONEY
• INTERGOVERNMENTAL FISCAL
RELATIONSHIP
PAJAK SEBAGAI SUMBER UTAMA
PENERIMAAN NEGARA
PRINSIP PENGENAAN PAJAK
• RESTRICTED TO MEASURED EQUAL IMPOSITION
• GEOMETRIC ANALYSIS:
AGGREGATE MARGINAL DEMAND ON COLLECTIVE GOODS IS
PROPORTIONATED DIVIDED AMONG RICH AND POOR
• WICKSELL’S PRINCIPLE OF TAXATION
AGGREGATE = QUALIFIED MAJORITY (1/5 OF TOTAL MEMBER)
PAJAK (CONT…)
PRINSIP PENGENAAN PAJAK
• SECOND ORDER EFFICIENCY
LEAST-PRICE DISTORTION: MINIMIZE WELFARE LOSS
• EQUAL IMPOSITION AND DISTRIBUTION OF TAXES
• PROPORTION TO INCOME AND WEALTH
• GENERAL SALES TAX
DEBT
• POLITICAL MOTIVATION: GAIN TRUST FROM OTHER COUNTRIES
• ECONOMIC MOTIVATION: NOT TO REDUCE THE PRIVATE WEALTH IN A
COUNTRY
• TYPES:
1. GOVERNMENT BONDS
2. INTERNATIONAL LOAN
3. DOMESTIC LOAN
DEBT
PROBLEMS:
1. CITIZENS PAY TWICE: LOAN AND INTEREST
2. CITIZEN IN THE TIME OF LOAN DUE DATE BEAR THE BURDEN BUT
RECEIVE NO BENEFITS
3. COST OPPORTUNITY LOST FROM DICTATION OF USE OF LOAN
4. NO DOMESTIC BENEFITS RECEIVED IN CASE OF EXTERNAL LOAN,
PAYMENT ARE MADE TO FOREIGN CITIZENS
5. OPPORTUNITY OF FAKE BENEFITS RESULTING FROM CAPITAL
PROJECTS TO CITIZENS
DEBT:WHEN SHOULD BORROW?
• HIGH UNEMPLOYMENT
• HIGH BUDGET DEFICIT
• FINANCING CAPITAL PROJECTS (CERTAIN BENEFITS OVER LONG
PERIODS OF TIME)
DEBT:WHEN SHOULD BE RETIRED?
• BUDGET SURPLUS