Modern World History From the Age of Discovery to the Present Sources: The Wealth and Poverty of NationsThe End of Poverty Sachs, 2005 Wikipedia Landes,
Download ReportTranscript Modern World History From the Age of Discovery to the Present Sources: The Wealth and Poverty of NationsThe End of Poverty Sachs, 2005 Wikipedia Landes,
Modern World History From the Age of Discovery to the Present Sources: The Wealth and Poverty of Nations 1999 The End of Poverty Sachs, 2005 Wikipedia Landes, Agricultural Revolution • Haves – Plants easy to domesticate – Animals easy to domesticate – East-west continent orientation • Similar climate – Crops move easily – Culture follows – Successful Agriculture • Population explosion – Metallurgy – Ships – Writing – Fierce warfare • Have-nots – No – No – No – No • Or later Industrial Revolution • Haves – Many competing countries – Expanded trade • Without regulation – Raw materials • Colonies • Iron, coal – Individual freedoms • Ideas, science • Literacy, books • Economic, social – Technologies • Power: coal, water • Optics • Machinery • Big guns • Have-nots – No – No • Government control – No • Or undeveloped – No • Conservative religion • Social, economic hierarchies – No http://www.askasia.org/images/teachers/display/41.jpg Age of Discovery: http://www.hyperhistory.com th th 15 -16 century Doctrine of Discovery • Originated as a Papal Bull in 1455 – To allow Portugal to conquer West Africa – And other non-Christian lands • Extended later – To include Spain’s conquests • Basis of later European claim to colonies Columbus http://amylivelydotcom.files.wordpress.com/2012/08/landing_columbus_70226_1.jpg – and American expansion Early World Powers: Portugal and Spain • Portugal – Discovers Brazil • By sailing south around tip of Africa to find India – Dominant force in Indian Ocean – Early Monopoly on Spice Trade • Spain – New World Colonies extracted for wealth: gold – Plantation system – Slavery http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/db/Bartolomeu_dia_cape_of_good_hope.jpg Colonies: 1700s Colonial Economic System Empire Conquest Wealth, Taxes Food, Resources Colonies New World Slave Trade http://www.socialistworker.co.uk/chimage.php?image=2007/2043/triangle_map.jpg Slave Trade Triangle • Slaves captured or • • • Slave Trade Triangle http://www.geocities.com/ks3history/c_map.jpg • bought in Africa Shipped to Caribbean to work on Sugar plantations Slaves traded for sugar Sugar traded in Europe for manufactured goods European manufactured goods traded in Africa for slaves Slave Trade Caribbean http://www.wwnorton.com/college/history/worlds/images/map4_3.jpg African slaves in the New World http://i97.photobucket.com/albums/l213/blackcuz727/African_Slave_Trade.gif Agricultural Slavery Economy Government Legalized Slavery Economy Agriculture depends on Slavery Ideology Religion Justified Slavery Religious Justification for Slavery • Noah cursed Ham’s son: "Cursed Curse of Ham http://bp0.blogger.com/_mo4yOXmj64/SB3TSHotapI/AAAAAAAAABo/TyhSyVUY5Q0/s1600h/HamLeavesNoah.jpg be Canaan! The lowest of slaves will he be to his brothers. He also said, 'Blessed be the Lord, the God of Shem! May Canaan be the slave of Shem. May God extend the territory of Japheth; may Japheth live in the tents of Shem and may Canaan be his slave'. " Genesis 9:25-27 • Descendents of Ham were thought to inhabit Africa • This was used to justify African slavery Agricultural Slavery Economy Owners Labor Food Production Slave Population Slavery in Islamic Countries • Slavery permitted in Koran – Muhammad owned slaves • Non-Muslims enslaved in Jihad • Freeing of slaves encouraged • More women enslaved – For domestic help, harems • Sex outside of marriage permitted with female slaves • Not primarily for agriculture – Men often castrated • Some used as warriors • Breeding of slaves not common Zanzibar Slave Market, 1860s http://cache.eb.com/eb/image?id=78400&rendTypeId=4 – Needed to be constantly imported • Millions from Africa over 14 centuries – Death tolls high • Abolished in 20th century – Persists in Sudan, Mauritania Protestant Reformation: 16th century • Germany, Netherlands, England Martin Luther http://truereligiondebate.files.wordpress.com/2008/04/martin-luther.jpg – Freedom from authority of Church – Reading Bible in common language – Triggers new thought and science – Where the industrial revolution began Protestant Reformation http://www.lincolncs.org/5-6/Studies/images/armada/Map%20of%20Reformation.gif Counter Reformation • Spain, Portugal, Italy – Repression of new ideas – Ban on foreign books • education suffered – Heresies punished • to preserve Church – Inquisition: • Protestants, Jews, Moslems – Fell behind in technology http://www.geocities.com/capitolhill/3231/Jewish-Community-Of-Malta/torture.png Long term effect on literacy • Literacy in 1900 – – – – http://z.about.com/d/denver/1/0/p/3/-/-/InspiringImpressionism_Fragonard.jpg Britain : 97% Italy: 52% Spain: 44% Portugal: 22% Galileo • Italian experimental scientist: – Showed that earth must revolve around sun – Published in Italian, not Latin • Condemned by the Church for heresy: 1633 – Forced to confess error – Huge blow for Italian science – Church finally forgave Galileo 1981 http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/0110/galileo_sustermans.jpg Isaac Newton • English scientist – born the year Galileo died, 1642 • Invented calculus • Discoveries in: – Optics, Gravitation, Motion, Mechanics • Built on discoveries of : – Kepler, Copernicus, Galileo • Founder of modern physical science http://astronomy.meta.org/monatlich/0601_monatsthema.html Why Early Leaders Declined • Spain and Portugal – very wealthy in 16th century • from New World gold – Spent money on wars and luxuries – Did not have to make things • could buy them – Did not have to improve agriculture • could buy food – Eventually money ran out http://www.dover-kent.co.uk/people/images/pic_elizabeth_i_armada.jpg Why Early Leaders Declined • Italy was a renaissance center of trade and manufacture – But no colonies in New World – Old power structures prevented change Venice, Italy http://www.univie.ac.at/Anglistik/aaas/route66/class/travel/613venice.jpg http://www.cosmeo.com/images/pictures/player/ef6d4a81-0aae-84f2-dd21bf9627f59efc.jpg Dutch East Indies Company 1602-1798 • Netherlands – Half the population lived in cities: industrial – Prosperous shipping, trading: Middlemen – Money lending allowed – Protestant • Spain wages war on Protestantism in Netherlands • Dutch send own ships to Indian Ocean: – Dutch East Indies Company http://farm2.static.flickr.com/1275/737549497_ba36f06860.jpg?v=0 Dutch East Indies Company 1602-1798 • Soon dominant in Spice Trade • Virtual Monopoly on spice Islands of Indonesia Dutch East Indies http://content.answers.com/main/content/wp/en-commons/c/c2/DutchEmpire.png British Rise • British pirates – better ships, guns • American Colonies – settled by dissidents to start a new life • Britain ahead of Europe in – – – – – – Queen Elizabeth, 1600 http://keidahl.terranhost.com/Spring/EUH3501England/ImagesElizabethI.htm Textiles Iron Coal Agriculture Roads Freedoms Industrial Revolution • Started in England late 1700s – cotton spinning • Produced goods for the masses • Fortunes made – age of unrestrained capitalism • Raw materials came from colonies. – Manufactured in Europe – Colonies were guaranteed markets for manufactured goods Trade with colonies Industrial Revolution • Spawned abuses of labor: – women, children – sometimes chained to machines • Rich became richer: dominated world • Inequity of wealth – led to Socialism, Communism in Europe http://www.teacherlink.org/content/social/instructional/industrialrevolution/childmillworker.jpg Why England? • Open society – Individual initiative – social mobility • Political liberty – Open debate – Property rights • Center of scientific revolution – Isaac Newton • Principia Mathematica, 1687 Isaac Newton http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/newton/lega-02.html Why England? • Geographical advantages – Island nation • Extensive sea trade • Less risk of invasion – Navigable rivers • Internal trade – Good agricultural climate – Proximity to N. America • Raw materials – Coal abundant • Fueled Industrial Revolution http://www.culturalresources.com/images/maps/EngIndRevBig.jpg Fossil Fuels Made Industrial Revolution possible • Coal powered steam engines – Transportation – Industrial production on huge scale • Textiles, clothes • Steel • Fertilizer • Chemicals • Pharmaceuticals • By 20th Century – Service industries – Communications – Electrification Effect of the Industrial Revolution British in India • Set up trade in India • Corrupt Mogul Empire in India – ignores British gains • British soon control India • Export cotton from India to Britain • Machine cotton spinning in Britain – starts industrial revolution • British empire expands – Africa, Asia, Australia http://www.india-history.com/images/maps/india-in-1857.gif British Imperialism British Imperialism http://farm2.static.flickr.com/1280/1252641808_8cb370643a_o.jpg British Empire At its peak controlled one sixth of humanity http://users.erols.com/mwhite28/images/brit_emp.gif Imperialist Expansion Government Military domination Economy Domination of Resources and Markets Ideology Religious and cultural justification Russian Empire European Imperialism 1700s-1800s • Other European countries scramble to set up colonies all over world – – – – http://001yourtranslationservice.com/translations/jobs/pics/Africa-European-Colonies.png France Belgium Germany Denmark African Colonialism • “When the missionaries came to Africa they had the Bible and we had the land. They said, 'Let us pray.' We closed our eyes. When we opened them we had the Bible and they had the land.” • – Bishop Desmond Tutu Bishop Desmond Tutu, Nobel Prize winner 1984 http://www.canal-st.co.uk/resources/168/4219/61/Tutu.jpg Ethnic Groups in Africa http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2011/01/09/weekinreview/09sudan-map.html?ref=sudan Spanish Colonies: South and Central America • “Spain transmitted to us everything it had: – – – – – – – – – – http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c6/Catedral_de_M%C3%A9xico.jpg its language, its architecture, its religion, its dress and its food, its military tradition and its judicial and civil institutions; wheat, livestock, sugar cane, even our dogs and chickens…. Spanish Colonies • “But we couldn’t receive from Spain Western methods of – – – – – production and distribution, technique, capital, and the ideas of European society, • because Spain didn’t have them.” --Juan Bosch, first democratically elected president of the Dominican Republic Westward Expansion of the U.S.A. http://www.jackvallerga.com/wp-content/uploads/2007/08/terrexpan500.jpg Native Americans http://www.aaanativearts.com/Native_American_map.jpg U.S. Policies toward Native Americans • “The immediate objectives are the total destruction and devastation of their settlements. It will be essential to ruin their crops in the ground and prevent their planting more” – President George Washington http://www.visitingdc.com/images/george-washington-picture.jpg U.S. Policies toward Native Americans • “If it be the Design of Providence to Extirpate these Savages in order to make room for Cultivators of the Earth, it seems not improbable that Rum may be the appointed means” – Benjamin Franklin http://www.elcivics.com/images/benjamin-franklin.jpg U.S. Policies toward Native Americans • “This unfortunate race, whom we had been taking so much pains to save and to civilize, have by their unexpected desertion and ferocious barbarities justified extermination and now await our decision on their fate” – President Thomas Jefferson http://sttheresaschool.org/history/images/thomas-jefferson-picture.jpg U.S. Policies toward Native Americans • “What is the right of the huntsman to the forest of a thousand miles over which he has accidentally ranged in quest of prey? – President John Quincy Adams http://cache.eb.com/eb/image?id=62214&rendTypeId=4 U.S. Policies toward Native Americans • “The hunter or savage state requires a greater extent of territory to sustain it, than is compatible with the progress and just claims of civilized life … and must yield to it.” – President James Monroe http://davidostewart.com/blog/home/ftp-stewart/www/davidostewart.com/blog/james-monroe-picture.jpg U.S. Policies toward Native Americans • “They have neither the intelligence, http://www.franklin.ma.us/auto/upload/schools/fhs/639-andrew-jackson-picture.jpg the industry, the moral habits, nor the desire of improvement which are essential to any favorable change in their condition. Established in the midst of another and a superior race, and without appreciating the causes of their inferiority or seeking to control them, they must necessarily yield to the force of circumstances and ere long disappear” – President Andrew Jackson U.S. Policies toward Native Americans • “The tribes of Indians inhabiting this country were savages, whose occupation was war, and whose subsistence was drawn from the forest…That law which regulates, and ought to regulate in general, the relations between the conquerer and conquered was incapable of application to a people under such circumstances. Discovery [of America by Europeans] gave an exclusive right to extinguish the Indian title of occupancy, either by purchase or by conquest.” – Chief Justice John Marshall (served 1801-1835) http://www.columbia.edu/cu/alumni/Magazine/images/Fall2002/Marshall.j pg U.S. Policies toward Native Americans • “Is one of the fairest portions of the globe to remain in a state of nature, the haunt of a few wretched savages, when it seems destined by the Creator to give support to a large population and to be the seat of civilization?” – President William Henry Harrison http://www.visitingdc.com/images/william-henry-harrison-picture.jpg U.S. Policies toward Native Americans • "The buffalo are disappearing rapidly, but not faster than I desire. I regard the destruction of such game as Indians subsist upon as facilitating the policy of the Government, of destroying their hunting habits, coercing them on reservations, and compelling them to begin to adopt the habits of civilization." – Secretary of the Interior Delano, 1874 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:CDelano.jpg U.S. Policies toward Native Americans • “If I would hear that every Buffalo in the northern herd were killed, I would be glad.” • “The only good Indians I ever saw were dead.” – General Philip Sheridan http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Philip_Sheridan.jpg U.S. Policies toward Native Americans • “The settler and pioneer have at bottom had justice on their side; this great continent could not have been kept as nothing but a game preserve for squalid savages.” – President Theodore Roosevelt http://www.roac.nl/roac/_pictures/general/Theodore%20Roosevelt.JPG U.S. Westward Expansion Government Policies toward Native Americans Economy Western land and resources Ideology Religious and cultural justification Age of Imperialism Mark Twain • “All the territorial possessions of all the political establishments in the earth--including America, of course-- consist of pilferings from other people's wash. No tribe, howsoever insignificant, and no nation, howsoever mighty occupies a foot of land that was not stolen.” -- Mark Twain http://thezaz.nationallampoon.com/files/2009/08/42-mark-twain-mustache.jpg Age of Imperialism • Diffusion of wealth occurred – From Britain to its colonies • USA, Australia, New Zealand – From N. Europe to S. Europe • Railroads built • Serfdom ended • Industry financed by capital – From Europe to the world • Latin America • Asia • Africa http://www.jimwegryn.com/Photos/Photos.htm Age of Imperialism • European wealth = power • Exploitation of Africa, Asia – Forced Africans to grow cash crops – Head taxes forced Africans to work in mines and plantations • Sometimes hundreds of miles away from family – Natural resources taken – Private armies ensured compliance • With military force from home country British cannon used to execute rebels in India, 1857 http://www.sonofthesouth.net/leefoundation/civil-war/1862/february/british-atrocities-india.htm as backup WWI: clash of imperialist powers • • • • • • http://mysite.verizon.net/alankh/akhblog/WWI-trench.jpg Germany Russia France England U.S. Ottoman Empire WWII: Reaction to WWI • • • • • • • Axis Powers http://bss.sfsu.edu/tygiel/Hist427/427maps/Axispowers1942isu.jpg Germany Japan Britain France U.S. Russia China Independence after WWII Cold War: Reaction to WWII • First world: Western Europe and allies • Second world: Russia, China and allies • Third world: former colonies in Africa, Asia, Americas Iron Curtain http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/history/images/hi07003.gif U.S. Dual Course after WWII Competing with USSR for Influence in Third World Military Intervention --Korea, Vietnam, etc. Promoted Ag in Third World -- Green Revolution http://screamingeagles__10.tripod.com/ChopperExtraction.jpg http://cropandsoil.oregonstate.edu/sites/default/files/news/the_golden_wheat_1.jpg Inequity First World Wealth Food, Resources Third World Terrorism: Reaction to Inequity • Powerlessness – Economic – Military • Desperation – Nothing to lose – Religious motivation • State sponsored 911 http://blogmeisterusa.mu.nu/archives/2006_02.php – – – – – Cuba Iran North Korea Syria Sudan Hunger Today Colonialism, economic domination, and repressive governments have had a huge impact on World Hunger.