Overview and Introduction to Nanotechnology: What, Why and How Mark Tuominen Professor of Physics Jonathan Rothstein Professor of Mechanical Eng.
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Overview and Introduction to Nanotechnology: What, Why and How Mark Tuominen Professor of Physics Jonathan Rothstein Professor of Mechanical Eng. 2009 Institute Agenda Monday, Ju ly 20 2009 Tu esday, July 21 2009 Wed., July 22 2009 Th u rsday, July 23 2009 Friday, Ju ly 24 2009 Perspective Mapping; Sizes Manufacturing Interdisciplinary Conclusions 8:30 Coffee and AM Registration Lobby of ISB Coffee Gel observation Coffee Gel observation 9:00 Welcome, intros AM Nano overview 329 Why Size Self asse mbly Matters: PPT, activities;Intro to 329 AFM 329 Coffee Gel observation. Coffee Gel observation Societal issues Jigsaw: Experts (varied locations) Gelatin Diffusion Experiment conclusion 364 10:00 Peer groups Nanomedicine 329 Break Break 10:30 Break Break Break 10:45 Gelatin diffusion AM experiment 329, 364 AFM, cont. 364 Magnetic memory; Peer groups, cont. Nanomedicine, cont. web resources 329 Magnetism module 11:30 Full group 329 12:00 Lunch PM Lunch Lunch Lunch Lunch Evaluators Visit 1:00 Franklin; oleic PM acid experiment 329, 364 Nanoparticles and Lab tour Lithography, sunscreen 329 Hasbrouck electrodeposition basement 329, 364 Virtual clean room Academic year Sharing (posters) 329 2:00 Nanofilters PM 329 Emily Erikson societal issues 329 Rm. 329 Academic year brainstorm Poster Sharing, Cont. 329 Final Session Feedback 3:00 Break Break Break 3:15 Powers of Ten Curriculum Nano impact, design project 329 applications, careers 329 Exploring the web Jigsaw Assignment Intro 329 4:30 Feedback and gel PM observation 364 Feedback and gel Feedback and gel observation 364 observation 364 BBQ at Rob Snyder’s Home Break Academic year planning, posters 329 Feedback and gel observation 364 NSF Center for Hierarchical Manufacturing A Center on Nanomanufacturing at UMass Research Education Outreach Nanotechnology The biggest science initiative since the Apollo program Nanotechnology Nanotechnology is the understanding and control of matter at dimensions of roughly 1 to 100 nanometers, where unique phenomena enable novel applications. 1 nanometer = 1 billionth of a meter = 1 x 10-9 m nano.gov How small are nanostructures? Single Hair Width = 0.1 mm = 100 micrometers = 100,000 nanometers ! Smaller still Hair . 6,000 nanometers DNA Qui ckTi me™ and a TIFF (LZW) decompressor are needed to see thi s picture. 100,000 nanometers 10 nm objects made by guided self-assembly 3 nanometers Applications of Nanotechnology First, An Example: iPod Data Storage Capacity 10 GB 2001 20 GB 2002 40 GB 2004 80 GB 2006 160 GB 2007 Hard drive Magnetic data storage Uses nanotechnology! Hard Disk Drives - a home for bits Hitachi Magnetic Data Storage A computer hard drive stores your data magnetically “Read” Head “Write” Head Signal S N N S 0 1 current Disk 0 0 1 0 0 1 direction of disk motion 1 0 _ _ “Bits” of information Improving Magnetic Data Storage Technology • The UMass Amherst Center for Hierarchical Manufacturing is working to improve this technology coil 1 bit Perpendicular Write Head Granular Media Soft Magnetic UnderLayer (SUL) Y. Sonobe, et al., JMMM (2006) • CHM Goal: Make "perfect" media using self-assembled nano-templates • Also, making new designs for storage QuickTime™ and a TIFF (LZW) decompressor are needed to see this picture. Applications of Nanotechnology Since the 1980's electronics has been a leading commercial driver for nanotechnology R&D, but other areas (materials, biotech, energy, and others) are of significant and growing importance. Some applications of nanotechnology has been around for a very long time already: • Stained glass windows (Venice, Italy) - gold nanoparticles • Photographic film - silver nanoparticles • Tires - carbon black nanoparticles • Catalytic converters - nanoscale coatings of platinum and palladium Why do we want to make things at the nanoscale? • To make better products: smaller, cheaper, faster and more effective. (Electronics, catalysts, water purification, solar cells, coatings, medical diagnostics & therapy, and more) • To introduce completely new physical phenomena to science and technology. (Quantum behavior and other effects.) For a sustainable future! nano.gov QuickTime™ and a TIFF (LZW) decompressor are needed to see this picture. "Biggest science initiative since the Apollo program" Types of Nanostructures and How They Are Made "Nanostructures" Nano-objects "nanoparticle" Nanostructured Materials "nanorod" "nanofilm" "nanotube" and more nanoscale outer dimensions nanoscale internal structure Nanoscale Devices and Systems Integrated nano-objects and materials Making Nanostructures: Nanomanufacturing "Top down" versus "bottom up" methods •Lithography •Deposition •Etching •Machining •Chemical •Self-Assembly Nanofilms Nanofilm on glass Nanofilm on plastic Au, Cr, Al, Ag, Cu, SiO, others QuickTime™ and a decompressor be held are Pressure needed to seemust this picture. QuickTime™ and a decompressor are needed to see this picture. low to prevent contamination! Gold-coated plastic for insulation purposes "Low-E" windows: a thin metal layer on glass: blocks UV and IR light A thin film method: Thermal Evaporation Vaporization or sublimation of a heated material onto a substrate in a vacuum chamber sample QCM film vapor Au, Cr, Al, Ag, Cu, SiO, others Pressure is held low to prevent contamination! There are many other thin film manufacturing techniques vacuum ~10-7 torr source heating source vacuum pump Photolithography for Deposition process recipe spin coating substrate apply spin bake spin on resist resist expose mask (reticle) exposed unexposed "scission" develop deposit liftoff narrow line Lithography IBM Copper Wiring On a Computer Chip Patterned Several Times Self Assembly An Early Nanotechnologist? Excerpt from Letter of Benjamin Franklin to William Brownrigg (Nov. 7, 1773) ...At length being at Clapham, where there is, on the Common, a large Pond ... I fetched out a Cruet of Oil, and dropt a little of it on the Water. I saw it spread itself with surprising Swiftness upon the Surface ... the Oil tho' not more than a Tea Spoonful ... which spread amazingly, and extended itself gradually till it reached the Lee Side, making all that Quarter of the Pond, perhaps half an Acre, as smooth as a Looking Glass.... A nanofilm! "Quantum Dots" by Chemical Synthesis (reverse-micelle method) QuickTime™ and a TIFF (LZW) decompressor are needed to see this picture. "Synthesis and Characterization of Nearly Monodisperse Semiconductor Nanocrystallites," C. Murray, D. Norris, and M. Bawendi, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 115, 8706 (1993) QuickTime™ and a TIFF (LZW) decompressor are needed to see this picture. Interaction with Light E = hf 420 THz a "Artificial atom" 750 THz SELF ASSEMBLY with DIBLOCK COPOLYMERS Block “B” PS Block “A” PMMA ~10 nm Scale set by molecular size Ordered Phases 10% A 30% A 50% A 70% A 90% A CORE CONCEPT FOR NANOFABRICATION Deposition Template (physical or electrochemical) Etching Mask Remove polymer block within cylinders (expose and develop) Nanoporous Membrane Versatile, self-assembling, nanoscale lithographic system Nanomagnets in a Self-Assembled Polymer Mask nanoporous template 1x1012 magnets/in2 Data Storage... ...and More More Applications of Nanotechnology Solar Cells Benefit: Sun is an unlimited source of electronic energy. Konarka Electric Solar Cells p-n junction interface Sunlight - cross-sectional view 0.5 Volt n-type silicon p-type silicon - - - -- - + + + ++ + The electric power produced is proportional to the area of the solar cell -- ++ Voltage Current “load” + Nanostructured Solar Cells Sunlight Voltage More interface area - More power! Current “load” + Nanomedicine: Cancer Therapy targeted therapy: hyperthermic treatment tumor QuickTime™ and a decompressor are needed to see this picture. gold nanoshells Halas group, Rice Univ. www.sciencentral.com/articles/view.php3?article_id=218392390 www.nano.gov/html/news/SpecialPapers/Cancer Perhaps the most important result in nanotechology so far: People from diverse fields working together to solve important problems in our society • • • • • • • • • • Physics Chemistry Biology Materials Science Polymer Science Electrical Engineering Chemical Engineering Mechanical Engineering Medicine And others • Electronics • Materials • Health/Biotech • Chemical • Environmental • Energy • Food • Aerospace • Automotive • Security • Forest products A Message for Students Nanotechnology will change practically every part of our lives. It is a field for people who want to solve technological challenges facing societies across the world