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Characteristics of Living Things

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Reproduction Has Cells Grow and Develop Acquire Energy and Materials Have DNA Respond to their Environment Maintain stable internal Environment As a group, Change over Time

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Cell Theory

• All know living things

are made up of cells

• Cells are the basic unit

of structure and function in living things

• All cells come from pre-

existing cells Clip

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Robert Hooke-1665

• One of the first people to see cells.

• He saw cork Cells.

• First to use the word cells- named them for the places that monks sleep in the monastery.

• English scientist

Robert Hooke built this microscope in the 17th century and used it to conduct pioneering research. He discovered the cell structure of plants by observing a thin slice of cork under his microscope.

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5 Theodor Schwann 1839 Concluded that all animals are made up of cells

6 Schleiden, Matthias 1839 Concluded that all Plant cells are made up of cells

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Cell Elemental Composition

Cells are 90% water. Of the remaining molecules present, the dry weight is approximately: • 50% protein • 15% carbohydrate • 15% nucleic acid • 10% lipid • 10% miscellaneous Total approximate composition by element: • 60% H • 25% O • 12% C • 5% N

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Two basic Types of Cells

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Prokaryotic Cells

DO HAVE

• Cell membrane • Ribosomes • DNA

DO NOT HAVE

• Organelles • Nucleus •Are all singled celled organisms. •Thought of as more ancient life

forms…they came first.

•They still carry out all of life’s

functions!

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Eukaryotic Cells

• Have organelles.

• Can be singled celled organisms or multicellular organisms….. Like US!

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Basic Cell Structure

• Cells come in many

different shapes and sizes.

• Like bricks in a building,

cells make up all living things

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Basic Cell Structure

The Cell Membrane • The outside of all cells are surrounded by a membrane made of phospholipids.

• Nickname: “The gatekeeper” 13

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Membrane Structure

• There are proteins “stuck” in the

membrane that help get things into and out of the cells.

• They also help to get messages into the

cell.

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Proteins in Membrane

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The Membrane is a lipid bilayer.

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Plant cells also have a cell wall outside of the cell membrane.

• Cell walls can also be

found in fungi and bacteria.

• The cell wall provides

support and protection for these cells.

• In plants, the cell

wall is made of the carbohydrate cellulose.

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Inside of the cell The Cytoplasm

The cytoplasm contains all of the organelles.

• Cells are filled

with organelles that each do something to keep the cell alive.

• The jelly-like

insides of a cell is called cytoplasm.

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Organelles in the Cytoplasm

• Each organelle has a specific

function so that the cell can do its job.

• Each organelle has its own job! • Remember: ONLY EUKARYOTIC

CELLS HAVE ORGANELLES!!!!

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What an organelle?

• Organelle mean “tiny organ.” • Organelles function together

to help the cell carry out all of life’s activities!!

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Nucleus-The Control Center

• The Brain • Contains the

DNA

• DNA controls

which proteins get made-and when!

• Where

ribosomes are made

• The nucleus has

a phospholipid bilayer around it.

• The nuclear

pores allow substances to move into and out of the nucleus.

• The DNA

NEVER leaves the nucleus.

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Ribosomes

• Not technically an

organelles.

• Nickname:

“protein maker”

• Place where

proteins are made.

• They help put the

amino acids together to make proteins.

• Made of the nucleic

Acid-RNA

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website

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Endoplasmic Reticulum

• Membrane system that’s function involves protein synthesis and transport.

• Can be thought of as a Highway and a place of protein synthesis.

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Two types of ER

• Smooth – No attached ribosomes • Rough – Attached ribosomes

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ER branches off from the nuclear membrane.

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Golgi Apparatus

• • Nickname: “UPS” • Packages molecules and sends them to their destination.

• Also checks to make sure the molecules are put together correctly, if not correct it sends them back to the ER.

Website

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Golgi w/vacuoles

Vacuoles are packages of material that are being transported.

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Lysosomes

• Nickname “Recycling Center” • Has digestive enzymes that breakdown and recycle molecules.

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Vacuoles

• Storage and transport containers.

• Plants usually have one large one • Animals generally have many small ones.

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A vacuole is a membrane-bound sac that plays roles in intracellular digestion and the release of cellular waste products. In animal cells, vacuoles are generally small.

Vacuoles tend to be large in plant cells and play a role in turgor pressure. When a plant is well-watered, water collects in cell vacuoles producing rigidity in the plant. Without sufficient water, pressure in the vacuole is reduced and the plant wilts.

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Chloroplasts

Site of photosynthesis in plants.

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Cytoskeleton

• Gives cells their microfilaments.

shape

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• Contain proteins: microtubules and Microfilaments help give the cell

shape

, and

movement

in cytoplasm. Microtubules aids in chromosome movement, movement of organelles, and the movement of cilia and flagella.

Without the cytoskeleton, the cell would have no shape. By allowing the cell to keep shape, the cell is allowed to function and stay in homeostasis.

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Microtubules and Microfilaments

43 Endoplasmic reticulum Microtubule Microfilament Ribosomes Cell membrane Michondrion

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Mitochondria

• Nickname: “Powerhouse” • Site of ATP production • ATP is the universal energy molecule • • Energy is stored in the bonds of ATP.

Website

45 Vacuole Chloroplast Cell Membrane Cell wall Golgi apparatus Mitochondrian Plant Cell Smooth endoplasmic reticulum Ribosome (free) Ribosome (attached) Nuclear envelope Nucleolus Nucleus Rough endoplasmic reticulum

Organelles of the Cell Clip Nucleolus Nucleus Nuclear envelope Rough endoplasmic Golgi apparatus Ribosome (free) Cell Mitochondrian Smooth reticulum Centrioles Animal Cell

Animal Cell and Plant Cell

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Levels of Organization

• Cells make up tissues.

• Tissues make up Organs.

• Organs make up organ systems.

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How do molecules get into and out of a cell?

•Movement of

molecules from a place of to higher concentration a place of lower concentration

•Always

higher to lower!

•No energy

input required!

Diffusion

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51 Osmosis:Diffusion of water through a cell membrane

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Transport through the membrane

Two types

–Facilitated Diffusion

•Energy •Energy

input input NOT required

–Active Transport

required

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Facilitated Diffusion

Energy is NOT required to move substances across the membrane.

Protein

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Facilitated Diffusion High Concentration Cell Membrane bilayer Low Concentration

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Active Transport

•Energy is required

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• Need ATP the universal energy molecule.

• Low to high

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Other ways to get molecules into and out of a cell

Some molecules are too large to get through the membrane.

Website 1. Endocytosis

• Into

1. Exocytosis

• Out of

E N D O C Y T O S I S 59

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Inside of the cell Outside of the cell

Exocytosis

solutions

– – – – The solution with the higher concentration of solutes is hypertonic.

The solution with the lower concentration of solutes is

hypotonic

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These are comparative terms.

• Tap water is hypertonic compared to distilled water but hypotonic when compared to sea water.

Solutions with equal solute concentrations are

isotonic

.

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3 types of Solutions

What types of solution?

Hypertonic Or Hypotonic

Plasmolysis

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Microscopes

65 Stage Body Tube Nosepiece 10x Objectives 40X objective 100x Objective Stage Clips Diaphragm Light Source Eyepiece Arm Stage Coarse Adjustment Fine Adjustment Base

• This beautiful microscope was made for the famous British scientist Robert Hooke in the late 1600s, and was one of the most elegant microscopes built during the period. Hooke illustrated the microscope in his

Micrographia

, one of the first detailed treatises on microscopy and imaging.

Electron Microscopes

• use a beam of highly energetic electrons to examine objects on a very fine scale • Co-invented by Germans, Max Knott and Ernst Ruska in 1931, Ernst Ruska was awarded half of the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1986 for his invention. • 15x to 200,000x

Below are five different images of the same mosquito.

• The fossilized

shell of a microscopic ocean animal is magnified 392 times its actual size. The ancient creature, called Radiolarian, lived in the waters off Antarctica and is now used to study such things as climate and ocean circulation.