Overview and Introduction to Nanotechnology: What, Why and How Mark Tuominen Professor of Physics Jonathan Rothstein Professor of Mechanical Eng.
Download ReportTranscript Overview and Introduction to Nanotechnology: What, Why and How Mark Tuominen Professor of Physics Jonathan Rothstein Professor of Mechanical Eng.
Overview and Introduction to Nanotechnology: What, Why and How Mark Tuominen Professor of Physics Jonathan Rothstein Professor of Mechanical Eng. 2010 Institute Agenda* Monday, June 28 Tuesday, June 29 Perspective Mapping; Sizes Wed., June 30 Thursday, July 1 Friday, July 2 Manufacturing Interdisciplinary Conclusions 8:30 Coffee and AM Registration Lobby of ISB Coffee Gel observation 364 Coffee Gel observation Coffee Gel observation. Coffee Gel observation 9:00 Welcome, intros AM Nano overview 329 Mark, Jonathan Why Size Matters: Mort Intro to AFM 329 Jonathan, Jennifer Self assembly 329 Mark, Rob Societal issues Gelatin Diffusion Jigsaw: Experts Experiment (assigned locations) conclusion 364 Oleic acid module 10:00 Peer groups Nanomedicine 329 Neil Forbes Break Break 10:30 Break Break Break 10:45 Gelatin diffusion AM experiment 329, 364 Jennifer AFM, cont. 364 Magnetic memory; Peer groups, cont. 329 12:00 Lunch PM Lunch Lunch 1:00 Franklin; oleic PM acid experiment 329, 364 Rob Lithography, electrodeposition 329, 364 Mark, Rob Lab tour Nanoparticles and Academic year Hasbrouck sunscreen 329 Sharing (posters) basement Mort 329 Virtual clean room 2:00 Nanofilters PM 329 Mort Solar Energy DV 364 Rm. 329 Academic year brainstorm Biological Applications Jenny Ross, 364 3:00 Break Break Break Break 3:15 Powers of Ten Rob Solar Energy, cont. Nano impact, applications, careers 329 Academic year planning, posters 329 Magnetism module 11:30 Full group 329 Lunch Jigsaw Assignment Curriculum Mark, Jonathan design project 329 Intro Holly 329 Exploring the web 4:30 Feedback and gel PM observation 364 Nanomedicine, cont. Feedback and gel Feedback and gel observation 364 observation 364 BBQ at Rob Snyder’s Home Feedback and gel observation 364 Lunch Evaluators Visit Poster Sharing, Cont. 329 Final Session Feedback NSF Center for Hierarchical Manufacturing A Center on Nanomanufacturing at UMass Research Education Outreach Nanotechnology The biggest science initiative since the Apollo program Nanotechnology Nanotechnology is the understanding and control of matter at dimensions of roughly 1 to 100 nanometers, where unique phenomena enable novel applications. 1 nanometer = 1 billionth of a meter = 1 x 10-9 m nano.gov How small are nanostructures? Single Hair Width = 0.1 mm = 100 micrometers = 100,000 nanometers ! Smaller still Hair 6,000 nanometers DNA . 100,000 nanometers 10 nm objects made by guided self-assembly 3 nanometers The Scale of Things – Nanometers and More Things Natural Things Manmade 10-2 m 10-3 m 200 mm Fly ash ~ 10-20 mm Microworl d 10-4 m -5 10 m Red blood cells (~7-8 mm) The Challenge 1,000,000 nanometers = 1 millimeter (mm) MicroElectroMechanical (MEMS) devices 10 -100 mm wide 0.1 mm 100 mm O 0.01 mm 10 mm Infrared Dust mite Human hair ~ 60-120 mm wide Head of a pin 1-2 mm Microwave Ant ~ 5 mm 1 cm 10 mm 1,000 nanometers = 1 micrometer (mm) O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O S S S S S S S S Zone plate x-ray “lens” Outer ring spacing ~35 nm Visible 10-6 m Pollen grain Red blood cells P O 10-8 m ~10 nm diameter ATP synthase 0.1 mm 100 nm Ultraviolet Nanoworl d 10-7 m Fabricate and combine nanoscale building blocks to make useful devices, e.g., a photosynthetic reaction center with integral semiconductor storage. 0.01 mm 10 nm Self-assembled, Nature-inspired structure Many 10s of nm Nanotube electrode 10-9 m Soft x-ray 1 nanometer (nm) DNA ~2-1/2 nm diameter Atoms of silicon spacing 0.078 nm 10-10 m 0.1 nm Quantum corral of 48 iron atoms on copper surface positioned one at a time with an STM tip Corral diameter 14 nm Carbon buckyball ~1 nm diameter Carbon nanotube ~1.3 nm diameter Office of Basic Energy Sciences Office of Science, U.S. DOE Version 05-26-06, pmd Applications of Nanotechnology First, An Example: iPod Data Storage Capacity 10 GB 2001 20 GB 2002 40 GB 2004 80 GB 2006 160 GB 2007 Hard drive Magnetic data storage Uses nanotechnology! Hard Disk Drives - a home for bits Hitachi Magnetic Data Storage A computer hard drive stores your data magnetically “Read” Head “Write” Head Signal S N N S 0 1 current Disk 0 0 1 0 0 1 direction of disk motion 1 0 _ _ “Bits” of information Improving Magnetic Data Storage Technology • The UMass Amherst Center for Hierarchical Manufacturing is working to improve this technology coil 1 bit Perpendicular Write Head Granular Media Soft Magnetic UnderLayer (SUL) Y. Sonobe, et al., JMMM (2006) • CHM Goal: Make "perfect" media using self-assembled nano-templates • Also, making new designs for storage Applications of Nanotechnology Since the 1980's electronics has been a leading commercial driver for nanotechnology R&D, but other areas (materials, biotech, energy, and others) are of significant and growing importance. Some applications of nanotechnology has been around for a very long time already: • Stained glass windows (Venice, Italy) - gold nanoparticles • Photographic film - silver nanoparticles • Tires - carbon black nanoparticles • Catalytic converters - nanoscale coatings of platinum and palladium Why do we want to make things at the nanoscale? • To make better products: smaller, cheaper, faster and more effective. (Electronics, catalysts, water purification, solar cells, coatings, medical diagnostics & therapy, and more) • To introduce completely new physical phenomena to science and technology. (Quantum behavior and other effects.) For a sustainable future! "Biggest science initiative since the Apollo program" Types of Nanostructures and How They Are Made "Nanostructures" Nano-objects "nanoparticle" Nanostructured Materials "nanorod" "nanofilm" "nanotube" and more nanoscale outer dimensions nanoscale internal structure Nanoscale Devices and Systems Integrated nano-objects and materials Making Nanostructures: Nanomanufacturing "Top down" versus "bottom up" methods •Lithography •Deposition •Etching •Machining •Chemical •Self-Assembly Nanofilms Nanofilm on plastic Gold-coated plastic for insulation purposes Nanofilm on glass "Low-E" windows: a thin metal layer on glass: blocks UV and IR light A thin film method: Thermal Evaporation Vaporization or sublimation of a heated material onto a substrate in a vacuum chamber sample QCM film vapor Au, Cr, Al, Ag, Cu, SiO, others Pressure is held low to prevent contamination! There are many other thin film manufacturing techniques vacuum ~10-7 torr source heating source vacuum pump Photolithography process recipe spin coating substrate apply spin bake spin on resist resist expose mask (reticle) exposed unexposed "scission" develop narrow trench etch deposit liftoff narrow line Imprint Lithography • Thermal Imprint Lithography – Emboss pattern into thermoplastic or thermoset with heating • UV-Assisted Imprint Lithography – Curing polymer while in contact with hard, transparent mold Release Mold Template Polymer or Prepolymer Substrate Imprint Pressure Heat or Cure Limits of Lithography • Complex devices need to be patterned several times Takes time and is expensive • Limited by wavelength of light Deep UV ~ 30nm features • Can use electrons instead 1nm features possible MUCH slower than optical IBM - Copper Wiring On a Computer Chip Self Assembly An Early Nanotechnologist? Excerpt from Letter of Benjamin Franklin to William Brownrigg (Nov. 7, 1773) ...At length being at Clapham, where there is, on the Common, a large Pond ... I fetched out a Cruet of Oil, and dropt a little of it on the Water. I saw it spread itself with surprising Swiftness upon the Surface ... the Oil tho' not more than a Tea Spoonful ... which spread amazingly, and extended itself gradually till it reached the Lee Side, making all that Quarter of the Pond, perhaps half an Acre, as smooth as a Looking Glass.... A nanofilm! "Quantum Dots" by Chemical Synthesis (reverse-micelle method) "Synthesis and Characterization of Nearly Monodisperse Semiconductor Nanocrystallites," C. Murray, D. Norris, and M. Bawendi, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 115, 8706 (1993) Color is determined by particle size! Interaction with Light E = hf 420 THz a "Artificial atom" 750 THz SELF ASSEMBLY with DIBLOCK COPOLYMERS Block “B” PS Block “A” PMMA ~10 nm Scale set by molecular size Ordered Phases 10% A 30% A 50% A 70% A 90% A CORE CONCEPT FOR NANOFABRICATION Deposition Template (physical or electrochemical) Etching Mask Remove polymer block within cylinders (expose and develop) Nanoporous Membrane Versatile, self-assembling, nanoscale lithographic system Nanomagnets in a Self-Assembled Polymer Mask nanoporous template 1x1012 magnets/in2 Data Storage... ...and More More Applications of Nanotechnology Solar Cells Benefit: Sun is an unlimited source of electronic energy. Konarka Electric Solar Cells p-n junction interface Sunlight - cross-sectional view 0.5 Volt n-type silicon p-type silicon - - - -- - + + + ++ + The electric power produced is proportional to the area of the solar cell -- ++ Voltage Current “load” + Nanostructured Solar Cells Sunlight Voltage More interface area - More power! Current “load” + Nanomedicine: Cancer Therapy targeted therapy: hyperthermic treatment tumor gold nanoshells Halas group, Rice Univ. www.sciencentral.com/articles/view.php3?article_id=218392390 www.nano.gov/html/news/SpecialPapers/Cancer Perhaps the most important result in nanotechology so far: People from diverse fields working together to solve important problems in our society • • • • • • • • • • Physics Chemistry Biology Materials Science Polymer Science Electrical Engineering Chemical Engineering Mechanical Engineering Medicine And others • Electronics • Materials • Health/Biotech • Chemical • Environmental • Energy • Food • Aerospace • Automotive • Security • Forest products Communication Between Scientists and Government Leaders is Important Nanomanufacturing impacts jobs, economic security, intellectual progress and sustainability Immediate need for more robust: workforce training nanomanufacturing test beds and pilot projects process and tool development nanoinformatics standards development PCAST recommends: "Increase NNI funding for nanomanufacturing research while maintaining support for basic research" A Message for Students Nanotechnology will change practically every part of our lives. It is a field for people who want to solve technological challenges facing societies across the world