Transcript A comprehensive investigation of the risky driving behaviour of young novice drivers Presenter: Bridie Scott-Parker, PhD Candidate (Prof Barry Watson, Dr Mark King,

A comprehensive investigation of the risky
driving behaviour of young novice drivers
Presenter: Bridie Scott-Parker, PhD Candidate
(Prof Barry Watson, Dr Mark King, Dr Melissa Hyde)
Directions in Road Safety Research, Brisbane,18-19 June 2012
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Extent of the Problem
• Queensland, 2010
• 23% of all persons killed in car crashes 17-24
years (12% of the state’s population)
• Queensland, 1 July 2004 – 30 June 2009
• The young driver was at fault in 81% of
fatality and 72% of hospitalisation crashes
• Cost of crashes?
Casualty Crash Involvement in
Queensland by Licence Type
No. drivers in casualty crashes
600
500
Learner
licence
phase
Provisional licence phase
Open licence phase
400
300
200
100
0
0
0
1
2
3
4
Years after licensing
Source: Queensland Government, 2005
5
6
7
My PhD Research Program
• Study 1: Inform the development of the survey
instrument for Studies 2 and 3
• Study 1A: State-wide sample of young novice drivers
• N = 761, attending a tertiary institution,17-25 years old,
Provisional licence
• Online questionnaire exploring driving attitudes and behaviours
• Study 1B: Small group and individual interviews in a
local shopping centre
• N = 21, 16-25 years old, Learner or Provisional driver’s licence
• Questions exploring influence of parents, peers, and Police on
risky driving (imitation, punishments, rewards)
My PhD Research Program
• Study 2: What is happening in the pre-Licence
and Learner phase?
• Recruited across Queensland as novices progressed
from Learner to Provisional 1 driver’s licence; N = 1170
(17-25 years)
• Online or paper questionnaire
• Study 3: What is happening during the first six
months of the Provisional 1 licence?
• All participants from Study 2 invited to participate
• Online or paper questionnaire
• N = 390
Theoretical Framework
Bandura’s Reciprocal Determinism Model
Environment
Behaviour
Person
Key findings: Behaviour
How do we measure it?
Behaviour of Young Novice Drivers Scale (BYNDS)
1. Transient violations
13 items, e.g., speeding, handheld mobile phone
2. Fixed violations
10 items, e.g., drink driving, carry more passengers than can fit in car
3. Misjudgement
9 items, e.g., misjudging speed of oncoming vehicle, missed exit
4. Risky driving exposure
9 items, e.g., driving tired, carrying friends at night
5. Driver mood
3 items, e.g., drive faster if in a bad mood
Key findings: Behaviour
• Pre-Licence drivers (12%) continue risky driving
• Most Learners and Provisional 1 (P1) drivers
compliant with general and GDL-specific road
rules (e.g., night driving, alcohol)
Self-reported speeding
Learners
Provisional
< 10 km/hr
69%
80%
10-20 km/hr
32%
50%
> 20 km/hr
13%
24%
• 78% of P1 drivers have their own car within 6
months of licensure;
risky driving, offences
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Key findings: Person
• Socio-demographics
• Age (younger more speeding, older more difficulty as
Learners)
• Gender (males consistently more risky)
• Ethnicity (not born in Australia/don’t speak English as main
language at home more pre-Licence driving, inaccuracy)
• Rurality (more avoidance of Police in rural areas)
• Car ownership (owners more risky)
• Employment status (employed more risky)
• Relationship status (partner more pre-licence driving,
unsupervised Learner driving, speeding)
• Study status (not studying more pre-Licence driving /car)
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Key findings: Person
• Psychological traits/states
• Sensitivity to rewards and punishments
• Sensitivity to punishment subsumed within influence of
anxiety and depression (not considered any further)
• Males report greater reward sensitivity
• Sensation seeking propensity
• Separate influence to reward sensitivity
• Males report greater sensation seeking propensity
• Psychological distress
• Females report greater anxiety and depression
• All three variables were significant predictors of selfreported risky driving and of speeding specifically
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Key findings: Environment (Structural)
• Enhanced-GDL
• Average of 110 hours recorded in logbook
• Average of 92 hours actual driving practice (89.2 hours
with parents/friends; 9.7 hours with professional)
• Most logbooks accurate (13% ‘rounded’, 4% extra)
• Comparison to Learners in former-GDL program
•
•
•
•
•
•
Longer Learner period (12.4 months, now 16.5 months)
More Learner driving practice (63 hours, now 108 hours)
No change in age to Provisional licence (both17.5 years)
Less difficulty getting practice (from 35% to 23%)
Less unsupervised driving (from 17% to 10%)
Fewer crashes and offences
Key findings: Environment (Social)
• Parents and peers were models
• ‘Punishment’ dependent upon outcome (‘bad’ vs ‘not bad’)
• Parents
• Some facilitated punishment avoidance ( riskier novice driving)
• Some low-quality supervision of Learner driving
• Peers
• Likely to encourage and to reward risky behaviour
• Can effectively punish/ discourage risky behaviour but unlikely to
do so (‘older friends would, same age would not’)
• Police
• Punishment avoidance (e.g., talk out of ticket) perceived as reward
• ‘Targeting’ novice drivers decreased novice plate compliance
• Active avoiders of on-road presence more risky (e.g., speeding)
Future Research
• Pre-Licence through Provisional 2 period
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•
•
•
•
•
•
Pre-Licence driving, unsupervised driving
‘Readiness’ for licensure
Learner practice characteristics, supervision when risky
Behaviours and attitudes, psychosocial influences
Distraction, driving purpose, own car
Punishment avoidance
Long-term impacts of GDL changes
• BYNDS (Refinement /validation; international application)
• Trial interventions in Queensland context (Feedback
devices; Checkpoints program; ‘Structured’ Learner period)
• ‘Problem young driver’ (Develop/ trial interventions)
Questions?
Contact Details: Bridie Scott-Parker, PhD Candidate
[email protected]
Mark your diaries!
Occupational Safety in Transport
Conference (2012)
20-21 September 2012, Gold Coast
Registrations Open 5 March
http://ositconference.com
Mark your Diaries!
International Council on Alcohol, Drugs
and Traffic Safety Conference (T2013)
25-28 August 2013, Brisbane