Transcript Drought Management – Integration of Geo Spatial & Contemporary Technologies C. S.

Drought Management – Integration of
Geo Spatial & Contemporary Technologies
C. S. Murthy
Principal
C. S. Investigator
Murthy (Drought)
Principal Investigator (Drought)
[email protected]
[email protected]
Disaster Management Support Program
National Remote Sensing Agency
(Dept.RS
of &Space,
Govt. of India)
GIS Applications
Area
National Remote Sensing Agency
(Dept. of Space, Govt. of India)
Organizations associated with drought assessment/monitoring
Organization
India Meteorological
Department, NCMRWF
Activity
Meteorological information such as rainfall, temperature
and derived products on aridity anomaly at subdivision
level. Mainly for meteorological drought.
Agro-advisory services based on weather data
Central Water
Commission
Water levels in surface water bodies - hydrological
drought
State Departments of
Agriculture
Monitoring crop sown area progression and drought
prevalence through manual observations on agricultural
situation and the data on rainfall and surface water bodies.
Contingency crop plans.
State Disaster
Management Authorities
Analyzing data from different departments and drought
declaration
State Agricultural
Universities
Agro-advisory services
Contingency crop plans
ICAR
Agro meteorological data bases
Agro advisory services
Drought proofing measures
NRSA
(Dept. of Space, Govt. of
India)
In season agricultural drought assessment and monitoring
with satellite images and geospatial information
technologies.
SATELLITE MONITORING OF AGRICULTURAL DROUGHT
Vegetation Index
Satellite Sensors
Agricultural
Drought
Meteorological
Drought
Infiltration &
Percolation
Rain
Runoff
Biophysical Parameters
Evapo transpiration
Hydrological
Drought
Runoff
Surface
Storage
Ground water
Storage
Earth Observation Systems and Geo-spatial Information Technology
for drought assessment and management
Geo-stationery &
Communication
Satellites
Earth Resources
Satellites
1. Monitoring of
Crop area, crop condition & yield
Range lands
2. Soil moisture estimation
3. Land surface temperature
• Meteorological information
• Monitoring vegetation
• Monitoring range lands
Village Resource
Centres (VRCs)
Automatic
Weather
Stations (AWS)
Geo-spatial toolsGeographic Information System (GIS) – Data ware house, knowledge discovery,
data mining, Spatial modellers etc
PNT systems (Position, Navigation and Tracking System)
Data integration from diff. sources/ decision support
Data communication and net working
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Drought assessment
Vulnerability mapping
Drought mitigation
Drought management
Methodology for drought assessment, kharif season (AVHRR/WiFS/AWiFS)
Harmonization of NDVI and ground data
Change in crop calendar
Lag between NDVI &
rainfall
Abnormal weather events
Such as floods
NDVI anomaly
Assessment
(1) Relative dev.
(2) VCI
(3) In season
transformation
Drought warning
(June, July, August)
Normal
Watch
Alert
Extent of NDVI
anomaly
Agricultural
drought
situation
Extent of rainfall
deviation
Drought declaration
(Sep, Oct)
Mild
Moderate
Extent of sown area
deviation
Severe
NATIONAL AGRICULTURAL DROUGHT ASSESSMENT AND MONITORING SYSTEM
Satellite data analysis
Drought assessment
Coverage
Information reporting
Integration with ground data
.
.
30 Sep
25 Sep
18 Sep
31 Aug
11 Sep
21 Aug
7 Aug
14 Aug
31 Jul
12/6 19/6 6/6 3/710/7 17/7 24/7 31/7 7/8 14/8 21/8 28/8 4/9 11/9 18/9 25/9
24 Jul
.
-100
17 Jul
0
-50
3 Jul
50
10 Jul
100
26 Jun
150
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
19 Jun
% of normal
% deviation
200
5 Jun
250
12 Jun
300
AVHRR NDVI – August 2007
June 07
July 07
August 07
NDVI
Agricultural Drought Assessment – Aug 2007
Uttar Pradesh state
AWiFS NDVI
June 2007
Andhra Pradesh state
August 2007
Agricultural drought
assessment
at dis-aggregated
level
July 2007
93 mandals in 7 districts
were found to be under mild agricultural drought situation
August 2007
Agricultural Drought Assessment
(upto August 2007)
Agricultural drought situation
in 55 districts in the country
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22 districts in U.P
11 districts in M.P
8 districts in Rajasthan
6 districts in Maharashtra
7 districts in AP
1 district in Bihar
Crop condition anomalies at different levels
Normal year (2005)
State
Drought year (2002)
District
Block
Impact of 2002 drought at block level Anantpur district
Mudigubba mandal - Anantpur district
groundnut
Tadipatri mandal - Anantpur (Groundnut)
0.350
0.450
0.400
0.300
0.350
0.250
0.300
0.200
0.200
NDVI
NDVI
0.250
0.150
0.100
0.100
0.050
0.050
0.000
0.000
-0.050
0.150
June
July
August
Sep
October
-0.050
-0.100
June
2002
2005
Sep
October
2002
Kanekal mandal - Anantpur district
groundnut + paddy
Pamidi mandal - Anantpur (Paddy)
0.450
0.400
0.400
0.350
0.350
0.300
0.300
0.250
0.250
0.200
NDVI
NDVI
August
-0.100
2005
0.200
0.150
0.150
0.100
0.100
0.050
0.000
0.050
-0.050
0.000
-0.050
July
June
July
August
2005
Sep
2002
October
June
July
August
Sep
-0.100
2005
2002
October
Drought vulnerability mapping – space & ground inputs
Hanumantharao committee 1994
 % area irrigated at district and block level in different agro climatic zones was the main
criteria
 1173 blocks in 185 districts of 13 states – 120 M ha as drought prone
Parthasarathy Committee 2005 – re-look in to criteria for drought proneness
 CRIDA ‘s criteria – Rainfall and irrigation support
 NRSA – Historic NDVI from high resolution data
 Integration of these two methods for composite drought prone index
Anantpur district
Mahaboobnagar district
Participating Organizations
 CRIDA
 NRSA
 NIRD
Data used
 NDVI
 Rainfall
 Irrigation support
More vulnerable
Less vulnerable
Information requirements
for
in-season drought
management
1
Beginning of the season
(a) Extent of delay in sowings (no. of days/weeks)
(b) Extent of reduction in sown area
(c) Expected sown area
2
Middle/end of the season
(a) Impact of drought on standing crops.
(b) Expected reduction in crop yield
3
Scale of information
At different spatial units (mandals/taluks) within district
Weekly/fortnightly information
4
Quantitative assessment of drought impact
(a) Area affected by drought - list of drought affected
mandals/taluks along with severity level.
(b) Extent of reduction in crop yield.
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Early warning on drought occurrence/severity
Drought management
Short term
1. Contingency crop plan
2. Drought resistant cultivars
3. Cultivation practices for soil
and water conservation
4. Mid season corrections
5. Nutrient management
Goals
• Land management
• Crop management
• Fodder management
• Agricultural Water
management
• Drinking Water
management
Long term
• Socio-economic equity 1. Watershed management
2.
3.
4.
5.
Ground water recharge
Water use efficiency
Employment generation
Public awareness
In-season management
(near real-time)
• Assessment indicators
• Monitoring mechanism
End-of-the season
management
• Drought declaration
rationale
• Relief management
Criteria for drought declaration by different states
• Declaration of drought by state level
• Declaration in Sept/Oct
• Memorandum of scarcity
• Verification by Central Govt.
Criteria in different states
State
Criteria for drought declaration
Andhra Pradesh
1. Mandal level rainfall
2. Mandal level crop sown area
3. Yield reduction
4. Dry spells
Karnataka
Rainfall
Dry weeks
Maharashtra
Paisewari system, yield loss
100 point scale
Orissa
Block level rainfall, Crop
assessment
Rajasthan, UP and
J&K
Yield loss criteria
Standard criteria for operational drought assessment & declaration
 Scientific approach
 Criteria should cut across various rainfall zones, agro-ecological zones
 Complete and comprehensive – rainfall, soil and plant
Weather data
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IMD weather stations
Revenue rain guages
Automatic Weather stations
Geo-stationery satellites
Soil moisture
Drought severity
Classification
at
Sub district level
Crop condition &
crop estimation
• Geospatial near realtime from
different satellites
• Bio-physical parameters from
satellites
• Agro meterological yield models
• Improved manual crop estimation
surveys
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Soil water balance
Automatic Weather stations
Microwave satellites
Thermal data from satellites
Crop sown areas
• Manual collection
• Satellite observations
 Drought declaration
 Relief Assessment
 Relief Management
National Drought Management System
A model
KNOWLEDGE
CENTER (KC)
Institutional participation
Integrated Geospatial Data base on drought
related parameters (Spatial and non spatial)
Near real-time flow
of data/information
 Agriculture
 Meteorology
Geo-informatics tools for data analysis
 Hydrology
Knowledge
Data mining
Data Fusion
 Socio-economic
...
 Academic
Flow of expertise
Spatial Decision
Support Systems
 Scientific
Drought Assessment at
diff. spatial & temporal scales
Delivery & Feedback mechanism
Federal
Government
State
Government
District
Administration
Farmers
Institutional Linkages with KNOWLEDGE CENTRE (KC)
Main issues
• Identification of institutions
• Defining roles/responsibilities
• Ensuring near realtime flow of data and knowledge
• Ensuring end use and feed back analysis
KNOWLEDGE
CENTRE (KC)
Standardization of data collection and Transmission system
1. Weather data -- IMD stations
Revenue stations
Increasing the density - Automatic Weather Stations
2. Agriculture – Soil information (Soil maps)
Deep Soils
Shallow soils
Geo morphology – uplands, low lands
Cropping pattern,
Irrigation support
Crop sown area progression
Irrigation support
3. Geospatial data bases
Land Use / Land cover
Crop condition
Bio physical parametrs etc
4. Consistency in the data collection procedures, timeliness etc
Data transmission to centralised servers
Surface mail, e mail
Satellite transmission
Harmonization of data & Unified index – A Classic example
Drought monitor is at
climatic division averaged.
Not good for local level
decision making
• Multi disciplinary
• Involvement of multiple organizations
(about 150 scientists are involved)
• Comprehensive drought assessment
• It is not a forecasting/early warning system
Criteria in US Drought monitor
Category
Palmer
drought
index
CPC soil Stream
moisture flows
model
SPI
Satellite
Vegetatio
n health
index
Normal
-1 to 1.9
21-30
21-30
-.5 to .7
36-45
Moderate
drought
-2 to 2.9
11-20
11-20
-.8 to 1.2
26-35
Severe
drought
-3 to 3.9
6-10
6-10
-1.3 to
-1.5
16-25
Extreme
drought
-4 to 4.9
3-5
3-5
-1.6 to
-1.9
6-15
Exceptional
drought
-5 or
less
0-2
0-2
-2 or
less
1-5
Automatic Weather Stations
• Special sensors for
measuring soil moisture
• Affordable alternatives to get
detailed weather information.
• Data transmission through
communication satellites –
Kalpana - 1, INSAT 3A
• AWS measures –
meteorological parameters like
rainfall, humidity, temperature
• consistency in data
recording, enhanced frequency
of coverage,
• Coverage of inaccessible
areas, all weather and all time
operations
AWS are being established in selected locations in Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka and Maharashtra.
Thank you all